Altered IL-13 but not IL-4 expression in the lung of mice co-exposed to HIV and Schistosoma (A) Representative immunofluorescence images of lung sections stained with antibodies to α-SMA (green) as vessel marker, IL-4 and IL-13 (red), and DAPI (blue) to detect cell nuclei. (B) Quantification of IL-4 and (C) IL-13-positive areas in the sections shown in panel A (n = 3–4 mice per group and 21–31 images per group). * p ≤ 0.05, ** p ≤ 0.01, *** p ≤ 0.001, **** p ≤ 0.0001 (one-way ANOVA). Flow cytometric analysis of intracellular (D) IL-4 and (E) IL-13 expression in CD4+ T cells (left panels) and myeloid cells (right panels) (n = 5–8 mice). * p ≤ 0.05, ** p ≤ 0.01, *** p ≤ 0.001, and **** p ≤ 0.0001 (one-way ANOVA Tukey).