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Examples of iron homeostasis and viral infection. (A) Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) blocks the homeostatic iron regulator (HFE) to increase iron accumulation in macrophages. (B) Influenza A binding of the transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) promotes the expression of IL-6 and hepcidin degradation of ferropotin (FPN), also leading to intracellular iron retention and the promotion of viral replication.
