Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is an important health issue in the world. Although the relation of SLC11A1 polymorphisms with TB risk has been extensively studied, it has not been reported in the northwest Chinese Han population. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationships between five polymorphisms in or near the SLC11A1 gene and susceptibility to TB. The Agena MassARRAY platform was conducted for genotyping from 510 TB patients and 508 healthy controls. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were analyzed through logistic regression adjustment age and gender to assess the relationships between polymorphisms and TB risk. Our results identified that rs7608307 was related to increased TB risk in males (CT vs. CC: OR = 1.69, 95%CI: 1.12–2.56, p = 0.013; CT-TT vs. CC: OR = 1.61, 95%CI: 1.08–2.41, p = 0.020) and age ≤41 group (CT vs. CC: OR = 1.66, 95%CI: 1.04–2.65, p = 0.035), respectively. The SNP rs13062 was associated with the TB risk both in males (p = 0.012) and age >41 group (p = 0.021). In addition, we observed that the CC genotype of rs4674301 was correlated with increased TB risk in females (p = 0.043). Our results demonstrated the relationships between polymorphisms (rs7608307, rs4674301, and rs13062) in or near the SLC11A1 gene and age- and sex-specific TB risk in the northwest Chinese Han population.
Keywords: tuberculosis, SLC11A1, polymorphism, susceptibility, case-control
Introduction
Tuberculosis (TB) is a common infectious disease with high public health impact globally. TB is predominantly caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB); approximately 10% of MTB infected individuals develop clinical disease during their lifetime (Zumla et al., 2013). An estimated 1.7 billion (23%) of the world’s population is infected with MTB, leading to more than 10 million new TB cases each year (Daley, 2019). Several different factors including air pollution, smoking, drinking, poverty, undernutrition, and diabetes may affect TB development (Silva et al., 2018; Chakaya et al., 2021; Davis and Checkley, 2021). Recently, studies have demonstrated that host genetic factors also play a crucial role in the occurrence and development in TB (Ghanavi et al., 2020). Previous genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified multiple TB susceptibility gene loci, such as FOXP1 (rs6786408), AGMO (rs916943), ESRRB (rs12437118), and TGM6 (rs6114027) (Grant et al., 2016; Zheng et al., 2018). However, TB susceptibility is affected by age, sex-specific, and population-specific factors (Moller and Kinnear, 2020).
The human solute carrier family 11 member 1 (SLC11A1) was formerly known as natural resistance-associated macrophage protein (NRAMP1). SLC11A1, located on the human chromosome 2q35, is an important regulator of macrophage responses to MTB (McHenry et al., 2020). Genetic variants of SLC11A1 have been reported to be significantly associated with both autoimmune and infectious disease susceptibility (Archer et al., 2015; Shahzad et al., 2022). Although numerous studies have shown that the single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of SLC11A1 were associated with the risk of TB in different populations (Wu et al., 2013; Harishankar et al., 2018; Asante-Poku et al., 2021), whether polymorphisms in and near the SLC11A1 gene are associated with susceptibility to TB in the northwest Chinese Han population has not yet been reported.
Therefore, we performed this study including 510 TB patients and 508 controls to investigate the relationships between five polymorphisms (rs11695562, rs7608307, rs4674301, rs2695343, and rs13062) in or near the SLC11A1 gene and TB risk in the northwest Chinese Han population. These results provided insights into the molecular basis for the SLC11A1 in the occurrence and development of TB.
Materials and Methods
Subjects
A total of 1,018 subjects, including 510 TB patients and 508 unrelated controls, from the Xi’an Chest Hospital, Shaanxi province, were enrolled between August 2019 and September 2021. Inclusion criteria included the following: the TB patients were diagnosed, following the TB diagnosis criteria developed by the Chinese Ministry of Health; the controls were confirmed to have no history of TB and no abnormal chest X-ray; all participants were unrelated Chinese Han population. Exclusion criteria included the following: both TB patients and controls with familial hereditary diseases, chronic inflammatory, HIV infection, diabetes mellitus, other respiratory diseases, autoimmune diseases, tumors, transplants, and long-term use of hormones were excluded.
Ethical Approval
The present study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Xi’an Chest Hospital (No. 2012–15) and was conducted according to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. All the participants signed written informed consents for blood sample collection and molecular analysis.
Sample Size Calculation
We used G*Power software to estimate the sample size of the case group and the control group by independent sample t-test, and the parameters were set as follows: Tail = two, Effect size = 0.20, α = 0.05, Power = 0.89, and Allocation ratio = 1.
Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism Selection and Genotyping
The GoldMag DNA Purification Kit (GoldMag, China) was used to isolate the genomic DNA from samples, according to the manufacturer’s instructions. DNA purity and concentration were detected using the NanoDrop 2000 spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher, United States). We selected the SLC11A1 gene as a candidate gene for the study, according to previously published studies (Meilang et al., 2012; Harishankar et al., 2018; Shahzad et al., 2022) and randomly selected five unreported SNPs (rs11695562, rs7608307, rs4674301, rs2695343, and rs13062) in or near SLC11A1 with the global minor allele frequency (MAF) greater than 0.05 from the 1000 Genomes Project data (http://www.internationalgenome.org/). The amplification and extension primers of each SNP were designed by Agena Bioscience Assay Design Suite V2.0 software. Moreover, the SNP genotype and data management were performed by the MassARRAY iPLEX platform and Agena Bioscience TYPER 4.0 software, respectively.
Statistical Analysis
The demographic characteristics of subjects involving age and sex were performed by SPSS 20.0 software. The t-test was used to detect the difference between the two groups for continuous variables, and the chi-squared test was used to detect the difference of the categorical variables between the two groups. Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) p-values of the control group and differences in frequencies of allele and genotype distribution between the two groups were obtained from the χ2 test. Logistic regression analysis was used to calculate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence interval (CI) values for estimating the association between SNPs and TB risk adjusting age and gender. The PLINK software (version 1.07) was used to evaluate the relationship between SCL11A1 polymorphisms and TB sensibility under four genetic models. Furthermore, the stratified analyses by the mean age and gender were also performed. In this study, p < 0.05 in all statistical tests was thought to be statistically significant.
Results
Demographics
As summarized in Table 1, the basic demographic characteristics of subjects were described. The mean age of TB patients was 41.90 ± 14.83 years old including 318 (62.35%) males, 192 (37.65%) females, 233 (45.7%) age >41, and 277 (54.3%) age ≤41. For healthy controls, the mean age was 41.14 ± 18.42 years old containing 316 (62.20%) males, 192 (37.80%) females, 213 (41.9%) age >41, and 295 (58.1%) age ≤41. No difference was observed in mean age (p = 0.469) and gender (p = 0.961) distribution. Statistical analysis suggested that the age and gender between cases and controls matched.
TABLE 1.
Basic characteristics of samples.
| Variable | Case (n = 510) | Control (n = 508) | p |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, year (mean ± SD) | 41.90 ± 14.83 | 41.14 ± 18.42 | 0.469 |
| ≤41 | 277 (54.3%) | 295 (58.1%) | 0.227 |
| >41 | 233 (45.7%) | 213 (41.9%) | |
| Gender | 0.961 | ||
| Males | 318 (62.35%) | 316 (62.20%) | |
| Females | 192 (37.65%) | 192 (37.80%) |
SD: standard deviation. p < 0.05 indicates statistical significance.
Overall Analysis
The detailed characteristics of five SNPs (rs11695562, rs7608307, rs4674301, rs2695343, and rs13062) in or near the SLC11A1 gene are displayed in Table 2. All SNPs were in accordance with HWE (p > 0.05) among healthy controls. The allele and genotype frequency distribution of all SNPs were analyzed by the χ2 test, and the results are shown in Table 2 and 3. However, the five SNPs did not present any difference in the allele and genotype frequencies among TB patients and healthy controls (p > 0.05).
TABLE 2.
Allele frequency distribution and association with the TB risk.
| SNP-ID | Chr | Position | Role | Allele | MAF | HWE p-value | OR (95%CI) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case | Control | ||||||||
| rs11695562 | 2 | 218369982 | Intergenic | C/T | 0.280 | 0.284 | 0.101 | 0.98 (0.81–1.19) | 0.839 |
| rs7608307 | 2 | 218377795 | Intergenic | T/C | 0.108 | 0.097 | 0.804 | 1.12 (0.84–1.49) | 0.439 |
| rs4674301 | 2 | 218378139 | Intergenic | C/T | 0.191 | 0.191 | 0.886 | 1.00 (0.80–1.25) | 0.989 |
| rs2695343 | 2 | 218390700 | Intron | A/G | 0.353 | 0.347 | 0.096 | 1.02 (0.85–1.23) | 0.795 |
| rs13062 | 2 | 218395928 | 3′-UTR | A/C | 0.292 | 0.289 | 0.101 | 1.01 (0.84–1.23) | 0.890 |
Chr: chromosome; CI: confidence interval; HWE: Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium; MAF: minor allele frequency: OR: odds ratio; SNP: single-nucleotide polymorphism. p < 0.05 indicates statistical significance.
TABLE 3.
Association between SLC11A1 polymorphisms and the risk of TB.
| SNP-ID | Model | Genotype | Case | Control | OR (95%CI) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| rs11695562 | Co-dominant | TT | 267 | 268 | 1 | |
| TC | 200 | 191 | 1.05 (0.81–1.37) | 0.715 | ||
| CC | 43 | 49 | 0.87 (0.56–1.36) | 0.549 | ||
| Dominant | TT | 267 | 268 | 1 | ||
| TC-CC | 243 | 240 | 1.01 (0.79–1.30) | 0.916 | ||
| Recessive | TT-TC | 467 | 459 | 1 | ||
| CC | 43 | 49 | 0.86 (0.56–1.32) | 0.478 | ||
| Log-additive | -- | 0.98 (0.81–1.18) | 0.818 | |||
| rs7608307 | Co-dominant | CC | 403 | 414 | 1 | |
| CT | 104 | 89 | 1.21 (0.88–1.66) | 0.237 | ||
| TT | 3 | 5 | 0.60 (0.14–2.54) | 0.489 | ||
| Dominant | CC | 403 | 414 | 1 | ||
| CT-TT | 107 | 94 | 1.18 (0.86–1.60) | 0.304 | ||
| Recessive | CC-CT | 507 | 503 | 1 | ||
| TT | 3 | 5 | 0.58 (0.14–2.45) | 0.460 | ||
| Log-additive | - | 1.13 (0.84–1.51) | 0.417 | |||
| rs4674301 | Co-dominant | TT | 339 | 333 | 1 | |
| TC | 147 | 156 | 0.92 (0.70–1.20) | 0.535 | ||
| CC | 24 | 19 | 1.24 (0.67–2.30) | 0.501 | ||
| Dominant | TT | 339 | 333 | 1 | ||
| TC-CC | 171 | 175 | 0.95 (0.73–1.24) | 0.712 | ||
| Recessive | TT-TC | 486 | 489 | 1 | ||
| CC | 24 | 19 | 1.27 (0.69–2.35) | 0.445 | ||
| Log-additive | -- | 1.00 (0.80–1.24) | 0.971 | |||
| rs2695343 | Co-dominant | GG | 216 | 225 | 1 | |
| GA | 228 | 213 | 1.12 (0.86–1.46) | 0.412 | ||
| AA | 66 | 70 | 0.96 (0.66–1.42) | 0.854 | ||
| Dominant | GG | 216 | 225 | 1 | ||
| GA-AA | 294 | 283 | 1.08 (0.84–1.38) | 0.548 | ||
| Recessive | GG-GA | 444 | 438 | 1 | ||
| AA | 66 | 70 | 0.91 (0.63–1.31) | 0.621 | ||
| Log-additive | - | 1.02 (0.85–1.22) | 0.850 | |||
| rs13062 | Co-dominant | CC | 246 | 265 | 1 | |
| CA | 230 | 192 | 1.28 (0.99–1.66) | 0.061 | ||
| AA | 34 | 51 | 0.71 (0.45–1.14) | 0.155 | ||
| Dominant | CC | 246 | 265 | 1 | ||
| CA-AA | 264 | 243 | 1.16 (0.91–1.49) | 0.232 | ||
| Recessive | CC-CA | 476 | 457 | 1 | ||
| AA | 34 | 51 | 0.64 (0.40–1.00) | 0.050 | ||
| Log-additive | -- | - | - | 1.01 (0.83–1.22) | 0.935 |
CI: confidence interval; OR: odds ratio; SNP: single-nucleotide polymorphism; TB: tuberculosis. p < 0.05 indicates statistical significance.
Stratified Analysis
We performed the stratification analysis by the gender, as shown in Table 4. Analysis results suggested that rs7608307 was significantly related to increase the TB risk in males under the co-dominant model (CT vs. CC: OR = 1.69, 95%CI: 1.12–2.56, and p = 0.013), dominant model (CT-TT vs. CC: OR = 1.61, 95%CI: 1.08–2.41, and p = 0.020), and log-additive model (OR = 1.47, 95%CI: 1.01–2.13, and p = 0.043). The SNP rs13062 was also associated with increased TB risk in males under the co-dominant model (CA vs. CC: OR = 1.52, 95%CI: 1.10–2.12, and p = 0.012). The SNPs were observed to be associated with an increased risk of TB in females under the co-dominant model (CC vs. TT: OR = 3.82, 95%CI: 1.04–4.03, and p = 0.043) and the recessive model (CC vs. TT-TC: OR = 3.85, 95%CI: 1.06–4.02, and p = 0.041).
TABLE 4.
Association between SLC11A1 polymorphisms and the TB risk stratified by gender.
| SNP-ID | Model | Genotype | Male | Female | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | P | OR (95% CI) | P | |||
| rs7608307 | Co-dominant | CC | 1 | 1 | ||
| CT | 1.69 (1.12–2.56) | 0.013 | 0.75 (0.46–1.23) | 0.255 | ||
| TT | 0.79 (0.17–3.56) | 0.753 | — | — | ||
| Dominant | CC | 1 | 1 | |||
| CT-TT | 1.61 (1.08–2.41) | 0.020 | 0.73 (0.45–1.20) | 0.219 | ||
| Recessive | CC-CT | 1 | 1 | |||
| TT | 0.72 (0.16–3.24) | 0.666 | — | — | ||
| Log-additive | -- | 1.47 (1.01–2.13) | 0.043 | 0.72 (0.44–1.17) | 0.185 | |
| rs4674301 | Co-dominant | TT | 1 | 1 | ||
| TC | 0.89 (0.63–1.26) | 0.508 | 0.98 (0.63–1.51) | 0.921 | ||
| CC | 0.77 (0.36–1.63) | 0.490 | 3.82 (1.04–4.03) | 0.043 | ||
| Dominant | TT | 1 | ||||
| TC-CC | 0.87 (0.63–1.21) | 0.414 | 1.11 (0.73–1.69) | 0.626 | ||
| Recessive | TT-TC | 1 | ||||
| CC | 0.79 (0.37–1.68) | 0.546 | 3.85 (1.06–4.02) | 0.041 | ||
| Log-additive | -- | 0.88 (0.67–1.16) | 0.371 | 1.24 (0.86–1.78) | 0.249 | |
| rs13062 | Co-dominant | CC | 1 | 1 | ||
| CA | 1.52 (1.10–2.12) | 0.012 | 0.98 (0.64–1.49) | 0.914 | ||
| AA | 0.76 (0.42–1.36) | 0.352 | 0.64 (0.29–1.41) | 0.269 | ||
| Dominant | CC | 1 | 1 | |||
| CA-AA | 0.79 (0.37–1.68) | 0.546 | 0.91 (0.61–1.37) | 0.663 | ||
| Recessive | CC-CA | 1 | 1 | |||
| AA | 0.63 (0.36–1.10) | 0.104 | 0.65 (0.30–1.39) | 0.267 | ||
| Log-additive | -- | 1.10 (0.86–1.40) | 0.453 | 0.88 (0.64–1.20) | 0.414 | |
CI: confidence interval; OR: odds ratio; SNP: single-nucleotide polymorphism; TB: tuberculosis. p < 0.05 indicates statistical significance.
The results of age-stratified analysis showed that the CT genotype of rs7608307 was significantly associated with the increased TB risk compared with the CC genotype in the age ≤41 group (OR = 1.66, 95%CI: 1.04–2.65, and p = 0.035). However, the AA genotype of rs13062 was associated with the reduced risk of TB in the old group under the co-dominant genetic model (OR = 0.44, 95%CI: 0.20–0.98, and p = 0.043) and the recessive model (OR = 0.40, 95%CI: 0.18–0.87, and p = 0.021) (Table 5). However, there was no significant difference between the other SNPs and TB susceptibility (p > 0.05); all data were not shown.
TABLE 5.
Association between SLC11A1 polymorphisms and the TB risk stratified by age.
| SNP-ID | Model | Genotype | ≤41 | >41 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | P | OR (95% CI) | P | |||
| rs7608307 | Co-dominant | CC | 1 | 1 | ||
| CT | 1.66 (1.04–2.65) | 0.035 | 0.99 (0.63–1.57) | 0.972 | ||
| TT | 0.34 (0.06–1.99) | 0.232 | — | — | ||
| Dominant | CC | 1 | 1 | |||
| CT-TT | 1.50 (0.95–2.36) | 0.080 | 1.01 (0.64–1.60) | 0.970 | ||
| Recessive | CC-CT | 1 | 1 | |||
| TT | 0.32 (0.05–1.83) | 0.198 | — | — | ||
| Log-additive | -- | 1.30 (0.86–1.97) | 0.209 | 1.03 (0.66–1.62) | 0.902 | |
| rs13062 | Co-dominant | CC | 1 | 1 | ||
| CA | 1.19 (0.82–1.72) | 0.362 | 1.25 (0.85–1.86) | 0.260 | ||
| AA | 0.96 (0.51–1.80) | 0.892 | 0.44 (0.20–0.98) | 0.043 | ||
| Dominant | CC | 1 | 1 | |||
| CA-AA | 1.14 (0.80–1.63) | 0.458 | 1.08 (0.74–1.56) | 0.703 | ||
| Recessive | CC-CA | 1 | 1 | |||
| AA | 0.88 (0.48–1.63) | 0.692 | 0.40 (0.18–0.87) | 0.021 | ||
| Log-additive | -- | 1.06 (0.81–1.38) | 0.694 | 0.90 (0.67–1.22) | 0.498 | |
CI: confidence interval; OR: odds ratio; SNP: single-nucleotide polymorphism; TB: tuberculosis. *p < 0.05 indicates statistical significance.
Discussion
In this case-control study, we explored the relationships between five SNPs in or near the SLC11A1 gene and susceptibility to TB in the northwestern Chinese Han population. The overall analysis results did not find differences in the allele and genotype frequency distributions of these five SNPs (rs11695562, rs7608307, rs4674301, rs2695343, and rs13062) in or near the SLC11A1 gene between the TB patients and healthy control groups. However, the stratified analysis by age and gender showed that rs7608307, rs13062, and rs4674301 polymorphisms were associated with TB susceptibility (p < 0.05).
SLC11A1 was identified as a proton cation antiporter, which localizes to lysosomes or late endosome. It has been reported that SLC11A1 regulates macrophage activation and plays an important role in host innate immune response against infections (Correa et al., 2017). Numerous studies have demonstrated that SLC11A1 polymorphisms were associated with the risk of TB. A study reported that rs3731865 (SLC11A1) was associated with TB risk in African-Americans, and two SNPs (rs3731863 and rs17221959) in SLC11A1 were associated with TB risk in Caucasians (Velez et al., 2009). A significant association was found between the polymorphisms (Asn543Asp and rs17235409) in the 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of the NRAMP1 gene and TB in Venezuelan (Fernandez-Mestre et al., 2015) and India population (Medapati et al., 2017). In addition, the results of three meta-analysis studies showed that SLC11A1 polymorphisms ((D543N, 3′UTR TGTG ins/del, INT4, [GT]n), rs3731865, and rs17235416)) were significantly associated with TB risk (Li et al., 2011; Meilang et al., 2012; Archer et al., 2015). Recently, rs17235409 (SLC11A1) has been observed with an even stronger protective effect against Mtb infection in Ghana (Asante-Poku et al., 2021). SLC11A1 genetic variation and low expressions have been reported to cause immune response impairment in TB patients (Shahzad et al., 2022).
Several studies about the associations between SLC11A1 polymorphisms and TB risk have also been reported in the Chinese populations. There was a statistical association between 3′UTR polymorphism in NRAMP1 (TGTG deletion) and the risk of TB in the Chinese Kazak population (Wu et al., 2013). The D543NG/A and 3′UTR TGTG+/del were related to TB susceptibility in the Chinese Han population (Wu et al., 2015). The rs17235409 (SLC11A1) was associated with the spinal TB risk in the southern Han Chinese population, and the NRAMP1 protein expression was increased in spinal TB patients (Li et al., 2022). In our study, we only observed that the CT and CT-TT genotypes of rs7608307 and the CA genotype of rs13062 were associated with the increased risk of TB in the younger group (age ≤41) and males, respectively, and the CC genotype of rs4674301 was correlated with the increased TB risk in females. Similar to our results, D543N in SLC11A1 was correlated with the TB risk in age ≤65 years group and the females of the Hong Kong Chinese population (Leung et al., 2007). These findings may suggest the genetic susceptibility to TB differences by age and sex and emphasize the importance of considering heterogeneity in genetic and TB association studies. TB epidemiology is a sex-specific disease characterized by significant differences in prevalence between men and women worldwide (Hertz and Schneider, 2019). Sex differences in TB may be due to genetics, sex hormones, lifestyle, and other factors. Previous research found that the odds of Mtb infection increased significantly with age in young girls, and the increase in odds was borderline significant (Fernandes et al., 2018). Aging has significant effects on both the innate and adaptive immune systems, which may contribute to the increased risk of TB (Byng-Maddick and Noursadeghi, 2016). Our results are needed to verify in further studies with large samples.
There are some limitations to this study that cannot be ignored. First, this study found for the first time that rs7608307, rs4674301, and rs13062 were associated with age- and sex-specific susceptibility to TB in the northwestern Chinese Han population. The results of this study need to be replicated in more Chinese populations. Second, information of some risk factors is missing (e.g., smoking, alcohol consumption, living conditions, and pollution). We will consider these factors in future studies. Finally, this study is only a very preliminary study, and further experiments are needed to explore gene expressions and protein functions.
Conclusion
Our results revealed the significant association between polymorphisms (rs7608307, rs4674301, and rs13062) in or near the SLC11A1 gene with age- and sex-specific susceptibility to TB in the northwestern Chinese Han population. A larger sample size will be needed to confirm our results in further studies. The study provides an important direction to understand the occurrence and development mechanism of TB in Chinese population.
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to all participants for providing blood samples. We also appreciate the reviewers and editors for their efforts and patience.
Data Availability Statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.
Ethics Statement
The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Xi’an Chest Hospital (No. 2012–15). The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.
Author Contributions
TJ conceived and designed the study; BH revised the article; SH and YW wrote the manuscript and analyzed the data; XH, ZW, and LW performed research; DY and YH collected and checked information. All authors have read and agreed with the final manuscript.
Funding
This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Tibet Autonomous Region (No. XZ2019ZRG-27(Z) and the Natural Science Foundation of Xizang (Tibet) Autonomous Region (No. XZ2019ZRG-37(Z)).
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher’s Note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors, and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
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Data Availability Statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.