Abstract
Ophiopogonis Radix, also known as Maidong in Chinese, is largely produced in the Sichuan and Zhejiang provinces: “Chuan-maidong (CMD)” and “Zhe-maidong (ZMD),” respectively. This study aimed to distinguish and evaluate the quality of CMD and ZMD. In this study, the tubers of CMD and ZMD were investigated using UPLC-Q/TOF-MS, GC-MS, and LC-MS methods, respectively. Overall, steroidal saponins, homoisoflavonoids, amino acids, and nucleosides were quickly identified. Furthermore, multivariate statistical analysis revealed that CMD and ZMD could be separated. Moreover, CMD showed higher levels of 4-aminobutanoic acid, glycine, l-proline, monoethanolamine, and serine than ZMD. Besides, the levels of chlorogenic acid, traumatic acid, cytidine, cadaverine, pyridoxine 5-phosphate, glutinone, and pelargonidin 3-O-(6-O-malonyl-β-d-glucoside) were remarkably higher in ZMD than in CMD. Furthermore, these different constituents were mainly associated with galactose metabolism; starch and sucrose metabolism; cysteine and methionine metabolism; valine, leucine, and isoleucine biosynthesis; and glycerophospholipid metabolism. In general, these results showed many differences between the bioactive chemical constituents of Ophiopogon japonicus from different production areas, where ZMD performed better in the quality assessment than CMD, and that UPLC-Q/TOF-MS, GC-MS, and LC-MS are effective methods to discriminate medicinal herbs from different production areas.
Keywords: Ophiopogonis Radix, Maidong, UPLC-Q/TOF-MS, GC-MS, LC-MS
Graphical abstract
1. Introduction
Ophiopogonis Radix (known as Maidong), the root tuber of Ophiopogon japonicus Ker-Gawl, belongs to the family Liliaceae and is the most widely used traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia [1]. According to TCM theory, Maidong nourishes yin, moistens the lungs, promotes body fluid production, eases the mind, and clears away heart fires [2,3]. It has been employed to control diabetes and its complications [4], radiation pneumonitis [5], atherosclerotic coronary heart disease, and viral myocarditis [6]. Additionally, modern phytochemical studies have suggested that Maidong is rich in various biologically active compounds, including steroidal saponins, amino acids, homoisoflavonoids, polysaccharides, and nucleosides, which have beneficial immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, central nervous system protective, antioxidative, and anti-apoptosis effects [7–9]. Although several studies on the chemical components of Maidong have been reported, these studies were performed with a single analytical technique and are not comprehensive [10,11]. Therefore, to the best of our knowledge, there is still a lack of information on the comprehensive chemical constituents of Maidong determined by using a multidimensional assessment approach.
At present, the cultivation regions of Ophiopogonis Radix are mainly concentrated in the Sichuan (mainly Santai County) and Zhejiang provinces (mainly the city of Cixi) of China. Ophiopogonis Radix from Sichuan and Zhejiang provinces is popularly called Chuan-maidong (CMD) and Zhe-maidong (ZMD), respectively, but ZMD is generally considered superior to Ophiopogonis Radix cultivated in other provinces [10]. Currently, it is generally accepted that the quantity and pharmacological effects of tubers on Maidong in different areas are controlled by environmental conditions and endogenous factors [11]. A study by Lu et al. found that the chemical constituents of CMD and ZMD differed much from each other according to high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) with multivariate statistical analysis [12]. With the structural transformation of economic development, the cultivation of ZMD has drastically decreased in Zhejiang Province in recent years. Sichuan has now become the primary place of MD production [10,12]. In addition, CMD and ZMD are difficult to distinguish based on their appearance, which has also made quality control of Maidong challenging. Considering these findings, further study of the compositional distinction between Maidong tubers grown in Sichuan and Zhejiang provinces remains limited. Differences between the chemical constituents of CMD and ZMD have been reported by using LC coupled with evaporative light scattering detection, gas chromatography (GC) coupled with MS, or LC coupled with MS [2,10,13]. Because of the complexity of chemical constituents, those studies only assessed saponins, polysaccharides, or homoisoflavonoids.
Thus, this study aimed to comprehensively characterize the bioactive constituents of CMD and ZMD from the two producing areas and investigate their metabolic pathway. In this study, CMD and ZMD tubers were collected, and the chemical information of multiple bioactive constituents was characterized by using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q/TOF-MS), as well as GC-MS and LC-MS methods with multivariate statistical analysis, including principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminate analysis (OPLS-DA). Furthermore, the pathways of significantly different chemical constituents were identified to reveal the potential biological events occurring between CMD and ZMD. Therefore, the results of this study might provide a guide for a comprehensive evaluation and quality control, as well as a study on the mechanism of Ophiopogonis Radix.
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Chemicals and reagents
Ultrapure water was prepared by a Milli-Q system (Milford, MA, USA). Acetonitrile and methanol (HPLC grade) were produced by Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide was obtained from CNW Technologies (Shanghai, China). dl-o-Chlorophenylalanine was purchased from GL Biochem (Shanghai) Ltd (Shanghai, China). All the other chemicals and solvents were of analytical grade (purity (S98%) for GC/LC use.
2.2. Plant materials
CMD and ZMD at the same growth stage were collected from the market as mature plants in the cities of Cixi (Zhejiang, China) and Mianyang (Sichuan, China) in May 2020, respectively, including six batches of ZMD and six batches of CMD samples. All the samples were authenticated by Professor Qing Xia, Ningbo College of Health & Science, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.
2.3. Sample preparation for UPLC-Q/TOF-MS analysis
The aim of the present study was to thoroughly evaluate the polysaccharides and saponins of CMD and ZMD in water extract solutions. Briefly, the dried tubers of CMD and ZMD were ground and passed through a standard 60-mesh filter. The obtained powder (3.0 g) was accurately weighed into a conical flask, immersed in 200 mL of distilled water for 30 min, and boiled for 90 min. Then, the liquid extract obtained was concentrated to 10 g by using rotating evaporation (JC-ZF-1L, Qingdao Juchuang Times Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd, China). The obtained liquid extract was dissolved in methanol at a weight ratio of 1:1 and centrifuged at a speed of 14,000 rpm for 20 min before UPLC-Q/TOF-MS analysis.
2.4. Sample preparation for GC-MS analysis
Additionally, approximately 50 mg of the dried tubers of CMD and ZMD were used for the extraction procedure. Briefly, CMD and ZMD were mixed with 800 μL of methanol containing an internal standard (2.8 mg/mL dl-o-Chlorophenylalanine). Then, all samples were ground to a fine powder using a grinding mill operated at 65 Hz for 120 s. The samples were ultrasonicated at 4 kHz in an ice bath for 30 min and then centrifuged at 12,000 rpm at 4°C for 10 min. Subsequently, 200 μL of the supernatant was evaporated to dryness at room temperature. After that, the samples were derivatized by shaking with 30 μL of methoxyamine hydrochloride (20 mg/mL) in pyridine for 90 min at 37°C. The samples were then trimethylsilylated by adding 30 μL of bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide and incubated for 1 h at 70°C. After the reaction was complete, the samples were incubated for 1 h at room temperature. Finally, 200 μL of the supernatant was transferred to a vial for GC-MS analysis. The mix of all extract solutions was used as a control sample (QC).
2.5. Sample preparation for LC-MS analysis
Furthermore, approximately 50 mg of the dried tubers of CMD and ZMD were applied for the extraction procedure. Briefly, CMD and ZMD were extracted with 800 μL of methanol containing dl-o-Chlorophenylalanine (2.8 mg/mL) to investigate flavonoids. All samples were ground to a fine powder using a grinding mill operated at 65 Hz for 120 s. The samples were ultrasonicated at 40 kHz in an ice bath for 30 min and then centrifuged at 12,000 rpm at 4°C for 15 min. After that, 200 μL of the supernatant was transferred to a vial for LC-MS analysis. The mix of all extract solutions was used as QC.
2.6. UPLC-Q/TOF-MS analysis and MS conditions
UPLC-Q/TOF-MS analysis was performed on a Waters ACQUITY UPLC I-Class PLUS system (Waters Corporation, Milford, MA, USA) coupled with hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometer (SCIEX X-500R, SCIEX, Framingham, MA, USA) equipped with TurboIonSpray sources and a Turbo ion spray interface. Briefly, chromatographic separation was performed on a Waters UPLC BEH C18 column (100 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.7 µm particle size) at 40°C with a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min, and the injection volume was 3 μL. The mobile phase was composed of 0.1% ammonium formate in acetonitrile (A) and 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution (B) and introduced under the following gradient conditions: 0–12 min, 99% A–50% A; 12–14.5 min, 50–15% A; 14.5–15 min, 15–1% A; 15–18 min, 1% A; 18–18.1 min, 1% B–99% A; and 18.1–21 min, 99% A. TOF MS was performed using a Turbo Ion Spray ion source and ESI positive (+) and negative (−) ion scanning modes. The MS analysis conditions were as follows: source temperature: 600°C; nebulizing gas (N2): 55 psi; drying gas (N2): 45 psi; curtain gas (CUR): 35 psi; IonSpray Voltage Floating: 5,500 V/−4,500 V; TOF MS scan m/z range: 100–1,500 Da; TOF-MS/MS scan m/z range: 25–1,500 Da; TOF MS scan accumulation time: 0.25 s/spectra; and product ion scan accumulation time: 0.035 s/spectra. MS uses information-dependent acquisition and high sensitivity mode.
2.7. GC-MS analysis
An Agilent 6890A/5973C GC-MS system and a DB-5MS fused-silica capillary column (30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 μm, Agilent J&W Scientific, USA) were used for analysis. The injector temperature was 280°C. The temperature program used was as follows: the column temperature was held at 70°C for 2 min, increased by 10°C to 200°C, increased by 5°C to 280°C and held there for 6 min. The ion source and quadrupole rod temperatures were 230 and 150°C, respectively. The column effluent was fully scanned in the mass range of 50–550 m/z. The data were subjected to feature extraction and preprocessed with the XCMS package in R software (version 4.0.5, https://www.r-project.org/) and then normalized and edited into a two-dimensional data matrix by Excel 2010 software; data included the retention time (RT), the mass-to-charge ratio, observations (samples), and peak intensity.
2.8. LC-MS analysis
LC-MS was performed using an ACQUITYTM UPLC-QTOF platform (Waters, Wexford, Ireland) with a Waters ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 column (2.1 mm × 100 mm, 1.8 μm). The mobile phases consisted of 0.1% aqueous formic acid (v/v) (A) and acetonitrile (B), and were introduced under the following gradient elution conditions: 0% B at 0–1 min, 0–20% B at 1–2 min, 20–50% B at 2–12 min, 50–95% B at 12–15 min, and 95–100% B at 15–20 min. The flow rate was set at 0.35 mL/min, and the column temperature was maintained at 40°C. The injection volume was 6 μL. The electrospray ionization source was set in both ESI (+) and ESI (–) ionization modes. The parameters were set as follows: source and desolvation temperatures: 120 and 350°C, respectively; desolvation gas (N2) flow: 600 L/h; capillary voltages: 1.4 kV for ESI (+) and 1.3 kV for ESI (–); sampling cone: 40 V for ESI (+) and 23 V for ESI (–); cone gas (N2) flow: 50 L/h; collision energy: 10–40 V; ion energy: 1 V; scan time: 0.03 s; and interscan time: 0.02 s. The mass range scanned was 50–1,500 m/z. MS data were collected with MassLynx 4.1 software.
2.9. Data analysis
For UPLC-Q/TOF-MS analysis, the data were processed using SCIEX OS software with multiple confidence criteria, including quality accuracy, RT, isotopes, and matching use of compound libraries. In this study, the TCM MS/MS Library, which contains secondary data for more than 1,500 Chinese herbal medicines, was used to identify the target constituents based on the first-order accurate mass number, isotope distribution ratio, and MS/MS of the compounds. For GC-MS analysis, a total of 1,060 features were collected in this experiment, and the data were imported into SIMCA-P (version 13.0, Umetrics AB, Sweden) software for PCA and OPLS-DA. For LC-MS analysis, the data were first transformed to CDF files by CDFbridge and input into the XCMS package in R software and then normalized and edited into a two-dimensional data matrix by Excel 2007 software. A total of 1,712 features in ESI (+) ionization mode and 1,138 features in ESI (–) ionization mode were collected in this experiment, and the data were imported into SIMCA-P software to perform PCA and OPLS-DA.
3. Results
3.1. UPLC/Q-TOF MS analysis of chemical constituents of CMD and ZMD
By using UPLC/Q-TOF MS analysis, CMD and ZMD could be analyzed within 21 min and exhibited some major peaks in the total ion chromatography, as shown in Figures 1 and 2, respectively. According to the TCM MS/MS Library in SCIEX OS software, the chemical constituents were identified qualitatively. As a result, a total of 26 chemical constituents of CMD were identified in positive ion mode and 33 chemical constituents of CMD were identified in negative ion mode in UPLC/Q-TOF MS analysis. Furthermore, a total of 33 chemical constituents of ZMD were identified in positive ion mode and 39 chemical constituents of ZMD were identified in negative ion mode in UPLC/Q-TOF MS analysis. Most of these chemical constituents were steroidal saponins, amino acids, homoisoflavonoids, polysaccharides, and nucleosides. Additionally, our UPLC/Q-TOF MS analysis revealed that the dried tubers of both CMD and ZMD contained methylophiopogonanone A, methylophiopogonanone B, methylophiopogonone A, ophiopogonin D, ophiopogonin D′, ophiopogonanone C, ophiopogonanone E, and ruscogenin. Detailed information on the identified chemical constituents is listed in Tables 1–4. Also, the MS fragmentation pathways for different chemical constituents of CMD and ZMD in positive ion mode or negative ion mode are shown in Tables S1 and S2, respectively.
Figure 1.
Total ion chromatogram of CMD obtained by UPLC/Q-TOF MS analysis in (a) positive ion mode and (b) negative ion mode.
Figure 2.
Total ion chromatogram of ZMD obtained by UPLC/Q-TOF MS analysis in (a) positive ion mode and (b) negative ion mode.
Table 1.
Putative identification of CMD in positive ion mode
| No. | Component name | Area | RT | Formula | Precursor mass | Found at mass | Mass error (ppm) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | l(+)-Arginine | 7,402,000 | 1.14 | C6H14N4O2 | 175.119 | 175.1187 | −1.5 |
| 2 | Trigonelline | 253,900 | 1.21 | C7H7NO2 | 138.055 | 138.0551 | 1 |
| 3 | Proline | 433,800 | 1.24 | C5H9NO2 | 116.071 | 116.0707 | 0.4 |
| 4 | Glutamic acid | 187,400 | 1.3 | C5H9NO4 | 148.06 | 148.0606 | 0.8 |
| 5 | Betaine | 140,700 | 1.37 | C5H11NO2 | 118.086 | 118.0863 | 0.6 |
| 6 | Nicotinic acid | 155,300 | 1.71 | C6H5NO2 | 124.039 | 124.0394 | 0.9 |
| 7 | Nicotinamide | 235,400 | 1.79 | C6H6N2O | 123.055 | 123.0554 | 0.9 |
| 8 | Adenosine | 2,131,000 | 2.36 | C10H13N5O4 | 268.104 | 268.1038 | −0.9 |
| 9 | Cordycepin | 43,090 | 2.42 | C10H13N5O3 | 252.109 | 252.1093 | 0.8 |
| 10 | Guanosine | 207,900 | 2.46 | C10H13N5O5 | 284.099 | 284.0992 | 0.7 |
| 11 | Phenylalanine | 1,719,000 | 3.17 | C9H11NO2 | 166.086 | 166.0863 | 0.3 |
| 12 | Cinnamic acid | 48,090 | 3.18 | C9H8O2 | 149.06 | 149.0598 | 0.6 |
| 13 | 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid | 12,960 | 4.73 | C7H6O3 | 139.039 | 139.039 | 0.4 |
| 14 | Esculetin | 23,820 | 5.13 | C9H6O4 | 179.034 | 179.034 | 0.6 |
| 15 | Hyperin | 4,621 | 6.5 | C21H20O12 | 465.103 | 465.1034 | 1.4 |
| 16 | Syringaldehyde | 3,442 | 6.56 | C9H10O4 | 183.065 | 183.065 | −1.1 |
| 17 | Luteoloside | 2,638 | 6.67 | C21H20O11 | 449.108 | 449.1091 | 2.8 |
| 18 | Isoferulic acid | 3,834 | 6.74 | C10H10O4 | 195.065 | 195.0652 | 0.1 |
| 19 | Narirutin | 2,831 | 7.08 | C27H32O14 | 581.186 | 581.1873 | 1.4 |
| 20 | Neohesperidin | 4,766 | 7.5 | C28H34O15 | 611.197 | 611.1977 | 1.1 |
| 21 | Tiliroside | 4,904 | 8.91 | C30H26O13 | 595.145 | 595.145 | 0.7 |
| 22 | Calycosin-7-O-glucoside | 6,176 | 9.42 | C22H22O10 | 447.129 | 447.1284 | −0.4 |
| 23 | Nobiletin | 31,320 | 12.77 | C21H22O8 | 403.139 | 403.1388 | 0.1 |
| 24 | Ophiopogonin D′ | 877,800 | 14.83 | C44H70O16 | 855.474 | 855.4731 | −0.6 |
| 25 | Ruscogenin | 178,800 | 14.85 | C27H42O4 | 431.316 | 431.3154 | −0.5 |
| 26 | Ophiopogonanone C | 3,902 | 15.06 | C20H20O6 | 357.133 | 357.134 | 1.9 |
Table 4.
Putative identification of ZMD in negative ion mode
| No. | Component name | Area | RT | Formula | Precursor mass | Found at mass | Mass error (ppm) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Histidine | 11,660 | 1.08 | C6H9N3O2 | 154.062 | 154.0622 | −0.1 |
| 2 | Arginine | 165,500 | 1.09 | C6H14N4O2 | 173.104 | 173.1044 | 0.1 |
| 3 | d-(+)-Mannose | 376,700 | 1.19 | C6H12O6 | 179.056 | 179.056 | −0.8 |
| 4 | l-Malic acid | 2,191,000 | 1.35 | C4H6O5 | 133.014 | 133.0143 | 0.2 |
| 5 | Fungitetraose | 329,200 | 1.79 | C24H42O21 | 665.215 | 665.2146 | 0 |
| 6 | Citric acid | 7,804,000 | 1.94 | C6H8O7 | 191.02 | 191.0196 | −0.5 |
| 7 | Succinic acid | 21,110 | 2.31 | C4H6O4 | 117.019 | 117.0192 | −0.9 |
| 8 | Adenine | 10,630 | 2.37 | C5H5N5 | 134.047 | 134.0473 | 0.3 |
| 9 | Guanosine | 115,800 | 2.48 | C10H13N5O5 | 282.084 | 282.0845 | 0.3 |
| 10 | Gallic acid | 54,280 | 2.66 | C7H6O5 | 169.014 | 169.0142 | 0 |
| 11 | Phenylalanine | 70,380 | 3.19 | C9H11NO2 | 164.072 | 164.0718 | 0.8 |
| 12 | Vanillic acid | 228,400 | 3.37 | C8H8O4 | 167.035 | 167.035 | 0.3 |
| 13 | Hydroxytyrosol | 11690 | 3.69 | C8H10O3 | 153.056 | 153.0559 | 1 |
| 14 | l-Tryptophan | 250,300 | 4.16 | C11H12N2O2 | 203.083 | 203.0826 | 0.1 |
| 15 | Salidroside | 31,980 | 4.17 | C14H20O7 | 299.114 | 299.1138 | 0.7 |
| 16 | 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid | 92,120 | 4.63 | C7H6O3 | 137.024 | 137.0244 | 0.1 |
| 17 | 4-O-caffeoyl quinic acid | 264,700 | 4.8 | C16H18O9 | 353.088 | 353.0879 | 0.1 |
| 18 | Esculetin | 430,000 | 5.14 | C9H6O4 | 177.019 | 177.0193 | −0.3 |
| 19 | Caffeic acid | 309,100 | 5.21 | C9H8O4 | 179.035 | 179.0348 | −0.8 |
| 20 | Eleutheroside E | 14,750 | 5.88 | C34H46O18 | 787.267 | 787.2658 | −1 |
| 21 | Rutin | 202,800 | 6.3 | C27H30O16 | 609.146 | 609.1456 | −0.9 |
| 22 | Hyperin | 2,004,000 | 6.51 | C21H20O12 | 463.088 | 463.0879 | −0.7 |
| 23 | Astragalin | 12,120 | 6.96 | C21H20O11 | 447.093 | 447.0931 | −0.4 |
| 24 | Specnuezhenide | 872,500 | 7.04 | C31H42O17 | 685.235 | 685.2342 | −1 |
| 25 | Narirutin | 43,210 | 7.08 | C27H32O14 | 579.172 | 579.1709 | −1.8 |
| 26 | Dicaffeoylquinic acid | 34,110 | 7.49 | C25H24O12 | 515.119 | 515.1189 | −1.2 |
| 27 | Hesperidin | 161,500 | 7.49 | C28H34O15 | 609.182 | 609.1816 | −1.5 |
| 28 | Quercetin | 16,350 | 9.1 | C15H10O7 | 301.035 | 301.035 | −1.3 |
| 29 | Calycosin-7-o-glucoside | 20,440 | 9.43 | C22H22O10 | 491.119 | 491.1178 | −3.5 |
| 30 | Apigenin | 6,976 | 10.1 | C15H10O5 | 269.046 | 269.0448 | −2.9 |
| 31 | Butylparaben | 2,508 | 13.24 | C11H14O3 | 193.087 | 193.0869 | −0.7 |
| 32 | Liriope muscari baily saponins C | 5,340 | 13.53 | C44H70O17 | 869.454 | 869.4516 | −2.8 |
| 33 | Asiatic acid | 31,510 | 14.06 | C30H48O5 | 487.343 | 487.3414 | −3 |
| 34 | Methylophiopogonone A | 264,600 | 14.71 | C19H16O6 | 339.087 | 339.0865 | −2.7 |
| 35 | Ophiopogonin D | 47,450 | 14.83 | C44H70O16 | 899.465 | 899.463 | −1.7 |
| 36 | Gingerglycolipid B | 5,698 | 15.21 | C33H58O14 | 723.381 | 723.3777 | −4.3 |
| 37 | Corosolic acid | 13,550 | 15.55 | C30H48O4 | 471.348 | 471.3464 | −3.3 |
| 38 | Ophiopogonanone C | 201,100 | 15.72 | C19H16O7 | 355.082 | 355.0815 | −2.2 |
| 39 | Oleanolic acid | 20,510 | 16.77 | C30H48O3 | 455.353 | 455.3524 | −1.4 |
Table 2.
Putative identification of CMD in negative ion mode
| No. | Component name | Area | RT | Formula | Precursor mass | Found at mass | Mass error (ppm) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Histidine | 17,540 | 1.09 | C6H9N3O2 | 154.062 | 154.0621 | −0.7 |
| 2 | l(+)-Arginine | 165,100 | 1.1 | C6H14N4O2 | 173.104 | 173.1044 | 0.2 |
| 3 | Glutamic acid | 57,600 | 1.14 | C5H9NO4 | 146.046 | 146.046 | 0.6 |
| 4 | d-(+)-Mannose | 786,300 | 1.22 | C6H12O6 | 179.056 | 179.0562 | 0.4 |
| 5 | l-Malic acid | 3,632,000 | 1.38 | C4H6O5 | 133.014 | 133.0144 | 0.9 |
| 6 | Citric acid | 9,523,000 | 1.9 | C6H8O7 | 191.02 | 191.0198 | 0.3 |
| 7 | Succinic acid | 58,120 | 2.29 | C4H6O4 | 117.019 | 117.0193 | 0 |
| 8 | Leucine | 473,700 | 2.47 | C6H13NO2 | 130.087 | 130.0873 | 0 |
| 9 | Guanosine | 335,800 | 2.47 | C10H13N5O5 | 282.084 | 282.0844 | 0.1 |
| 10 | Gallic acid | 10,950 | 2.65 | C7H6O5 | 169.014 | 169.0142 | −0.3 |
| 11 | Phenylalanine | 592,600 | 3.18 | C9H11NO2 | 164.072 | 164.0717 | −0.1 |
| 12 | Vanillic acid | 119,600 | 3.37 | C8H8O4 | 167.035 | 167.035 | 0.2 |
| 13 | l-Tryptophan | 383,500 | 4.16 | C11H12N2O2 | 203.083 | 203.0827 | 0.7 |
| 14 | 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid | 36,400 | 4.63 | C7H6O3 | 137.024 | 137.0245 | 0.9 |
| 15 | 4-O-caffeoyl quinic acid | 21,560 | 4.8 | C16H18O9 | 353.088 | 353.0881 | 0.8 |
| 16 | Esculetin | 151,700 | 5.13 | C9H6O4 | 177.019 | 177.0195 | 0.8 |
| 17 | Caffeic acid | 154,600 | 5.21 | C9H8O4 | 179.035 | 179.0351 | 0.6 |
| 18 | Shikimic acid | 548,900 | 5.49 | C7H10O5 | 173.046 | 173.0454 | −0.9 |
| 19 | Ellagic acid | 28,660 | 6.35 | C14H6O8 | 300.999 | 300.999 | 0.1 |
| 20 | Hyperin | 34,590 | 6.51 | C21H20O12 | 463.088 | 463.0875 | −1.4 |
| 21 | Narirutin | 8,615 | 7.08 | C27H32O14 | 579.172 | 579.1718 | −0.3 |
| 22 | Neohesperidin | 16,980 | 7.5 | C28H34O15 | 609.182 | 609.1827 | 0.4 |
| 23 | Tiliroside | 16,580 | 8.92 | C30H26O13 | 593.13 | 593.1292 | −1.4 |
| 24 | Calycosin-7-o-glucoside | 4,825 | 9.43 | C22H22O10 | 491.119 | 491.1188 | −1.4 |
| 25 | Gracillin | 14,970 | 10.78 | C45H72O17 | 929.475 | 929.473 | −2.3 |
| 26 | Liriope muscari baily saponins C | 165,000 | 13.46 | C44H70O17 | 869.454 | 869.4514 | −3 |
| 27 | Methylophiopogonone A | 386,000 | 14.71 | C19H16O6 | 339.087 | 339.0864 | −2.9 |
| 28 | Ophiopogonin D | 3,242,000 | 14.83 | C44H70O16 | 899.465 | 899.4623 | −2.6 |
| 29 | Methylophiopogonanone B | 2,266,000 | 14.99 | C19H20O5 | 327.124 | 327.1228 | −3 |
| 30 | Liriopesides B | 181,500 | 15.12 | C39H62O12 | 767.422 | 767.4199 | −3.1 |
| 31 | Gingerglycolipid B | 5,459 | 15.2 | C33H58O14 | 723.381 | 723.3788 | −2.8 |
| 32 | Corosolic acid | 3,440 | 15.55 | C30H48O4 | 471.348 | 471.3459 | −4.4 |
| 33 | Ophiopogonanone C | 75,350 | 15.72 | C19H16O7 | 355.082 | 355.0814 | −2.7 |
Table 3.
Putative identification of ZMD in positive ion mode
| No. | Component name | Area | RT | Formula | Precursor mass | Found at mass | Mass error (ppm) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | l(+)-Arginine | 4,301,000 | 1.11 | C6H14N4O2 | 175.119 | 175.1189 | −0.5 |
| 2 | Trigonelline | 207,100 | 1.2 | C7H7NO2 | 138.055 | 138.0551 | 1.2 |
| 3 | Proline | 2,757,000 | 1.22 | C5H9NO2 | 116.071 | 116.0706 | 0 |
| 4 | Nicotinic acid | 56,410 | 1.72 | C6H5NO2 | 124.039 | 124.0395 | 1.6 |
| 5 | Nicotinamide | 208,200 | 1.8 | C6H6N2O | 123.055 | 123.0553 | 0.4 |
| 6 | Adenosine | 926,700 | 2.35 | C10H13N5O4 | 268.104 | 268.104 | −0.2 |
| 7 | Cordycepin | 41,280 | 2.42 | C10H13N5O3 | 252.109 | 252.1096 | 1.9 |
| 8 | Isoleucine | 280,500 | 2.46 | C6H13NO2 | 132.102 | 132.1019 | −0.2 |
| 9 | Guanosine | 90,750 | 2.47 | C10H13N5O5 | 284.099 | 284.0995 | 1.9 |
| 10 | Phenylalanine | 285,000 | 3.17 | C9H11NO2 | 166.086 | 166.0863 | 0.4 |
| 11 | Chlorogenic acid | 57,310 | 4.64 | C16H18O9 | 355.102 | 355.1031 | 2 |
| 12 | 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid | 14,360 | 4.73 | C7H6O3 | 139.039 | 139.0391 | 0.9 |
| 13 | Daphnetin | 124,300 | 5.13 | C9H6O4 | 179.034 | 179.0339 | −0.1 |
| 14 | Esculetin | 124,300 | 5.13 | C9H6O4 | 179.034 | 179.0339 | −0.1 |
| 15 | Rutin | 71,010 | 6.3 | C27H30O16 | 611.161 | 611.1621 | 2.3 |
| 16 | Hyperin | 297,200 | 6.5 | C21H20O12 | 465.103 | 465.1034 | 1.4 |
| 17 | Isoscopoletin | 42,290 | 6.69 | C10H8O4 | 193.05 | 193.0498 | 1.6 |
| 18 | Isoferulic acid | 2,997 | 6.74 | C10H10O4 | 195.065 | 195.0657 | 2.4 |
| 19 | Luteoloside | 1,829 | 6.96 | C21H20O11 | 449.108 | 449.1097 | 4.1 |
| 20 | Narirutin | 15,920 | 7.08 | C27H32O14 | 581.186 | 581.1875 | 1.8 |
| 21 | Luteolin | 107,100 | 7.14 | C15H10O6 | 287.055 | 287.0553 | 1 |
| 22 | Genistein | 31,520 | 7.38 | C21H20O10 | 433.113 | 433.1134 | 1 |
| 23 | Hesperidin | 55,530 | 7.48 | C28H34O15 | 611.197 | 611.1975 | 0.7 |
| 24 | Pratensein-7-O-glucoside | 4,385 | 7.7 | C22H22O11 | 463.123 | 463.1243 | 1.8 |
| 25 | Tiliroside | 190,600 | 8.91 | C30H26O13 | 595.145 | 595.1444 | −0.4 |
| 26 | Calycosin-7-O-glucoside | 42,280 | 9.42 | C22H22O10 | 447.129 | 447.1293 | 1.5 |
| 27 | Farrerol | 249,800 | 10.35 | C17H16O5 | 301.107 | 301.1068 | −0.8 |
| 28 | Patchouli alcohol | 611,500 | 12.24 | C15H24 | 205.195 | 205.1949 | −0.7 |
| 29 | Nobiletin | 99,200 | 12.77 | C21H22O8 | 403.139 | 403.1389 | 0.3 |
| 30 | Diosgenin | 38,270 | 14.75 | C27H42O3 | 415.321 | 415.3208 | 0.2 |
| 31 | Ruscogenin | 6,144 | 14.83 | C27H42O4 | 431.316 | 431.3175 | 4.4 |
| 32 | Ophiopogonanone C | 41,460 | 15.1 | C20H20O6 | 357.133 | 357.1333 | 0 |
| 33 | Liriopesides B | 256,700 | 15.11 | C39H62O12 | 723.431 | 723.4309 | −0.7 |
3.2. GC-MS analysis of chemical constituents of CMD and ZMD
The total ion chromatograms of CMD and ZMD are shown in Figure 3. PCA and OPLS-DA were used to realize the CMD and ZMD clusters. In addition, the PCA score plot exhibited a relatively tight clustering of the QC samples, which confirmed the reliability of the MS data. As shown in Figure 4a, the CMD and ZMD groups were clearly separated in the PCA score plot (R 2 X = 0.864, Q 2 = 0.651) with four PCs. Meanwhile, an OPLS-DA model was established (R 2 X = 0.912, R 2 Y = 0.998, and Q 2 = 0.936) and showed clear discrimination between CMD and ZMD groups (Figure 4b). A heatmap plot was generated to further characterize the significant differences. Variables with variable importance in the projection (VIP) values larger than 1 were considered to be potential chemical constituents, and 17 chemical constituents were selected (Figure 4c and Table S3).
Figure 3.
GC-MS chromatographs of CMD extract (a) and ZMD extract (b).
Figure 4.
Multivariate statistical analysis of CMD and ZMD samples using GC-MS analysis: (a) PCA score plots for CMD, ZMD, and QC samples, (b) OPLS-DA score plots for CMD and ZMD, and (c) heatmap plot for the different chemical constituents of CMD and ZMD.
3.3. Pathway enrichment of different chemical constituents in GC-MS analysis
To explore the roles of different chemical constituents based on GC-MS analysis, the different chemical constituents were imported into MetaboAnalyst 5.0 (https://www.metaboanalyst.ca/), a comprehensive platform dedicated to metabolomics data analysis via a user-friendly, web-based interface [14]. The impact value threshold was set to 0.1, and pathways with an impact value greater than the threshold were considered potential target pathways. As shown in Table 5, the therapeutic effect of CMD and ZMD was probably associated with galactose metabolism; starch and sucrose metabolism; cyanoamino acid metabolism; methane metabolism; aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis; glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism; arginine and proline metabolism; amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism; sulfur metabolism; and glycerolipid metabolism (Table 5).
Table 5.
Pathways of significantly different chemical constituents in GC-MS analysis
| No. | Pathway name | Metabolite | KEGG ID |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Galactose metabolism | Glycerol | C00116 |
| d-Galactose | C00124 | ||
| d-Glucose | C00031 | ||
| Sucrose | C00089 | ||
| 2 | Starch and sucrose metabolism | Trehalose | C01083 |
| beta-d-Fructose | C02336 | ||
| d-Glucose | C00031 | ||
| Sucrose | C00089 | ||
| 3 | Cyanoamino acid metabolism | Glycine | C00037 |
| l-Serine | C00065 | ||
| 4 | Methane metabolism | Glycine | C00037 |
| l-Serine | C00065 | ||
| 5 | Aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis | Glycine | C00037 |
| l-Serine | C00065 | ||
| l-Proline | C00148 | ||
| 6 | Glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism | l-Serine | C00065 |
| Glycine | C00037 | ||
| 7 | Arginine and proline metabolism | Gamma-aminobutyric acid | C00334 |
| l-Proline | C00148 | ||
| 8 | Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism | d-Galactose | C00124 |
| beta-d-Fructose | C02336 | ||
| 9 | Sulfur metabolism | l-Serine | C00065 |
| 10 | Glycerolipid metabolism | Glycerol | C00116 |
| 11 | Sphingolipid metabolism | l-Serine | C00065 |
| 12 | Nitrogen metabolism | Glycine | C00037 |
| 13 | Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism | l-Malic acid | C00149 |
| 14 | Butanoate metabolism | Gamma-aminobutyric acid | C00334 |
| 15 | Citrate cycle (TCA cycle) | l-Malic acid | C00149 |
| 16 | Carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms | l-Malic acid | C00149 |
| 17 | Pyruvate metabolism | l-Malic acid | C00149 |
| 18 | Alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism | Gamma-aminobutyric acid | C00334 |
| 19 | Glycerophospholipid metabolism | Ethanolamine | C00189 |
| 20 | Glutathione metabolism | Glycine | C00037 |
| 21 | Cysteine and methionine metabolism | l-Serine | C00065 |
3.4. LC-MS analysis of chemical constituents of CMD and ZMD
The CMD and ZMD extracts were also analyzed by LC-MS in both positive and negative ion modes. The base peak chromatograms of LC-MS are shown in Figure 5a and b. As shown in Figure 6a, the CMD and ZMD groups were also clearly separated in the PCA score plot (R 2 X = 0.59, Q 2 = 0.303) with three PCs. Then, the OPLS-DA model was established (R 2 X = 0.658, R 2 Y = 1, and Q 2 = 0.892) in positive ion mode (Figure 6c). And, an OPLS-DA model was established (R 2 X = 0.763, R 2 Y = 1, and Q 2 = 0.93) in negative ion mode (Figure 6d), and both showed clear discrimination of the CMD and ZMD groups in negative ion mode (R 2 X = 0.63, Q 2 = 0.279; Figure 6b) with three PCs. Furthermore, we found 25 differences in the chemical constituents of CMD and ZMD in positive ion mode (Figure 7a and Table S4) and a total of 17 differences in the chemical constituents of CMD and ZMD in negative ion mode (Figure 7b and Table S5).
Figure 5.
Base peak chromatograms of CMD and ZMD obtained by LC-MS in positive mode (a) and negative mode (b).
Figure 6.
PCA and OPLS-DA score plots of CMD and ZMD samples in (a and c) positive ion mode and (b and d) negative ion mode.
Figure 7.
Heatmap plot for the different chemical constituents between CMD and ZMD using LC-MS analysis in (a) positive ion mode and (b) negative ion mode.
3.5. Pathway enrichment of different chemical constituents in LC-MS analysis
Similarly, metabolic pathways of different chemical constituents were analyzed in LC-MS analysis using the integrated web-based tool MetaboAnalyst. In our study, the 25 different chemical constituents between CMD and ZMD in the positive ion mode were mainly associated with tropane, piperidine, and pyridine alkaloid biosynthesis; sulfur metabolism; stilbenoid, diarylheptanoid, and gingerol biosynthesis; and cysteine and methionine metabolism (Table 6). Moreover, the 17 differences in the chemical constituents of CMD and ZMD in the negative ion mode were related to valine, leucine, and isoleucine biosynthesis; diterpenoid biosynthesis; pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis; flavonoid biosynthesis; glycolysis or gluconeogenesis; carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms; and glycerophospholipid metabolism (Table 7). These data suggested that there were many differences between CMD and ZMD. Additionally, CMD and ZMD likely act to nourish yin through all three signaling pathways.
Table 6.
Pathways of significantly different chemical constituents (ESI+)
| No. | Pathway name | Metabolite | KEGG ID |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Tropane, piperidine, and pyridine alkaloid biosynthesis | Cadaverine | C01672 |
| 2 | Sulfur metabolism | l-Cysteine | C00097 |
| 3 | Stilbenoid, diarylheptanoid, and gingerol biosynthesis | Chlorogenic acid | C00852 |
| 4 | Cysteine and methionine metabolism | l-Cysteine | C00097 |
| l-Cystathionine | C02291 | ||
| 5 | Glycerophospholipid metabolism | Phosphatidate | C00416 |
| 2-Lysophosphatidylcholine | C04230 | ||
| 6 | Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis | Chlorogenic acid | C00852 |
| 7 | Diterpenoid biosynthesis | Gibberellin A53 | C06094 |
| 8 | Arginine and proline metabolism | l-Arginine | C00062 |
| 9 | Thiamine metabolism | l-Cysteine | C00097 |
| 10 | Aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis | l-Arginine | C00062 |
| l-Cysteine | C00097 | ||
| 11 | Flavonoid biosynthesis | Taxifolin | C01617 |
| Chlorogenic acid | C00852 | ||
| 12 | Purine metabolism | 5-Hydroxyisourate | C11821 |
| 13 | Glutathione metabolism | l-Cysteine | C00097 |
| Cadaverine | C01672 | ||
| Glutathione | C00051 | ||
| 14 | Glycerolipid metabolism | Phosphatidate | C00416 |
| 15 | Pyrimidine metabolism | Cytidine | C00475 |
| Thymidine | C00214 | ||
| 16 | Ubiquinone and other terpenoid-quinone biosynthesis | Alpha-tocopherol | C02477 |
| 17 | Vitamin B6 metabolism | Pyridoxal 5′-phosphate | C00018 |
| Pyridoxine 5′-phosphate | C00627 |
Table 7.
Pathways of significantly different chemical constituents (ESI−)
| No. | Pathway name | Metabolite | KEGG ID |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Valine, leucine, and isoleucine biosynthesis | Pyruvic acid | C00022 |
| 2 | Butanoate metabolism | Pyruvic acid | C00022 |
| 3 | Pyruvate metabolism | Pyruvic acid | C00022 |
| 4 | Diterpenoid biosynthesis | Gibberellin A53 | C06094 |
| 5 | Pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis | Pyruvic acid | C00022 |
| 6 | Flavonoid biosynthesis | Quercetin | C00389 |
| 7 | Glycolysis or gluconeogenesis | Pyruvic acid | C00022 |
| 8 | Carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms | Pyruvic acid | C00022 |
| 9 | Glycerophospholipid metabolism | 2-Lysophosphatidylcholine | C04230 |
| Phosphatidylcholine | C00157 | ||
| 10 | Alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism | Pyruvic acid | C00022 |
| 11 | Citrate cycle (TCA cycle) | Pyruvic acid | C00022 |
| 12 | C5-branched dibasic acid metabolism | Pyruvic acid | C00022 |
| 13 | Terpenoid backbone biosynthesis | Pyruvic acid | C00022 |
| Geranyl-PP | C00341 | ||
| 14 | Flavone and flavonol biosynthesis | Quercetin | C00389 |
| 15 | Glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism | Pyruvic acid | C00022 |
| 16 | Monoterpenoid biosynthesis | Geranyl-PP | C00341 |
| 17 | Taurine and hypotaurine metabolism | Taurine | C00245 |
| 18 | Cysteine and methionine metabolism | Pyruvic acid | C00022 |
4. Discussion
The tubers of Ophiopogonis Radix (Maidong in Chinese) are an important Chinese herb and functional health food. However, the quality of CMD and ZMD remains to be distinguished and evaluated. In this respect, UPLC-Q/TOF-MS provides accurate structural information about bioactive compounds for the identification of TCM [15]. In addition, metabolomics provides new insights into understanding global metabolic changes and the multiple related biochemical pathways of altered metabolites [16,17]. GC-MS and LC-MS have become two of the most commonly used high-throughput technologies in metabolomics research due to their high sensitivity and favorable reproducibility [16,18,19]. Due to the complexity of chemical components in MD, it is difficult for traditional methods to thoroughly isolate trace ingredients with a single method. Therefore, multiple analytical platforms are needed.
In this study, efficient and reliable methods based on UPLC-Q/TOF-MS, GC-MS, and LC-MS analyses were used to identify the bioactive chemical constituents in CMD and ZMD. For UPLC-Q/TOF-MS analysis, UPLC-Q/TOF-MS technology has greatly improved the speed of analysis and detection in plants [20]. Overall, a total of 59 and 72 chemical constituents were quickly identified in CMD and ZMD, respectively, including steroidal saponins, homoisoflavonoids, amino acids, and nucleosides. Among them, isoleucine, chlorogenic acid, daphnetin, rutin, isoscopoletin, luteolin, genistein, hesperidin, pratense-7-O-glucoside, farrerol, patchouli alcohol, diosgenin, arginine, fungitetraose, adenine, hydroxytyrosol, salidroside, eleutheroside E, astragalin, specnuezhenide, dicaffeoylquinic acid, quercetin, apigenin, butylparaben, asiatic acid, and oleanolic acid existed only in ZMD, while glutamic acid, betaine, cinnamic acid, syringaldehyde, neohesperidin, leucine, shikimic acid, ellagic acid, gracillin, and methylophiopogonanone B existed only in CMD. In general, these results showed that there were many differences between the bioactive chemical constituents of Ophiopogonis Radix from different production areas.
Metabolomics can help to assess the physiological state of an organism in diverse biochemical events [21]. Previously, Lyu et al. reported that O. japonicas from Zhejiang and Sichuan can clearly be separated by using UPLC/Q-TOF MS-based metabolome analysis where CMD showed higher level steroidal saponins, and ZMD had higher contents of homoisoflavonoids specifically [20]. Similarly,i this study, for GC-MS and LC-MS-based metabolome analyses, the PCA results showed that the CMD and ZMD samples were divided into two clusters and indicated that metabolite profiling by GC-MS and LC-MS also contributes to discriminating CMD and ZMD samples from different geographical origins. Moreover, the OPL-DA and VIP values revealed that the bioactive chemical constituents in CMD and ZMD were significantly different. Among them, 4-aminobutanoic acid, glycine, l-proline, monoethanolamine, and serine showed higher levels in CMD according to the results of GC-MS analysis. In addition, the contents of chlorogenic acid, traumatic acid, cytidine, cadaverine, pyridoxine 5-phosphate, glutinone, and pelargonidin 3-O-(6-O-malonyl-β-d-glucoside) were remarkably higher than those in CMD. Moreover, these different constituents were mainly associated with multiple metabolic pathways, such as galactose metabolism; starch and sucrose metabolism; cysteine and methionine metabolism; valine, leucine, and isoleucine biosynthesis; and glycerophospholipid metabolism. Significantly, galactose is crucial for human metabolism, with an established role in energy delivery and the galactosylation of complex molecules [22]. Additionally, sucrose plays a central role in the control of carbon flux in the biosynthesis of different storage reserves [23]. Xu et al. showed that methionine restriction, a dietary regimen that protects against metabolic diseases and aging, represses cancer growth and improves cancer therapy [24]. Interestingly, leucine and isoleucine reduced body weight and white adipose tissue weight by regulating lipid metabolism-related genes in high-fat diet-induced obese mice [25]. Overall, the bioactive chemical constituents in CMD and ZMD are involved in diverse metabolic pathways with different pharmacological effects. However, there are some limitations to this study. The number of samples is too small to be representative for multivariate statistical analysis. The sample size should be expanded for further study. In further research, we will focus on the molecular mechanisms of different chemical constituents in Maidong, which are critical for developing Maidong for pharmacology and clinical uses.
5. Conclusion
In summary, UPLC-Q/TOF-MS, GC-MS, and LC-MS analyses combined with multivariate statistical analysis could provide basic information for the discrimination and quality evaluation of Ophiopogonis Radix from two different production areas. These findings suggested that the ZMD samples showed higher levels of one type of bioactive chemical constituent than the CMD samples, demonstrating that the geographical area influenced the accumulation of bioactive constituents. This study also lays foundations for future studies on the quantitative analysis of the 12 bioactive chemical constituents between CMD and ZMD and their relevant metabolic pathways, which will contribute to increasing the understanding of the pharmacodynamic effects and improve the development of Ophiopogonis Radix in TCM.
Supplementary Material
Acknowledgments
This study was completed in the Ningbo College of Health Science. We would like to thank the teachers at this college for their guidance.
Footnotes
Funding information: This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundations of Ningbo (No. 2019C50082 and No. 202002N3172) and the “2025” Major Science and Technology Project of Ningbo (No. 2019B10008).
Author contributions: G.W.L. and Q.X. conceived and supervised the study; G.W.L. designed the experiments; G.W.L., X.Y.Z., Q.C., and L.Z. performed the experiments; G.W.L. and L.Z. analyzed the data and wrote the manuscript. All authors reviewed the results and approved the final version of the manuscript.
Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.
Data availability statement: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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