Table 2.
Experimental studies in vivo.
| Experimental materials |
Radiation condition |
Major biological consequences | Refs | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type of radiation | Energy | LET | Dose | Dose rate | |||
| C57BL/6 mice | X-rays | 320 kVp | - | 1 Gy or 0.2 Gy × 5 | 0.5-1 Gy/min | The incidence and invasiveness of lung cancer induced by iron, silicon and oxygen ions were higher than that of X-rays. | [83] |
| iron ions | 600 MeV/u | 175 keV/µm | 1 Gy or 0.2 Gy × 5 | 0.5-1 Gy/min | |||
| silicon ions | 300 MeV/u | 70 keV/µm | 1 Gy or 0.2 Gy × 5 | 0.5-1 Gy/min | |||
| oxygen ions | 600 MeV/u | 17 keV/µm | 1 Gy or 0.2 Gy × 5 | 0.5-1 Gy/min | |||
| ACI, F344, Wistar and Sprsage-Dawley rats | carbon ions | 290 MeV/u | 40-90 keV/µm | 0.05-2 Gy | 0.1-1 Gy/min | Carbon ions significantly induced breast cancer in rats. | [92] |
| γ-rays | 0.661 MeV | - | 0.05-2 Gy | 0.6 Gy/min | |||
| Male CBA/CaJ mice | iron ions | 1 GeV/u | 150 keV/µm | 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 1 Gy | - | The incidence of liver cancer induced by iron ions was much higher than that induced by γ-rays, and the RBE was about 50. | [85] |
| γ-rays | 0.661 MeV | - | 1, 2, 3 Gy | - | |||
| Male C3H/HeNCrl mice | silicon ions | 300 MeV/u | 64 keV/µm | 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 1 Gy | - | Silicon and iron ions were not more effective than γ-rays in inducing AML, but the incidence of liver cancer induced by them was much higher than that induced by γ-rays or protons. | [88] |
| iron ions | 600 MeV/u | 181 keV/µm | 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 1 Gy | - | |||
| Protons | 30-80 MeV/u | - | 1, 2 Gy | - | |||
| γ-rays | 0.661 MeV | - | 1, 2, 3 Gy | - | |||
| APCMin/+ and APC1638N/+C57BL/6J mice | γ-rays | 0.661MeV | - | 5 Gy | - | The incidence of intestinal tumor induced by iron ions was significantly higher than that induced by γ-rays. | [97] |
| iron ions | 1 GeV/u | - | 4 Gy | - | |||
| Trp53-deficient BALB/c mice | γ-rays | 0.661 MeV | - | 1 Gy | - | Silicon ions could cause more invasive breast cancer compared with γ-rays. | [103] |
| silicon ions | 350 MeV/u | 64 keV/µm | 0.11, 0.3, 0.81 Gy | - | |||
| APC1638N/+C57BL/6J mice | carbon ions | 290 MeV/u | 13 keV/µm | 0.1, 0.5, 2 Gy | - | The RBE of colorectal cancer induction by silicon ions was the highest, and the RBE was even higher at low dose. | [100] |
| iron ions | 1000 MeV/u | 148 keV/µm | 0.1, 0.5, 1.6 Gy | - | |||
| silicon ions | 300 MeV/u | 69 keV/µm | 0.1, 0.5, 1.4 Gy | - | |||
| γ-rays | 0.661 MeV | - | 0.1, 0.5, 2 Gy | - | |||
| B6C3F1 mice | carbon ions | 290 MeV/u | 60-210 keV/µm | 0.426 Gy | 0.4 ± 0.2 Gy/min | The incidence of tumor induced by 0.426 Gy carbon ions was significantly higher than that induced by 0.5 Gy X-rays. | [91] |
| X-rays | 250 kVp | - | 0.5 or 5 Gy | 0.1 or 1 Gy/min | |||
| APCMin/+C57BL/6J mice | γ-rays | 0.661 MeV | - | 2 or 5 Gy | 1 Gy/min | The frequency and grade of intestinal tumors induced by iron ions were significantly increased compared with the γ-rays. | [98] |
| iron ions | 1000 MeV/u | 148 keV/µm | 1.6 or 4 Gy | 1 Gy/min | |||
| Mlh1+/− mice (B6.129-Mlh1tm1Rak/NCI) | Protons | 1000 MeV/u | 0.23 keV/µm | 0.1 or 1 Gy | 0.05-0.5 Gy/min | Although the incidence of lymphomas is related to radiation quality, and increased due to loss of Mlh1, the phenotype of the tumors is independent of LET. | [96] |
| silicon ions | 300 MeV/u | 70 keV/µm | 0.1 or 1 Gy | 0.05-0.5 Gy/min | |||
| C3B6F1-AFP and C3H-AFP mice | silicon ions | 300 MeV/u | - | 0.2 Gy | 0.2 Gy/min | Tumor aggressiveness is independent of radiation quality in murine hepatocellular carcinoma and mammary tumor models. |
[95] |
| γ-rays | 0.661 MeV | - | 3 Gy | 1.43 Gy/min | |||
| C3H/HeNCrl mice | iron ions | 600 MeV/u | - | 0.2 Gy | - | A large number of transcripts were found differentially expressed post-HZE irradiation. | [89] |
| oxygen ions | 1 GeV/u | - | 0.2 Gy | - | |||
| silicon ions | 350 MeV/u | - | 0.2 Gy | - | |||
| C57BL/6J female mice | iron ions | 600 MeV/u | 179 keV/µm | 0.05, 0.3, 0.5 Gy | 0.135-0.186 Gy/min | Exposure to iron ions caused ovarian DNA damage, oxidative damage and apoptosis. | [84] |