Table 1.
Demographics, clinical characteristics, comorbidities, radiographic findings, and laboratory testing of cohort participants at baseline (N=1164).
| Overall (n=1164) | Trajectory 1 (n=258) | Trajectory 2 (n=310) | Trajectory 3 (n=276) | Trajectory 4 (n=212) | Trajectory 5 (n=108) | Overall p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, median (IQR) in years | 59 (20) | 55 (22) | 56 (22) | 59.5 (21) | 61.5 (17) | 70 (18) | <.001 | |
| Sex, No. (%) | Male | 711 (61) | 148 (57) | 195 (63) | 151 (55) | 143 (67) | 74 (69) | 0.012 |
| Race, No. (%)a | White | 559 (48) | 113 (44) | 138 (45) | 144 (52) | 98 (46) | 69 (64) | <.001 |
| Black | 257 (22) | 78 (30) | 78 (25) | 62 (22) | 25 (12) | 16 (15) | ||
| Asian | 51 (5) | 10 (4) | 14 (5) | 14 (5) | 9 (4) | 4 (4) | ||
| Ethnicity, No. (%)c | Non-Hispanic | 753 (65) | 186 (72) | 212 (68) | 183 (66) | 102 (48) | 70 (65) | <.001 |
| Hispanic | 363 (31) | 67 (26) | 85 (27) | 83 (30) | 99 (47) | 29 (27) | ||
| Comorbidities, No. (%) | None | 68 (6) | 14 (5) | 18 (6) | 22 (8) | 11 (5) | 3 (3) | |
| Hypertension | 677 (58) | 138 (53) | 184 (59) | 149 (54) | 129 (61) | 77 (71) | 0.013 | |
| Diabetes | 427 (37) | 97 (38) | 96 (31) | 92 (33) | 91 (43) | 51 (47) | 0.006 | |
| Chronic lung diseasei | 234 (20) | 29 (11) | 57 (18) | 70 (25) | 38 (18) | 40 (37) | <.001 | |
| Asthma | 174 (15) | 43 (17) | 48 (15) | 38 (14) | 34(16) | 11(10) | 0.542 | |
| Chronic cardiac disease | 315 (27) | 63 (24) | 81 (26) | 77 (28) | 46 (22) | 48 (44) | <.001 | |
| Chronic kidney disease | 178 (15) | 35 (14) | 38 (12) | 48 (17) | 28 (13) | 29 (27) | 0.004 | |
| Chronic liver disease | 58 (5) | 13 (5) | 18 (6) | 10 (4) | 13 (6) | 4 (4) | 0.647 | |
| Chronic neurologic disorder | 143 (12) | 28 (11) | 37 (12) | 40 (14) | 21 (10) | 17 (16) | 0.395 | |
| Organ Transplantation | 58 (5) | 10 (4) | 17 (5) | 16 (6) | 11 (5) | 4 (4) | 0.807 | |
| HIV/AIDS | 21 (2) | 8 (3) | 5 (2) | 5 (2) | 2 (1) | 1 (1) | 0.424 | |
| Malignancy | 119 (10) | 26 (10) | 28 (9) | 30 (11) | 18 (8) | 17 (16) | 0.299 | |
| Drug, or alcohol abuse | 88 (8) | 30 (12) | 22 (7) | 16 (6) | 13 (6) | 7 (6) | 0.084 | |
| Smoking/Vapingj | 377 (32) | 84 (33) | 96 (31) | 88 (32) | 61 (29) | 48 (44) | 0.068 | |
| BMI category in kg/m2, No. (%)c | Overweight (25.1-29.9) | 300 (26) | 76 (29) | 79 (25) | 61 (22) | 58 (27) | 26 (24) | 0.023 |
| Class 1-2 Obesity (30–39.9) | 473 (41) | 103 (40) | 140 (45) | 104 (38) | 86 (41) | 40 (37) | ||
| Class 3 Obesity (40+) | 165 (14) | 36 (14) | 38 (12) | 45 (16) | 31 (15) | 17 (16) | ||
| Symptom onset to hospitalization (days), median (IQR) | 7 (7) | 7 (7) | 7 (6) | 7 (7) | 6 (5.5) | 6 (8) | 0.862 | |
| Symptom onset to hospitalization in days, No (%)b | ≤3 | 242 (21) | 55 (21) | 64 (21) | 60 (22) | 36 (17) | 27 (25) | 0.026 |
| 4–7 | 325 (28) | 66 (26) | 96 (31) | 62 (22) | 74 (35) | 27 (25) | ||
| 8–14 | 305 (26) | 77 (30) | 92 (30) | 73 (26) | 42 (20) | 21 (19) | ||
| >14 | 81 (7) | 15 (6) | 16 (5) | 20 (7) | 20 (9) | 10 (9) | ||
| Level of respiratory support, No. (%) | Mechanically ventilated, or ECMO (OS=6) | 137 (12) | 1 (0) | 9 (3) | 3 (1) | 84 (40) | 40 (37) | <.001 |
| Non-invasive ventilation, or high flow nasal O2 (OS=5) | 267 (23) | 13 (5) | 53 (17) | 60 (22) | 104 (49) | 37 (34) | ||
| Supplemental oxygen (not high flow) (OS=4) | 491 (42) | 93 (36) | 196 (63) | 159 (58) | 22 (10) | 21 (19) | ||
| None (OS=3) | 267 (23) | 150 (58) | 52 (17) | 53 (19) | 2 (1) | 10 (9) | ||
| SpO2/FiO2 ratio category, No. (%)c | 235, or lower | 271 (24) | 2 (1) | 35 (11) | 31 (11) | 138 (65) | 65 (60) | <.001 |
| 236–315 | 179 (15) | 14 (5) | 66 (21) | 61 (22) | 26 (12) | 12 (11) | ||
| 315, or higher | 653 (56) | 230 (89) | 196 (63) | 170 (62) | 34 (16) | 23 (21) | ||
| SOFA Score, median (IQR) | 1 (2) | 0 (1) | 0 (2) | 0 (2) | 3 (6) | 3 (7.5) | <.001 | |
| Radiographic findings on chest imaging, No. (%) | No infiltrate | 296 (27) | 99 (42) | 83 (28) | 67 (26) | 28 (14) | 19 (18) | <.001 |
| Unilateral infiltrates | 103 (9) | 21 (9) | 37 (13) | 24 (9) | 13 (6) | 8 (8) | ||
| Bilateral infiltrates | 697 (63) | 113 (48) | 174 (59) | 167 (64) | 165 (80) | 78 (74) | ||
| Decreased lymphocyte count No. (%)d | <500/microliter | 139 (12) | 13 (5) | 28 (9) | 30 (11) | 37 (17) | 31 (29) | <.001 |
| Decreased platelet count, No. (%)c | <100,000/microliter | 59 (5) | 9 (3) | 9 (3) | 16 (6) | 11 (5) | 14 (13) | <.001 |
| D-dimere, No. (%) | >0.5 mg/L | 596 (51) | 130 (50) | 156 (50) | 135 (49) | 109 (51) | 66 (61) | 0.288 |
| ALTd, No. (%) | >1.5x site-specific upper limit of normal | 203 (17) | 30 (12) | 71 (23) | 41 (15) | 48 (23) | 13 (12) | <.001 |
| Creatininec, No. (%) | >=1.5 mg/dL | 186 (16) | 28 (11) | 35 (11) | 40 (14) | 45 (21) | 38 (35) | <.001 |
| CRPe, No. (%) | >=10 mg/L | 499 (43) | 90 (35) | 142 (46) | 119 (43) | 94 (44) | 54 (50) | 0.036 |
| Troponinf, No. (%) | >0.4 ng/mL | 95 (8) | 20 (8) | 25 (8) | 15 (5) | 15 (7) | 20 (19) | <.001 |
| Detectable SARS-CoV-2 RBD IgG, %g | 59 | 59 | 65 | 55 | 63 | 46 | 0.153 | |
| Detectable SARS-CoV-2 S IgG, %g | 82 | 78 | 84 | 78 | 86 | 82 | 0.318 | |
| SARS-CoV-2 N1 CT value, median (IQR)h | 27.4 (8.7) | 29.1 (8.9) | 28 (8.1) | 27.4 (7.8) | 26 (9.2) | 25.5 (6.8) | 0.005 | |
a
29% other/declined/unknown/missing.
b
less than 10% missing data.
c
less than 5% missing data.
d
less than 20% missing data.
e
less than 40% missing data.
f
62% did not have troponin level on admission.
g
available on 891 participants.
h
available on 1010 participants.
i
not including asthma.
j
current, or former.
p-value from chi-square test for categorical variables, and Kruskal-Wallis test for continuous variables (age, SOFA score).
Trajectory 1= brief length of stay; trajectory 2= intermediate length of stay; trajectory 3= intermediate length of stay with discharge limitations; trajectory 4= prolonged hospitalization; trajectory 5= fatal.