Table 2.

Nutritional problems and falls in HD patients.

Author, Year, Country	Design, Setting (Study Period)	Age (Years) Male/Female (%)	Sample Size, Falls (First Fall)	Evaluation	Main Results
McAdams-DeMarco MA. et al., 2013 [32] USA	Prospective cohort study (6.7 months) One outpatient dialysis unit	Mean 65 ± 12.6 Male 53.7% Female 46.3%	n = 95 70 (28.3%)	Fried frailty phenotype	After adjusting for comorbidities, disability, number of medications, education, and marital status, frailty predicted a 3.09-fold (95% CI: 1.38–6.90, p = 0.006) higher number of falls.
Chu NM et al., 2020 [27] USA	Prospective cohort study (108 months) Two hospital HD units	・Kidney transplantation candidates Mean 54.0 ± 14.0 Male 61.9% Female 38.1% ・Kidney transplantation recipients Mean 54.3 ± 14.0 Male 62.1% Female 37.9%	・Kidney transplantation candidates n = 3666 598 (16.3%) ・Kidney transplantation recipients n = 770 96 (12.5%)	Fried frailty phenotype	・Kidney transplantation candidates: frailty was independently associated with single fall (PR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.12–1.64) and recurrent falls (PR, 1.90; 95% CI: 1.58–2.29). ・Kidney transplantation recipients: frailty was independently associated with single fall (PR, 1.67; 95% CI, 1.02–2.74) and recurrent falls (PR, 2.04; 95% CI, 1.20–3.45).
Kono K. et al., 2018 [33] Japan	Prospective cohort study (2 years). Two outpatient dialysis unit	Mean 69.4 ± 11.6 Male 60% Female 40%	n = 223 91 (41%)	GNRI	In the univariate analysis, decreasing GNRI was independently associated with falls (HR, 1.04; 95% CI, 1.01–1.08).

HD: hemodialysis, CI: Confidence Interval, PR: prevalence ratio, GNRI: geriatric nutritional risk index, HR: hazard ratio.