Essential thrombocythemia with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction as the first manifestation: A case report

Abstract

BACKGROUND

We report a case of essential thrombocythemia (ET) in a 44-year-old male who exhibited non-ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) as the first manifestation without known cardiovascular risk factors (CVRFs). For the first time, we reported a left main trifurcation lesion in NSTEMI caused by ET, including continuous stenosis lesions from the left main to the ostial left anterior descending (LAD) artery and an obvious thrombotic lesion in the ostial and proximal left circumflex (LCX) artery. There was 60% diffuse stenosis in the left main (LM) that extended to the ostial LAD, thrombosis of the ostial LAD and proximal LCX, and 90% stenosis in the proximal LCX. During the operation, thrombus aspiration was performed, but no obvious thrombus was aspirated. Performing the kissing balloon technique (KBT) in the LCX and LM unexpectedly increased the narrowness of the LAD. Then, the single-stent crossover technique, final kissing balloon technique and proximal optimization technique (POT) were performed. On the second day after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), the number of platelets (PLTs) still increased significantly to as high as 696 × 10⁹/L. The bone marrow biopsy done later, together with JAK2 (exon 14) V617F mutation, confirms the diagnosis of ET. Hydroxyurea was administered to inhibit bone marrow proliferation to control the number of PLTs.

CASE SUMMARY

A 44-year-old male patient went to a local hospital for treatment for intermittent chest pain occurring over 8 h. The examination at the local hospital revealed elevated cTnI and significantly elevated platelet. Then, he was diagnosed with acute myocardial infarction and transferred to our hospital for emergency interventional treatment by ambulance. During the operation, thrombus aspiration, the single-stent crossover technique, final kissing balloon technique and POT were performed. Dual antiplatelet therapy comprising aspirin and ticagrelor was used after PCI. Evidence of mutated JAK2 V617F and bone marrow biopsy shown the onset of ET. Together with JAK2 (exon 14) V617F mutation, ET was diagnosed according to the World Health Organization (WHO) diagnostic criteria, and the patient was placed on hydroxyurea. During the one-year postoperative period, repeated examinations showed a slight increase in PLTs, but the patient no longer had chest tightness, chest pain or bleeding or developed new thromboembolisms.

CONCLUSION

Routine physical examinations and screenings are conducive to the early detection of ET, and the risk for thrombosis should be assessed. Then, active antiplatelet therapy and myelosuppression therapy should be used for high-risk ET patients.

Core Tip: The emergency interventional treatment plan for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) caused by essential thrombocythemia is generally the same as that for AMI, and if conditions permit, intravenous ultrasound can provide imaging guidance for stent implantation. Taking aspirin to prevent the number of platelet (PLT) aggregation is very important, and conventional anticoagulation therapy is not recommended. For patients with significantly elevated PLT counts, achieving bone marrow suppression and control of PLT counts are also very important. The ideal target number of PLTs should be below 400 × 10⁹/L.

INTRODUCTION

Essential thrombocythemia is a group of relatively chronic myeloproliferative diseases. It is characterized by the abnormal proliferation of megakaryocytes in the bone marrow and a significant increase in peripheral blood platelet counts. The main clinical manifestations are increased incidence of thromboembolic and bleeding events[1]. Research shows that thrombotic complications are the main factors affecting mortality in essential thrombocythemia (ET) patients[2], and the incidence of major haemorrhagic complications was very low in comparison with that of thrombotic episodes. These complications are most common in cases of ischaemia caused by arterial thrombosis, followed by venous thrombosis and microcirculation disorders[3]. Early recognition of ET and the International Prognostic Score for Essential Thrombocythemia (IPSET) can be used as some of the most important methods to prevent and treat thrombotic events caused by ET[4].

CASE PRESENTATION

Chief complaints

Chest pain for 8 h.

History of present illness

A 44-year-old male patient was admitted to our hospital with complaints of intermittent chest pain for 9 h. Starting at 11:45 am on June 21, 2021, chest pain and sweating appeared in a resting state with no obvious inducement and was located in the middle and lower part of the sternum, spreading to the shoulder and back. The whole process lasted for more than 10 minutes, and the chest pain was relieved by rest; however, during this period, the chest pain recurred intermittently. Later, he went to a local hospital for treatment. Electrocardiogram (ECG) revealed sinus rhythm, horizontal ST segment elevation of 0.05 mV in lead avR, upsloping ST segment depression of 0.1-0.25 mV in leads V1-V4, and a cTnI of 2.44 ng/mL, so he was diagnosed with acute myocardial infarction(AMI). Then, he was transferred to our hospital for emergency interventional treatment by 120 first aid.

History of past illness

The patient had no history of hypertension, diabetes, or hyperlipidaemia. However, he had a history of thrombocytosis, without a systematic diagnosis or previous treatment.

Personal and family history

He denied any relevant personal medical history or a family history.

Physical examination

The physical examination revealed a patient in pain with clear consciousness, coarse breath sounds in both lungs, no rales. His heart rate (HR) of 88 times/min with no obvious murmur. The blood pressure (BP) was 140/98 mmHg. The abdomen was soft, with no tenderness and no rebound pain.

Laboratory examinations

His initial peripheral blood panel findings were as follows: cTnI, 2.44 ng/mL; PLT, 736 x 10⁹/L; and normal white blood cell (WBC) count, haemoglobin (Hb), D-dimer, prothrombin and partial thromboplastin time.

Imaging examinations

ECG revealed sinus rhythm, horizontal ST segment elevation of 0.05 mV in lead avR, and upsloping ST segment depression of 0.1-0.25 mV in leads V1-V4 (Figure 1).

Figure 1.

Preoperative and postoperative electrocardiograms.

FINAL DIAGNOSIS

The final diagnosis in the presented case was non-ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction and ET.

TREATMENT

Emergency coronary angiography (CAG) was performed via a right radial artery approach and showed a left main (LM) bifurcation lesion with a Medina classification of 1%, 0%, 1%, 60% diffuse stenosis in the LM that extended to the ostial left anterior descending (LAD), 30% stenosis in the ostial LAD, thrombosis of the ostial LAD and proximal left circumflex (LCX), and 90% stenosis in the proximal LCX. The proximal LCX branched into a larger first obtuse marginal (OM1) artery, with a slow blood flow speed in OM1 and thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) flow grade of 2. There was no obvious stenosis of the right coronary artery (Figure 2).

Figure 2.

Coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention. A: There was no obvious stenosis in the right coronary artery; B and C: Left main (LM) bifurcation lesion with a Medina classification of 1%, 0%, 1%, 60% diffuse stenosis in the LM that extended to the ostial left anterior descending (LAD), 30% stenosis in the ostial LAD, thrombosis of the ostial LAD and proximal left circumflex (LCX), 90% stenosis in the proximal LCX, and coronary slow flow in the obtuse marginal (OM); D: Final kissing balloon technique was performed; E and F: Finally, LM showed great expansion after stent treatment, and the thrombus load was significantly decreased in the ostial and proximal LCX. There was 60% residual stenosis in the ostial LCX, with a thrombolysis in myocardial infarction flow grade of 3 in the OM. The ostial LAD showed great expansion after stent treatment.

The process of interventional therapy could be described was not straightforward. After engaging the LM artery with a 6-Fr extra backup (EBU) 3.5 guide catheter (Launcher; Medtronic, United States), we advanced two guide wires (Runthrough NS, Terumo, Tokyo, Japan) to the distal LAD and LCX. After predilatation of the proximal LCX using a 2.0 mm × 20 mm semi-compliant balloon (Sprinter Legend, Medtronic, United States), the thrombus load of the ostial LCX was still very heavy. Tirofiban (10 mL) was injected twice through the guide catheter to try to reduce the thrombus load but did not achieve the expected results. Then, intracoronary thrombus aspiration was conducted in the LCX and LAD, but no thrombus was extracted. We performed balloon dilation again; this time choosing 2 new 2.5 mm × 20 mm semi-compliant balloons (Sprinter Legend, Medtronic, United States) to perform the KBT in the LCX and LM. Repeat angiography revealed that the proximal LAD stenosis significantly increased to 70% to 80%, probably from plaque displacement resulting in an increase in the stenosis of the ostial and proximal LAD. At the same time, the previously relieved chest pain worsened again. Considering continuous stenosis lesions from the LM to the ostial LAD and an obvious thrombotic lesion in the ostial LCX, we adjusted the initial treatment strategy to a revascularization strategy from the LAD to the unprotected LM using the single-stent crossover technique[5] to avoid the implantation of more stents and reduce the risk of acute stent thrombosis in the area of the stent. Ostial LM/LAD crossover stent implantation was conducted with a 3.75 mm × 24 mm drug-eluting stent (DES) (Endeavor Resolute, Medtronic, United States) at 12 atm. Repeat CAG showed no residual stenosis in the LAD and a TIMI grade of 3, but the ostial LCX was affected. Then, we rewired another guide wire that passed through the stent mesh to the LCX and used a 1.5 mm × 15 mm semi-compliant balloon (Sprinter Legend, Medtronic, United States) to fully predilate the stent mesh. Then, 3.75 mm × 15 mm and 3.5 mm × 15 mm non-compliant balloons (NC Sprinter, Medtronic, United States) were placed at the LM and ostial LCX, respectively, followed by the final kissing balloon technique. Finally, the LM proximal optimization technique (POT) was performed. Repeat angiography showed 60% residual stenosis in the proximal LCX and a TIMI flow grade of 3 (Figure 2).

After percutaneous coronary intervention, triple antiplatelet therapy (with aspirin, ticagrelor and tirofiban) was given, an intravenous drip infusion of tirofiban was administered for 48 h (4 mL/h), followed by subcutaneous enoxaparin for 7 d (1 mg/kg every 12 h). On the second day, blood testing showed that the PLT count still increased significantly to as high as 696 × 10⁹/L. The subsequent bone marrow biopsy showed that bone marrow hyperplasia was significantly active, the granulocyte/nucleated red blood cell ratio was normal, and megakaryocytes were common. With positive JAK-2 V617F mutation (Figure 3), ET was diagnosed. Finally, we used hydroxyurea to inhibit bone marrow proliferation to control the number of the number of platelets.

Figure 3.

Genetic testing showed that the presence of a JAK2 (exon 14) V617F mutation. The bone marrow biopsy showed that bone marrow hyperplasia was significantly active, the granulocyte/nucleated red blood cell ratio was normal, and megakaryocytes were common.

OUTCOME AND FOLLOW-UP

After percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), the patient's chest pain improved significantly, and ECG showed that the ST segment, which had been elevated in lead avR and depressed in leads V1-V4, was restored to the equipotential line. Echocardiography showed that the patient's ejection fraction was 64%. There was no chest pain and no signs of bleeding after PCI. During the recent telephone follow-up (November 12, 2021), we learned that the patient's platelet count increased again after stopped taking hydroxyurea. At present, the patient takes medication regularly, including aspirin and hydroxyurea.

DISCUSSION

ET is a myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) that mainly manifests as a PLT count ≥ 450 × 10⁹/L, the abnormal proliferation of megakaryocytes in the bone marrow, with the presence of JAK2, CALR or MPL driver mutations, and other causes of thrombocytosis excluded[6]. The annual incidence is 0.2 to 2.5 cases/100000, and the incidence varies from 0.2 to 2.5:100000 people per year, with a prevalence of 38 to 57 cases per 100000 people[7]. The main complications of ET are thromboembolism and a small number of bleeding events; a history of thrombosis, age > 60 years, and JAK2/MPL mutations are considered the three major risk factors for thrombosis[1,8,9]. Thromboembolic events in important target organs are usually fatal; therefore, early discovery, risk stratification to predict thrombosis and early treatment are very important for ET[4].

By searching PubMed, we found that AMI due to ET is infrequent, with fewer than 35 case reports published in the literature. There were significantly more thrombotic events in the left coronary artery than in the right coronary artery, but these events happen in the LCX rarely. In our study, for the first time, we reported a case of an LM trifurcation lesion in NSTEMI caused by ET, including continuous stenosis lesions from the LM to the ostial LAD and an obvious thrombotic lesion in the ostial and proximal LCX. For the trifurcation lesion in this case, the LAD stenosis was especially aggravated after predilation, and obvious thrombosis was observed in the LCX. An acutely increased thrombus load, acute stent occlusion and no reflow risk can be caused by implantation of a DES in the LCX, especially when double stents (DK-Crush, DK-Culotte, TAP) are used. The single-stent crossover technique was performed to reduce the risk of no reflow and in-stent restenosis and which seemed to be a favourable option. In addition, for suitable lesions, a bioabsorbable stent is a relatively good choice, which can significantly shorten the time of antiplatelet therapy and reduce the risk of bleeding while avoiding long-term restenosis of the DES.

Intracoronary injections of tirofiban can improve thrombus load[10-13]; if there are no significant obstructive atherosclerotic plaques after the thrombus is aspirated and the TIMI flow grade is 3, it can be considered that there is no need to implant a DES in the emergency period. Usually, these AMI patients may be younger patients with no or low cardiovascular risk factors[14]. AMI caused by ET usually has a heavy thrombus load. Therefore, all operations during thrombus aspiration must be standardized. A sufficient negative pressure must be maintained in the aspiration catheter to actively prevent the thrombus from dislodging into other coronary arteries or peripheral blood vessels. Finally, low-dose aspirin to prevent platelet aggregation and the use of hydroxyurea can effectively reduce the occurrence of new and recurring vascular embolisms caused by ET.

CONCLUSION

Even if acute myocardial infarction is caused by ET, emergency interventional treatment is still necessary and should be carried out as soon as possible. Thrombus aspiration can be routinely applied, and platelet glycoprotein GPⅡb/Ⅲa complexes (GPⅡb/Ⅲa) can be routinely used in the coronary arteries. If the coronary flow is still unsatisfactory after thrombus aspiration, stent placement is needed and an important guarantee for establishing early revascularization and preventing restenosis in the short term. Achieving and maintain a TIMI flow grade of 3 is the purpose of the operation. Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) can be used to distinguish between a simple thrombus or a plaque rupture and then provide imaging guidance for stent implantation. The fewest stents as possible should be implanted, and absorbable stents may be the first choice for patients with no known CVRFs. Routine physical examinations and screenings are conducive to the early detection of ET, and the risk of thrombosis should be assessed. Liquid biopsy may play a greater role in the future[15]. Then, patients with high-risk ET should be given active antiplatelet therapy (aspirin) and myelosuppressive therapy (hydroxyurea).