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Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report logoLink to Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
. 2021 May 7;70(18):674–679. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7018e1

Effectiveness of Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna Vaccines Against COVID-19 Among Hospitalized Adults Aged ≥65 Years — United States, January–March 2021

Mark W Tenforde 1,, Samantha M Olson 1, Wesley H Self 2, H Keipp Talbot 2, Christopher J Lindsell 2, Jay S Steingrub 3, Nathan I Shapiro 4, Adit A Ginde 5, David J Douin 5, Matthew E Prekker 6, Samuel M Brown 7, Ithan D Peltan 7, Michelle N Gong 8, Amira Mohamed 8, Akram Khan 9, Matthew C Exline 10, D Clark Files 11, Kevin W Gibbs 11, William B Stubblefield 2, Jonathan D Casey 2, Todd W Rice 2, Carlos G Grijalva 2, David N Hager 12, Arber Shehu 12, Nida Qadir 13, Steven Y Chang 13, Jennifer G Wilson 14, Manjusha Gaglani 15,16, Kempapura Murthy 15, Nicole Calhoun 15, Arnold S Monto 17, Emily T Martin 17, Anurag Malani 18, Richard K Zimmerman 19, Fernanda P Silveira 19, Donald B Middleton 19, Yuwei Zhu 2, Dayna Wyatt 2, Meagan Stephenson 1, Adrienne Baughman 2, Kelsey N Womack 2, Kimberly W Hart 2, Miwako Kobayashi 1, Jennifer R Verani 1, Manish M Patel 1; IVY Network1; HAIVEN Investigators1; IVY Network, Omowunmi Amosu 2, Brent Armbruster 3, Valerie Aston 4, Marianne Bernardo 5, Robert Bowers 6, Leslie De Souza 7, Jennifer Friedel 8, Kevin Gardner 9, Jennifer Goff 10, Alexandra June Gordon 11, Audrey Hendrickson 12, Madeline Hicks 13, Michelle Howell 14, Jakea Johnson 15, Jeffrey Jorgensen 16, Sarah Karow 17, Lori Kozikowski 18, Olivia Krol 19, Leigha Landreth 20, Mary LaRose 21, Brenda Lopez 22,23, New York, Andrea Luong 24, Bob McClellan 25, Ellen Maruggi 26, Karen Miller 27, Rahul Nair 28, Lisa Parks 29, Jennifer Peers 30, Cynthia Perez 31, Adreanne Rivera 32, Jonasel Roque 33, Andres Santana 34, Tyler Scharber 35, Emma Silverman 36, Michael Tozier 37, Hiwet Tzehaie 38, Zachary Zouyed 39; HAIVEN Investigators, Alejandro Arroliga 40, Alicia Bagiatis 41, GK Balasubramani 42, Caroline K Cheng 43, Heather Eng 44, Shekhar Ghamande 45, Judy Herrick 46, Eric Hoffman 47, Kailey Hughes 48, Lois E Lamerato 49, Adam S Lauring 50, Amanda McKillop 51, Tresa McNeal 52, EJ McSpadden 53, John Midturi 54, Manohar Mutnal 55, Mary Patricia Nowalk 56, Joshua G Petrie 57, Chandni Raiyani 58, Arundhati Rao 59, Sean G Saul 60, Theresa M Sax 61, Hannah E Segaloff 62, Lori Stiefel 63, Marcus Volz 64, Kimberly Walker 65, Nicole Wheeler 66, Heath White 67, John V Williams 68, Mohamed Yassin 69, Martha Zayed 70, Tnelda Zunie 71
PMCID: PMC9368749  PMID: 33956782

Adults aged ≥65 years are at increased risk for severe outcomes from COVID-19 and were identified as a priority group to receive the first COVID-19 vaccines approved for use under an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) in the United States (13). In an evaluation at 24 hospitals in 14 states,* the effectiveness of partial or full vaccination with Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna vaccines against COVID-19–associated hospitalization was assessed among adults aged ≥65 years. Among 417 hospitalized adults aged ≥65 years (including 187 case-patients and 230 controls), the median age was 73 years, 48% were female, 73% were non-Hispanic White, 17% were non-Hispanic Black, 6% were Hispanic, and 4% lived in a long-term care facility. Adjusted vaccine effectiveness (VE) against COVID-19–associated hospitalization among adults aged ≥65 years was estimated to be 94% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 49%–99%) for full vaccination and 64% (95% CI = 28%–82%) for partial vaccination. These findings are consistent with efficacy determined from clinical trials in the subgroup of adults aged ≥65 years (4,5). This multisite U.S. evaluation under real-world conditions suggests that vaccination provided protection against COVID-19–associated hospitalization among adults aged ≥65 years. Vaccination is a critical tool for reducing severe COVID-19 in groups at high risk.

Randomized clinical trials of vaccines that have received an EUA in the United States showed efficacy of 94%–95% in preventing COVID-19–associated illness (4,5).§ However, hospitalization is a rare outcome among patients with COVID-19–associated illness of any severity, so most cases detected in the trials did not lead to hospitalization; therefore, the studies had limited power to assess protection against severe COVID-19 among older adults. Postmarketing observational studies are important to assess VE against COVID-19–associated hospitalizations in adults aged ≥65 years under real-world conditions and to strengthen evidence from clinical trials of vaccine efficacy. A standard approach to postmarketing VE evaluation involves the test-negative design in which vaccine performance is assessed by comparing the odds of antecedent vaccination among case-patients with acute laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 and control-patients without acute COVID-19 (6).

During January 1, 2021–March 26, 2021, adults with COVID-19–like illness admitted to 24 hospitals in 14 states within two networks (the Hospitalized Adult Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Network [HAIVEN] and the Influenza and Other Viruses in the Acutely Ill [IVY] Network) were enrolled. Patients were eligible if they were aged ≥65 years on the date of hospital admission, received clinical testing for SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19) by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) or antigen test within 10 days of illness onset, and had onset of symptoms 0–14 days before admission. Case-patients were those who received one or more positive test results for SARS-CoV-2. Patients meeting eligibility criteria who received negative SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR test results served as controls. Baseline demographic and health information, details about the current illness, and SARS-CoV-2 testing history were obtained by patient or proxy interviews with trained study personnel and electronic medical record review. Patients or proxies were asked about SARS-CoV-2 vaccination history including number of doses, dates and location of vaccination, and availability of vaccination record cards documenting receipt. Secondary electronic medical records and state immunization registry searches for SARS-CoV-2 vaccination records were conducted during March 26, 2021–April 19, 2021, for all included patients without vaccination record cards to verify reported or unknown vaccination status.

Participants were considered to have received COVID-19 vaccine doses based on documentation by CDC vaccination record card, state immunization registry search, electronic medical record search, or by plausible self-report if they provided vaccination dates and location. Documented record of vaccination dates was used when any potential discordance was identified between self-reported and documented dates. Participants with unverified COVID-19 testing status or vaccination status, or vaccination with Janssen COVID-19 vaccine (Johnson & Johnson), which was in limited use during the evaluation period, were not included. SARS-CoV-2 vaccination status included four categories: 1) unvaccinated, defined as no receipt of any SARS CoV-2 vaccine before illness onset; 2) single-dose vaccinated <14 days before illness, defined as receipt of the first vaccine dose <14 days before COVID-19–like illness onset; 3) partially vaccinated, defined as receipt of 1 dose of a 2-dose vaccination series (Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna vaccines) ≥14 days before illness onset or 2 doses, with the second dose received <14 days before illness onset** (7); and 4) fully vaccinated, defined as receipt of both doses of a 2-dose vaccine series, with the second dose received ≥14 days before illness onset. Estimates of VE were calculated by comparing the odds of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in case-patients and controls using the equation VE = 100% × (1 − odds ratio), determined from logistic regression models (8). The 95% CIs were calculated as 1 − CIOR, where CIOR is the confidence interval of the odds ratio estimates. Models were adjusted a priori for suspected confounders, including U.S. Census region, calendar month, age (as a continuous variable), sex, and race/ethnicity. Other factors were included in the model if they changed the adjusted odds ratio of vaccination by >5%. Primary VE estimates were stratified by partial versus full vaccination. VE for patients reporting illness onset <14 days after receipt of the first dose of a 2-dose vaccine was also assessed. Because protective immunity is unlikely to be achieved immediately after vaccination (4,5,7), absence of VE within 14 days of the first dose was used as a proxy indicator of absence of bias in the primary VE estimates (6). Statistical analyses were conducted using SAS (version 9.4; SAS Institute). This activity was reviewed by CDC and the other participating institutions and was conducted consistent with applicable federal law and CDC policy.††

During January 1–March 26, 2021, 489 patients were eligible for participation, 72 (15%) of whom were excluded for the following reasons: 30 had SARS-CoV-2 testing >10 days after illness onset, 19 were hospitalized >14 days after illness onset, eight had onset of COVID-19–like illness after admission, three received the Janssen COVID-19 vaccine, and 12 had incomplete vaccination verification. Among the 417 patients included in the final analysis (including 187 case-patients and 230 controls), median age was 73 years for case-patients and controls, 48% were female, 17% were non-Hispanic Black, 6% were Hispanic (any race), 48% had one or more earlier hospitalizations in the last year, and 4% lived in a long-term care facility before admission (Table). Among the 187 case-patients, 19 (10%) had received at least 1 dose of Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna vaccine ≥14 days before illness onset (including 18 [10%] who were partially vaccinated and one [0.5%] who was fully vaccinated) compared with 62 (27%) of 230 test-negative controls (including 44 [19%] and 18 [8%] who were partially and fully vaccinated, respectively). Prevalence of receipt of Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines was similar (53% and 47%, respectively, among those vaccinated with ≥1 doses). Adjusted VE for full vaccination using Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna vaccine was 94% (95% CI = 49%–99%), and adjusted VE for partial vaccination was 64% (95% CI = 28%–82%) (Figure). There was no significant effect for receiving the first dose of a 2-dose COVID-19 vaccine series within 14 days before illness onset (adjusted VE = 3%, 95% CI = −94%–51%).

TABLE. Characteristics of adults aged ≥65 years with COVID-19–like illness* tested for SARS-CoV-2 infection, by COVID-19 case status — 24 medical centers in 14 states,§ January–March 2021.

Characteristic Case status, no. (column %)
Total (N = 417) Case-patients (n = 187) Control participants (n = 230) p-value
Month of admission
January
80 (19)
52 (28)
28 (12)
<0.01
February
153 (37)
74 (40)
79 (34)
March
184 (44)
61 (33)
123 (53)
U.S. Census region
Northeast
174 (42)
61 (33)
113 (49)
<0.01
South
135 (32)
77 (41)
58 (25)
Midwest
68 (16)
23 (12)
45 (20)
West
40 (10)
26 (14)
14 (6)
Age group, yrs
65–74
244 (59)
106 (57)
138 (60)
0.49
≥75
173 (41)
81 (43)
92 (40)
Female sex
200 (48)
83 (44)
117 (51)
0.19
Race/Ethnicity
White, non-Hispanic
303 (73)
129 (69)
174 (76)
0.32
Black, non-Hispanic
70 (17)
34 (18)
36 (16)
Other, non-Hispanic
14 (3)
9 (5)
5 (2)
Hispanic, any race
26 (6)
12 (6)
14 (6)
Unknown
4 (1)
3 (2)
1 (0.4)
Medical insurance (missing = 1)
Yes
408 (98)
180 (96)
228 (99)
0.01
No
8 (2)
7 (4)
1 (0.4)
Resident in long-term care facility** (missing = 1)
16 (4)
6 (3)
10 (4)
0.55
≥1 previous hospitalization in last year** (missing = 12)
195 (48)
63 (35)
132 (59)
<0.01
Received current season influenza vaccination** (missing = 18)
312 (78)
134 (76)
178 (80)
0.38
Current tobacco use** (missing = 8)
Yes
35 (9)
8 (4)
27 (12)
<0.01
No
374 (91)
174 (96)
200 (88)
SARS-CoV-2 vaccination status
Unvaccinated
287 (69)
146 (78)
141 (61)
<0.01
Single-dose vaccinated <14 days before illness onset
49 (12)
22 (12)
27 (12)
Partially vaccinated
62 (15)
18 (10)
44 (19)
Fully vaccinated
19 (5)
1 (0.5)
18 (8)
Vaccine type, if vaccinated (missing = 11)
Pfizer-BioNTech
63 (53)
15 (42)
48 (58)
0.10
Moderna
56 (47)
21 (58)
35 (42)
Admission characteristic
Days from illness onset to admission, median (IQR)
3 (1–6)
4 (1–7)
2 (0–4)
<0.01
Days from illness onset to SARS-CoV-2 testing, median (IQR) 2 (0–4) 3 (0–5) 1 (0–4) <0.01

Abbreviations: HAIVEN = Hospitalized Adult Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Network; IQR = interquartile range; IVY = Influenza and Other Viruses in the Acutely Ill.

* Clinical criteria for hospitalized COVID-19–like illness varied by hospital network. IVY Network criteria for COVID-19–like illness included presence of fever, feverishness, cough, sore throat, myalgias, shortness of breath, chest pain, loss of taste, loss of smell, respiratory congestion, increased sputum production, new oxygen saturation <94% on room air, new requirement for invasive or noninvasive mechanical ventilation, or new pulmonary findings on chest imaging consistent with pneumonia. HAIVEN criteria included fever without a known non–COVID-19 cause, new or worsening cough, a change in sputum production, or new or worsening shortness of breath.

SARS-CoV-2 vaccination status included the following four categories: 1) unvaccinated, defined as no receipt of any SARS CoV-2 vaccine; 2) single-dose vaccinated <2 weeks before illness onset, defined as receipt of the first vaccine dose within 14 days before onset of COVID-like illness; 3) partially vaccinated, defined as receipt of 1 dose of a 2-dose vaccine series (Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna) ≥14 days before illness onset or receipt of 2 doses, with the second dose received <14 days before illness onset; 4) fully vaccinated, defined as receipt of both doses of a 2-dose vaccine series, with the second dose received ≥14 days before illness onset.

§ Patients were enrolled from 24 medical centers in 14 states (University of California Los Angeles and Stanford University [California], UCHealth University of Colorado Hospital [Colorado], Johns Hopkins Hospital [Maryland], Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Baystate Medical Center [Massachusetts], University of Michigan, Henry Ford, and St. Joseph [Michigan], Hennepin County Medical Center [Minnesota], Montefiore Healthcare Center [New York], Wake Forest University [North Carolina], Ohio State University [Ohio], Oregon Health & Science University [Oregon], University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Shadyside, Mercy, Passavant, St. Margaret, and Presbyterian Hospitals [Pennsylvania], Vanderbilt University Medical Center [Tennessee], Baylor Scott & White Medical Center, Temple, Round Rock, Hillcrest/Waco [Texas], and Intermountain Health [Utah]).

Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

** Information was obtained by patient or proxy self-report.

FIGURE.

The figure is a forest plot showing the adjusted vaccine effectiveness (with 95% confidence intervals) among adults aged ≥65 years with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 hospitalization, by vaccination status, in 24 medical centers in 14 states, during January–March 2021.

Adjusted* vaccine effectiveness (with 95% confidence intervals) against COVID-19 among hospitalized adults aged ≥65 years, by vaccination status§ — 24 medical centers in 14 states, January–March 2021

Abbreviations: HAIVEN = Hospitalized Adult Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Network; IVY = Influenza and Other Viruses in the Acutely Ill.

* Vaccine effectiveness estimates were adjusted for U.S. Census region, calendar month, continuous age in years, sex, race and ethnicity (non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, non-Hispanic other or unknown, or Hispanic of any race), and one or more versus zero self-reported previous hospitalizations in the past year.

Clinical criteria for hospitalized COVID-19–like illness varied by hospital network. IVY Network criteria for COVID-19–like illness included presence of fever, feverishness, cough, sore throat, myalgias, shortness of breath, chest pain, loss of taste, loss of smell, respiratory congestion, increased sputum production, new oxygen saturation <94% on room air, new invasive or noninvasive ventilation, or new pulmonary findings on chest imaging consistent with pneumonia in the IVY Network; criteria included fever without a known non–COVID-19 cause, new or worsening cough, a change in sputum production, or new or worsening shortness of breath in the HAIVEN network.

§ SARS-CoV-2 vaccination status included the following four categories: 1) unvaccinated, defined as no receipt of any SARS CoV-2 vaccine; 2) first vaccine dose <14 days before illness onset, defined as a single dose of vaccine within 14 days prior to onset of COVID-19–like illness; 3) partially vaccinated, defined as receipt of 1 dose of a 2-dose vaccine series (Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna) ≥14 days before illness onset or 2 doses with the second dose received <14 days before illness onset); 4) fully vaccinated, defined as receipt of both doses of a 2-dose vaccine series ≥14 days before illness onset.

Patients were enrolled from 24 medical centers in 14 states (University of California Los Angeles and Stanford University [California], UCHealth University of Colorado Hospital [Colorado], Johns Hopkins Hospital [Maryland], Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Baystate Medical Center [Massachusetts], University of Michigan, Henry Ford, and St. Joseph [Michigan], Hennepin County Medical Center [Minnesota], Montefiore Healthcare Center [New York], Wake Forest University [North Carolina], Ohio State University [Ohio], Oregon Health & Science University [Oregon], University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Shadyside, Mercy, Passavant, St. Margaret, and Presbyterian Hospitals [Pennsylvania], Vanderbilt University Medical Center [Tennessee], Baylor Scott & White Medical Center, Temple, Round Rock, Hillcrest/Waco [Texas], and Intermountain Health [Utah]).

Discussion

Monitoring the effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination under routine public health use and specifically against severe outcomes in patients at higher risk, including older adults, is a high priority. In this multistate analysis of adults aged ≥65 years, receipt of an authorized COVID-19 vaccine was associated with significant protection against COVID-19 hospitalization. Effectiveness was 94% among adults who were fully vaccinated and 64% among adults who were partially vaccinated (i.e., onset of COVID-like illness ≥14 days after the first vaccine dose in a 2-dose series but <14 days after the second dose). These findings are consistent with efficacy determined from clinical trials in the subgroup of adults aged ≥65 years (4,5). Early reports from Israel have also documented the real-world effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, including among older adults (7,9). However, those postmarketing reports only represented the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine. In the current report, Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccine products were equally represented, and approximately one half of the patients were aged ≥75 years, providing evidence of real-world effectiveness of both vaccines against an important measure of severe COVID-19 in older adults. Moreover, in assessing the impact of receiving only a single dose, no significant vaccine effectiveness <14 days after the first dose of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine was detected. This suggests that bias is unlikely in the primary estimates of vaccine effectiveness from partial and full vaccination. This also highlights the continued risk for severe illness shortly after vaccination, before a protective immune response has been achieved and reinforces the need for vaccinated adults to continue physical distancing and prevention behaviors, such as use of face masks and recommended hand hygiene at least 14 days after the second dose of a 2-dose vaccine. The findings suggest that SARS-CoV-2 vaccines can reduce the risk for COVID-19–associated hospitalization and, as a consequence of preventing severe COVID-19, vaccination might have an impact on post-COVID conditions (e.g., “long COVID”) and deaths (2,10).

The findings in this report are subject to at least six limitations. First, the CIs for VE estimates were wide because of the small sample size, and the number of participants was too small to assess VE by vaccine product, age group, or underlying conditions. Second, as an interim analysis that included self-reported data, vaccination status might have been misclassified, or participants might have had imperfect recollection of vaccination or illness onset dates. Third, selection bias and residual confounding cannot be excluded. Fourth, although the analysis included hospitalized adults from 14 states, the participants were not geographically representative of the U.S. population. Fifth, the case-control design infers protection based on associations between disease outcome and previous vaccination but cannot establish causation. Finally, duration of VE and VE for nonhospitalized COVID-19 was not assessed.

During January–March 2021, in a multistate network of U.S. hospitals, vaccination was associated with a reduced risk for COVID-19–associated hospitalization among adults aged ≥65 years. These data suggest that continuing to rapidly vaccinate U.S. adults against COVID-19 will likely have a marked impact on COVID-19 hospitalization and might lead to commensurate reductions in post-COVID conditions and deaths (2,10).

Summary.

What is already known about this topic?

Clinical trials suggest high efficacy for COVID-19 vaccines, but evaluation of vaccine effectiveness against severe outcomes in real-world settings and in populations at high risk, including older adults, is needed.

What is added by this report?

In a multistate network of U.S. hospitals during January–March 2021, receipt of Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna COVID-19 vaccines was 94% effective against COVID-19 hospitalization among fully vaccinated adults and 64% effective among partially vaccinated adults aged ≥65 years.

What are the implications for public health practice?

SARS-CoV-2 vaccines significantly reduce the risk for COVID-19–associated hospitalization in older adults and, in turn, might lead to commensurate reductions in post-COVID conditions and deaths.

Acknowledgments

Michael Smith, Tnelda Zunie, Deepika Konatham, Angela Kennedy, Deborah Hendricks, Jason Ettlinger, Natalie Settele, Elisa Priest, Jennifer Thomas, Madhava Beeram, Jay Fox, James Morrison, Baylor Scott & White Health.

All authors have completed and submitted the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors form for disclosure of potential conflicts of interest. Christopher J. Lindsell reports grants from National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Defense, Marcus Foundation, Endpoint Health, Entegrion, bioMerieux, and Bioscape Digital, outside the submitted work. Jay S. Steingrub reports grants from National Institutes of Health, outside the submitted work. Akram Khan reports grants from United Therapeutics, Actelion Pharmaceuticals, Regeneron, and Reata Pharmaceuticals, outside the submitted work. Samuel M. Brown reports grants from National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Defense, Intermountain Research and Medical Foundation, and Janssen, and consulting fees paid to his employer from Faron and Sedana, all outside the submitted work. Ithan D. Peltan reports grants from National Institutes of Health and, outside the submitted work, grants from Asahi Kasei Pharma, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, and Regeneron. Adit A. Ginde reports grants from National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Defense and AbbVie, outside the submitted work. Carlos G. Grijalva reports consulting fees from Pfizer, Merck, and Sanofi-Pasteur, grants from Campbell Alliance/Syneos Health, National Institutes of Health, Food and Drug Administration, and Agency for Health Care Research and Quality, outside the submitted work. Michelle N. Gong reports grants from National Institutes of Health, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, and consulting fees from Regeneron, Philips Healthcare, all outside the submitted work. Steven Y. Chang reports consulting fees from PureTech Health and speaker fees from La Jolla Pharmaceuticals, both outside the submitted work. Jonathan D. Casey reports grants from National Institutes of Health, outside the submitted work. Todd W. Rice reports grants from National Institutes of Health and Endpoint Health, consulting work for Cumberland Pharmaceuticals, Inc, and Sanofi, Inc., outside the submitted work. Manjusha Gaglani reports grants from CDC-Abt Associates, outside the submitted work. Emily T. Martin reports personal fees from Pfizer and grants from Merck, outside the submitted work. Anurag Malani reports shareholder of Pfizer pharmaceuticals. Arnold S. Monto reports personal fees from Sanofi Pasteur and Seqirus, outside the submitted work. Fernanda P. Silveira reports grants from Shire, Qiagen, Ansun, and Novartis, outside the submitted work. Richard K. Zimmerman reports grants from Sanofi Pasteur, outside the submitted work. Donald B. Middleton reports grants and personal fees from Pfizer and personal fees from Seqirus, Sanofi Pasteur, and GlaxoSmithKline, outside the submitted work. No other potential conflicts of interest were disclosed.

Footnotes

*

Patients were enrolled from 24 medical centers in 14 states (University of California Los Angeles and Stanford University [California], UCHealth University of Colorado Hospital [Colorado], Johns Hopkins Hospital [Maryland], Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Baystate Medical Center [Massachusetts], University of Michigan, Henry Ford, and St. Joseph [Michigan], Hennepin County Medical Center [Minnesota], Montefiore Healthcare Center [New York], Wake Forest University [North Carolina], Ohio State University [Ohio], Oregon Health & Science University [Oregon], University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Shadyside, Mercy, Passavant, St. Margaret, and Presbyterian Hospitals [Pennsylvania], Vanderbilt University Medical Center [Tennessee], Baylor Scott & White Medical Center, Temple, Round Rock, Hillcrest/Waco [Texas], and Intermountain Health [Utah]).

Partially vaccinated is defined as receipt of 1 dose of a 2-dose vaccine series (Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna vaccines) ≥14 days before illness onset or 2 doses with the second dose received <14 days before illness onset. Fully vaccinated is defined as receipt of both doses of a 2-dose vaccine series, with the second dose received ≥14 days before illness onset.

§

Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna COVID-19 vaccines are approved for use under an EUA in the United States. The Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) is used to detect possible signals of adverse events associated with vaccines. Adverse events related to these COVID-19 vaccines can be reported at https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/report-problem-center-biologics-evaluation-research/vaccine-adverse-events or https://vaers.hhs.gov/reportevent.html.

IVY Network criteria for COVID-19–like illness included presence of fever, feverishness, cough, sore throat, myalgias, shortness of breath, chest pain, loss of taste, loss of smell, respiratory congestion, increased sputum production, new oxygen saturation <94% on room air, new requirement for invasive or noninvasive mechanical ventilation, or new pulmonary findings on chest imaging consistent with pneumonia. HAIVEN criteria included fever without a known non–COVID-19 cause, new or worsening cough, a change in sputum production, or new or worsening shortness of breath.

**

Based on postmarketing findings from Israel, where VE was observed at 14 days after vaccination after 1 dose.

††

45 C.F.R. part 46.102(l)(2), 21 C.F.R. part 56; 42 U.S.C. Sect. 241(d); 5 U.S.C. Sect. 552a; 44 U.S.C. Sect. 3501 et seq.

Contributor Information

Omowunmi Amosu, Montefiore Healthcare Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.

Brent Armbruster, Intermountain Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah.

Valerie Aston, Intermountain Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah.

Marianne Bernardo, Reagan-UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.

Robert Bowers, Intermountain Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah.

Leslie De Souza, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, Massachusetts.

Jennifer Friedel, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.

Kevin Gardner, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California.

Jennifer Goff, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.

Alexandra June Gordon, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California.

Audrey Hendrickson, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota.

Madeline Hicks, Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.

Michelle Howell, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.

Jakea Johnson, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.

Jeffrey Jorgensen, Intermountain Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah.

Sarah Karow, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio.

Lori Kozikowski, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, Massachusetts.

Olivia Krol, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon.

Leigha Landreth, Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.

Mary LaRose, Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.

Brenda Lopez, Montefiore Healthcare Center; Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx.

Andrea Luong, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon.

Bob McClellan, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.

Ellen Maruggi, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota.

Karen Miller, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.

Rahul Nair, Montefiore Healthcare Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.

Lisa Parks, Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.

Jennifer Peers, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.

Cynthia Perez, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California.

Adreanne Rivera, Reagan-UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.

Jonasel Roque, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California.

Andres Santana, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, Massachusetts.

Tyler Scharber, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota.

Emma Silverman, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon.

Michael Tozier, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.

Hiwet Tzehaie, Montefiore Healthcare Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.

Zachary Zouyed, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon.

Alejandro Arroliga, Baylor Scott & White Health, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, Texas.

Alicia Bagiatis, University of Pittsburgh Schools of the Health Sciences, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

GK Balasubramani, University of Pittsburgh Schools of the Health Sciences, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Caroline K. Cheng, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan

Heather Eng, University of Pittsburgh Schools of the Health Sciences, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Shekhar Ghamande, Baylor Scott & White Health, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, Texas.

Judy Herrick, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas.

Eric Hoffman, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas.

Kailey Hughes, University of Pittsburgh Schools of the Health Sciences, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Lois E. Lamerato, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan

Adam S. Lauring, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan

Amanda McKillop, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas.

Tresa McNeal, Baylor Scott & White Health, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, Texas.

E.J. McSpadden, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan

John Midturi, Baylor Scott & White Health, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, Texas.

Manohar Mutnal, Baylor Scott & White Health, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, Texas.

Mary Patricia Nowalk, University of Pittsburgh Schools of the Health Sciences, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Joshua G. Petrie, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan

Chandni Raiyani, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas.

Arundhati Rao, Baylor Scott & White Health, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, Texas.

Sean G. Saul, University of Pittsburgh Schools of the Health Sciences, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Theresa M. Sax, University of Pittsburgh Schools of the Health Sciences, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Hannah E. Segaloff, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan

Lori Stiefel, University of Pittsburgh Schools of the Health Sciences, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Marcus Volz, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas.

Kimberly Walker, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas.

Nicole Wheeler, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Heath White, Baylor Scott & White Health, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, Texas.

John V. Williams, University of Pittsburgh Schools of the Health Sciences, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Mohamed Yassin, University of Pittsburgh Schools of the Health Sciences, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Martha Zayed, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas.

Tnelda Zunie, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas.

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Articles from Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report are provided here courtesy of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

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