Table 5.
Regeneration Method | Type of Regenerator | Yield/Key Outcome | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
Enzymatic regeneration | GDH | YMeOH reached 127% | [48] |
Enzymatic regeneration | GDH | YMeOH reached up to 95.3% | [72] |
Enzymatic regeneration | PTDH or GlyDH | PTDH is 4 times more active than GlyDH, [CH3OH] increases from 0.1 mM without PTDH to 0.9 mM with PTDH | [18] |
Enzymatic regeneration | PTDH | The multienzymatic cascade reaction, along with PTDH, yielded 3.28 mM methanol | [64] |
Enzymatic regeneration | GCDH | Yield of methanol reached 100% after coupling GCDH regeneration | [68] |
Enzymatic regeneration | GCDH-XDH | XDH for NADH regeneration was found to be more efficient than GCDH producing at least 8 mM CH3OH yield | [65] |
Enzymatic regeneration | GDH | Yield of methanol was increased 64-folds compared to the reaction without a regeneration system | [52] |
Enzymatic regeneration | GDH | Formate yield was increased 4.6-fold compared to the reaction with free enzymes | [57] |
Photochemical regeneration | Carbon-containing TiO2/H2/[Cp*Rh(bpy)(H2O)]2+ | NADH conversion reaches 94.29% in the presence of H2 as an electron’s donor | [73] |
Photochemical regeneration | P-doped TiO2 nanoparticles/H2O/[Cp*Rh(bpy)(H2O)]2+ | If P to Ti molar ratio is 6%, TiO2 nanoparticle can photo catalytically reproduce 34.6% NADH under visible light | [74] |
Photochemical regeneration | Cobaloxime/TEOA /eosin | NADH conversion reaches a yield of 36% | [75] |
Photochemical regeneration | CCG-IP/TEOA/[Cp*Rh(bpy)(H2O)]2+ | NADH conversion reaches a yield of 38.99% (first cycle) and 36.81% (third cycle) | [76] |
Photochemical regeneration | CrF5(H2O)]2−@TiO2/Water-Glycerol/[Cp*Rh(bpy)H2O]Cl2 | NADH conversion reaches the maximum yield (very close to 100%) | [67] |
Photochemical regeneration | TiO2/EDTA/[Cp*Rh(bpy)(H2O)]2+ | In the presence of 1.5 mg/mL TiO2, the NADH yield reached approximately 90% after 30 min of irradiation | [62] |
Photochemical regeneration | ATCN-DSCN/TEOA/[Cp*Rh(bpy)H2O]2+ | NADH yield of ~74% | [77] |
Photochemical regeneration | Ionic porphyrin (ZnTPyPBr)/TEOA/[Cp*Rh(bpy)(H2O)]2+ | Yield of NADH increase by 17.9% after 1 h, a seven-fold increase in methanol concentration | [68] |
Photochemical regeneration | TiO2/H2O/[Cp*Rh(bpy)(H2O)]2+ | Yield of NADH conversion 45.54% (after 2 h) | [78] |
Electrochemical regeneration | carbon nanofibers cathode | Yield ~ 99% pure 1,4-NADH | [79] |
Electrochemical regeneration | Cu nanorods on glassy carbon | 1,4-NADH conversion yield reaches 67%/with electron mediator [Cp*Rh(bpy)Cl]Cl complex reaches almost 100% | [69] |
Electrochemical regeneration | Ni NP-MWCNT cathode | Yield ~ 98% pure 1,4-NADH | [80] |
Electrochemical regeneration | Cu foam electrode | NADH conversion yield reaches 93–99% 1,4-NADH (active isomer): 75–79% |
[34] |
Electrochemical regeneration | DH/Cc-PAA biocathode | Bioactive 1,4-NADH yield: 97–100% Faradaic efficiencies: 78–99% |
[70] |
Electrochemical regeneration | Rh modified electrode | NADH conversion yield reaches more than 90% in 20 min | [81] |
Electrochemical regeneration | CuNPS on carbon felt electrode | NADH regeneration yield achieves a maximum of 92.1% | [82] |
Electrochemical regeneration | Rh complex-grafted electrode | Yield NADH ~ 80% 1,4-NADH reaches almost 100% |
[59] |
* The key outcome section shows the yield in terms of methanol produced via enzymatic regeneration; for photochemical and electrochemical regeneration, the yield of converted NADH is specified.