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. 2022 Aug 2;27(15):4913. doi: 10.3390/molecules27154913

Table 5.

Regeneration methods studied in the literature and their results *.

Regeneration Method Type of Regenerator Yield/Key Outcome Ref.
Enzymatic regeneration GDH YMeOH reached 127% [48]
Enzymatic regeneration GDH YMeOH reached up to 95.3% [72]
Enzymatic regeneration PTDH or GlyDH PTDH is 4 times more active than GlyDH, [CH3OH] increases from 0.1 mM without PTDH to 0.9 mM with PTDH [18]
Enzymatic regeneration PTDH The multienzymatic cascade reaction, along with PTDH, yielded 3.28 mM methanol [64]
Enzymatic regeneration GCDH Yield of methanol reached 100% after coupling GCDH regeneration [68]
Enzymatic regeneration GCDH-XDH XDH for NADH regeneration was found to be more efficient than GCDH producing at least 8 mM CH3OH yield [65]
Enzymatic regeneration GDH Yield of methanol was increased 64-folds compared to the reaction without a regeneration system [52]
Enzymatic regeneration GDH Formate yield was increased 4.6-fold compared to the reaction with free enzymes [57]
Photochemical regeneration Carbon-containing TiO2/H2/[Cp*Rh(bpy)(H2O)]2+ NADH conversion reaches 94.29% in the presence of H2 as an electron’s donor [73]
Photochemical regeneration P-doped TiO2 nanoparticles/H2O/[Cp*Rh(bpy)(H2O)]2+ If P to Ti molar ratio is 6%, TiO2 nanoparticle can photo catalytically reproduce 34.6% NADH under visible light [74]
Photochemical regeneration Cobaloxime/TEOA /eosin NADH conversion reaches a yield of 36% [75]
Photochemical regeneration CCG-IP/TEOA/[Cp*Rh(bpy)(H2O)]2+ NADH conversion reaches a yield of 38.99% (first cycle) and 36.81% (third cycle) [76]
Photochemical regeneration CrF5(H2O)]2−@TiO2/Water-Glycerol/[Cp*Rh(bpy)H2O]Cl2 NADH conversion reaches the maximum yield (very close to 100%) [67]
Photochemical regeneration TiO2/EDTA/[Cp*Rh(bpy)(H2O)]2+ In the presence of 1.5 mg/mL TiO2, the NADH yield reached approximately 90% after 30 min of irradiation [62]
Photochemical regeneration ATCN-DSCN/TEOA/[Cp*Rh(bpy)H2O]2+ NADH yield of ~74% [77]
Photochemical regeneration Ionic porphyrin (ZnTPyPBr)/TEOA/[Cp*Rh(bpy)(H2O)]2+ Yield of NADH increase by 17.9% after 1 h, a seven-fold increase in methanol concentration [68]
Photochemical regeneration TiO2/H2O/[Cp*Rh(bpy)(H2O)]2+ Yield of NADH conversion 45.54% (after 2 h) [78]
Electrochemical regeneration carbon nanofibers cathode Yield ~ 99% pure 1,4-NADH [79]
Electrochemical regeneration Cu nanorods on glassy carbon 1,4-NADH conversion yield reaches 67%/with electron mediator [Cp*Rh(bpy)Cl]Cl complex reaches almost 100% [69]
Electrochemical regeneration Ni NP-MWCNT cathode Yield ~ 98% pure 1,4-NADH [80]
Electrochemical regeneration Cu foam electrode NADH conversion yield reaches 93–99%
1,4-NADH (active isomer): 75–79%
[34]
Electrochemical regeneration DH/Cc-PAA biocathode Bioactive 1,4-NADH yield: 97–100%
Faradaic efficiencies: 78–99%
[70]
Electrochemical regeneration Rh modified electrode NADH conversion yield reaches more than 90% in 20 min [81]
Electrochemical regeneration CuNPS on carbon felt electrode NADH regeneration yield achieves a maximum of 92.1% [82]
Electrochemical regeneration Rh complex-grafted electrode Yield NADH ~ 80%
1,4-NADH reaches almost 100%
[59]

* The key outcome section shows the yield in terms of methanol produced via enzymatic regeneration; for photochemical and electrochemical regeneration, the yield of converted NADH is specified.