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. 2022 Aug 6;20(8):e07415. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7415

Avian influenza overview March – June 2022

European Food Safety Authority✉; European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control; European Union Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Cornelia Adlhoch, Alice Fusaro, José L Gonzales, Thijs Kuiken, Stefano Marangon, Éric Niqueux, Christoph Staubach, Calogero Terregino, Inma Aznar, Irene Muñoz Guajardo, Francesca Baldinelli
PMCID: PMC9356771  PMID: 35949938

Abstract

The 2021–2022 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) epidemic season is the largest epidemic so far observed in Europe, with a total of 2,398 outbreaks in poultry, 46 million birds culled in the affected establishments, 168 detections in captive birds, and 2,733 HPAI events in wild birds in 36 European countries. Between 16 March and 10 June 2022, 1,182 HPAI virus detections were reported in 28 EU/EEA countries and United Kingdom in poultry (750), and in wild (410) and captive birds (22). During this reporting period, 86% of the poultry outbreaks were secondary due to between‐farm spread of HPAI virus. France accounted for 68% of the overall poultry outbreaks, Hungary for 24% and all other affected countries for less than 2% each. Most detections in wild birds were reported by Germany (158), followed by the Netherlands (98) and the United Kingdom (48). The observed persistence of HPAI (H5) virus in wild birds since the 2020–2021 epidemic wave indicates that it may have become endemic in wild bird populations in Europe, implying that the health risk from HPAI A(H5) for poultry, humans, and wildlife in Europe remains present year‐round, with the highest risk in the autumn and winter months. Response options to this new epidemiological situation include the definition and the rapid implementation of suitable and sustainable HPAI mitigation strategies such as appropriate biosecurity measures and surveillance strategies for early detection measures in the different poultry production systems. Medium to long‐term strategies for reducing poultry density in high‐risk areas should also be considered. The results of the genetic analysis indicate that the viruses currently circulating in Europe belong to clade 2.3.4.4b. HPAI A(H5) viruses were also detected in wild mammal species in Canada, USA and Japan, and showed genetic markers of adaptation to replication in mammals. Since the last report, four A(H5N6), two A(H9N2) and two A(H3N8) human infections were reported in China and one A(H5N1) in USA. The risk of infection is assessed as low for the general population in the EU/EEA, and low to medium for occupationally exposed people.

Keywords: avian influenza, captive birds, HPAI/LPAI, humans, monitoring, poultry, wild birds

Suggested citation: EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), ECDC (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control), EURL (European Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza) , Adlhoch C, Fusaro A, Gonzales JL, Kuiken T, Marangon S, Niqueux É, Staubach C, Terregino C, Aznar I, Muñoz Guajardo I and Baldinelli F, 2022. Scientific report: Avian influenza overview March–June 2022. EFSA Journal 2022;20(8):7415, 67 pp. 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7415

Requestor: European Commission

Question number: EFSA‐Q‐2022‐00300

Acknowledgements: In addition to the listed authors, EFSA, ECDC and the EURL wish to thank the following: Member State representatives who provided epidemiological data on avian influenza outbreaks or shared sequence data: Lika Aldin and Tana Kika (Albania), Eveline Wodakand and Sandra Revilla‐Fernandez (Austria), Ingeborg Mertens and Mieke Steensels (Belgium), Aleksandra Miteva and Gabriela Goujgoulova (Bulgaria), Lucie Kalášková and Alexander Nagy (Czechia), Vladimir Savic (Croatia), Charlotte Kristiane Hjulsager (Denmark), Imbi Nurmoja (Estonia), Niina Tammiranta (Finland), Béatrice Grasland, Audrey Schmitz, Karen Bucher, François‐Xavier Briand, Anne Van de Wiele, Andrea Jimenez Pellicer, Séverine Rautureau Célia Locquet and (France), Franz Conraths, Christoph Staubach and Timm Harder (Germany), George Georgiades (Greece), Georgina Helyes, Bálint Ádám and Malik Péter (Hungary), Laura Garza Cuartero (Ireland), Auður Lilja Arnþórsdóttir and Brigitte Brugger (Iceland), Scolamacchia Francesca, Dorotea Tiziano, Fornasiero Diletta, Mulatti Paolo, Bianca Zecchin and Isabella Monne (Italy), Sadik Heta, Bafti Murati, Armend Cana, Kujtim Uka and Xhavit Merovci (Kosovo), Chantal Snoeck (Luxembourg), Oxana Groza and Vitalie Caraus (Moldova) Michael McMenamy (United kingdom (Northern Ireland)), Britt Gjerset and Silje Granstad (Norway), Magdalena Gawędzka, Aleksandra Podrażka, Krzysztof Śmietanka and Edyta Swieton (Poland), Margarida Duarte (Portugal), Marcel Spierenburg, Dennis Bol and Nancy Beerens (The Netherlands), Onita Iuliana, Ioana Neghirla and Flavius Prelipcean (Romania), Martin Chudy and Vilem Kopriva (Slovakia), Brigita Slavec (Slovenia), Elena García Villacieros, Luis José Romero Gonzalez, Germán Cáceres Garrido and Azucena Sánchez Sánchez (Spain), Siamak Zohari, (Sweden); Ian Brown from the Animal and Plant Health Agency (United Kingdom); Ilya Chvala from Federal Center for Animal Health (FGBI ‘ARRIAH’, Russia); Camille Delavenne from AUSVET Europe for conducting the data analysis under the contract OC/EFSA/ALPHA/2021/02; Paolo Tizzani from WOAH for the support provided with WAHIS data; Paolo Calistri and Karl Stahl from the EFSA AHAW Panel for reviewing the report; Grazina Mirinaviciute and Edoardo Colzani from ECDC, Linnea Lindgren Kero and Gina Cioacata from EFSA for the support provided to this scientific output; we gratefully acknowledge the authors, originating and submitting laboratories of the sequences from GISAID’s EpiFlu™ Database, which is used for this assessment.

Note: Kosovo – this designation is without prejudice to positions on status and is in line with United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244 and the International Court of Justice Opinion on the Kosovo Declaration of Independence.

Figures 1–15, 17, 19 and Tables 1, 2 and 3 © EFSA; Figures 16, 18, 20–22 © ECDC.

Approved: 30 June 2022

This article was originally published on the EFSA website www.efsa.europa.eu on 30 June 2022 as part of EFSA's urgent publication procedures.

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