Abstract
Objectives: The impact of oral conditions on quality of life in overweight/obesity needs to be elucidated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between dental caries activity, quality of life and obesity in Brazilian adolescents. Materials and methods: This study was conducted at public schools in Brazil, on a sample of 202 adolescents, 12 years of age. For anthropometric evaluation, the body mass index (BMI)-for-age was used. In oral examinations, the Decayed, Missing, Filled teeth (DMFT), significant caries (SiC) and dental caries activity (DCA) indices were used (κ > 0.94). The Child-Oral Impacts on Daily Performance (Child-OIDP) index was applied. The sample was divided into two groups: O (overweight/obese; n = 101) and N (normal weight; n = 101). For data analysis, chi-square, odds ratio (OR), Wilcoxon and Pearson correlation tests were used (P < 0.05). Results: The DMFT scores were 1.67 and 2.12 and the SiC scores were 3.85 and 4.26 for groups O and N, respectively. BMI-for-age was significantly related to DCA (OR = 0.579; P < 0.000) and to SiC (OR = 0.649; P = 0.024). There were differences between the groups in eating, cleaning mouth, emotional status, smiling, studying and the overall Child-OIDP (P < 0.05). Positive associations between the impacts on eating, cleaning mouth and smiling were found (P < 0.05). DMFT values showed significant correlation with the emotional status performance in group O and the DCA was positively correlated with performance at school in group O (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Obesity, dental caries and quality of life were not correlated. Adolescents with normal weight presented a low perception of the impact of oral conditions on quality of life; however, it seemed to affect psychological aspects in their daily performances. Providing adolescents with nutritional assistance may prevent obesity and dental caries, and improve their quality of life.
Key words: Adolescents, dental caries, obesity, overweight, quality of life
INTRODUCTION
Obesity can be defined as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair health and is ranked as the fifth risk factor for death worldwide1. The prevalence of overweight and obesity has increased all over the world, especially among children and adolescents. Studies have estimated that 170 million persons under the age of 18 years are overweight2., 3.. This condition is associated with premature mortality and long-term morbidity and may cause a reduction in quality of life and psychological damage to individuals2., 4..
Poor dietary habits, such as the consumption of high-sugar food and soft drinks, may contribute to the development of obesity among children and adolescents, in addition to playing an important role in dental caries5. The relationship between obesity and dental caries needs to be elucidated and the methods for diagnosing these conditions should be standardised because in the scientific literature some studies have described this relationship as being significant6 whereas others have found no strong evidence for it5., 7., 8..
Quality of life can be affected by both obesity and oral health conditions4., 9., 10., 11.. Socio-dental instruments have been used to assess this condition12., 13., 14., but children’s and adolescents’ perceptions about oral impacts on quality of life differ from those of adults regarding the physical and emotional aspects at this stage of life15.
The impact of oral conditions on quality of life in obese adolescents has been reported infrequently in the scientific literature and thus needs to be elucidated, as does the controversy about the relationship between dental caries and obesity in this population. This aim of this study was to evaluate the association between dental caries activity, quality of life and obesity in Brazilian adolescents.
METHODS
Study design and sample
This cross-sectional study was conducted at public schools in Dois Córregos, State of São Paulo, Brazil. The sample consisted of 202 adolescents, 12 years of age and of both genders, enrolled in five public schools, distributed in each region of the city. To calculate the sample size, data from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics and the National Survey of Oral Health SB Brazil 2010 were adopted16., 17.. Dental caries prevalence indicators were obtained from the above-mentioned oral health epidemiological survey, adopting the indices for the southeast of the country, a design effect of 1.4% and an error of 12%.
Anthropometric status
Anthropometric evaluation was performed using the body mass index (BMI)-for-age (kg/m2) percentiles, used by the World Health Organisation (WHO) as the instrument to measure growth and nutrition18. The BMI-for-age is dependent on gender- and age-specific weight-for-height charts for subjects 5–19 years of age. The BMI-for-age was used to divide the adolescents into two groups: overweight/obesity (BMI ≥ 85th percentile) and normal weight (3rd percentile ≥ BMI < 85th percentile).
Dental caries
Oral examinations were performed by two trained and calibrated examiners (κ > 0.94) with the assistance of two note-takers. Dental caries was evaluated using the Decayed, Missing, Filled teeth (DMFT) and significant caries (SiC) indices, in accordance with the WHO recommendations for epidemiological studies19. The variable ‘Dental Caries Activity’ (DCA) was used only for the permanent decayed teeth analysed.
Child-oral impacts on daily performances
Oral health-related quality of life was measured using the Child-Oral Impacts on Daily Performance (Child-OIDP) index, originally developed in English12, and then translated into and validated in Portuguese11. This instrument was applied to the adolescents in two steps. The first step began with a self-administered questionnaire filled out by all children in their classroom. It contained all the most common oral problems that children are likely to perceive, including an open answer for problems unexpectedly perceived in the last 3 months. According to the developers, the purpose of this step was to focus children’s attention on their oral health problems and to highlight the oral impact assessment in the second step. After this, the adolescents were individually interviewed, independently of their answers in the first step, to assess the oral impacts on daily life in the performance of eight daily activities. The activities investigated were: eating, speaking, cleaning mouth, sleeping, emotional status, smiling, studying and social contact. When the adolescents reported an impact on their performance of these daily activities, they answered questions about the severity and the frequency of this specific impact (score 0–3); overall calculation of the index included the multiplication of severity and frequency in each performance. A sum of the eight performance values was obtained, resulting in a number from 0 to 72, which was divided by 72 and then multiplied by 100, so that the Child-OIDP score ranged from 0 to 100.
Data analysis
Data were entered into Microsoft Excel 2010 spreadsheets (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA, USA) and analysed using STATISTICA 10 statistical package (StatSoft Inc., Tulsa, OK, USA). The sample was divided into two groups, matched by gender and BMI-for-age [overweight/obese (group O), n = 101; and normal weight (group N), n = 101]. Data such as groups, caries activity and intensity of the oral impact on daily performance were dichotomised and analysed producing chi-square, odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval. The data were tested for normality and homogeneity, and then the appropriate statistical test was chosen. The data did not show a normal distribution, and thus differences in mean prevalence values of performance and overall Child-OIDP between the groups were assessed using the Wilcoxon test. The Pearson linear correlation was applied to the performances, overall Child-OIDP and the BMI-for-age, DMFT and activity of dental caries. The level of significance adopted was P < 0.05.
Ethical aspects
The study protocol was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Bauru School of Dentistry (process number 109/2011) and complied with the norms of the Declaration of Helsinki at 2008. The adolescents’ parents or guardians signed a term of free and informed consent before the examinations began.
RESULTS
The adolescents were evaluated and matched in two groups (group O, n = 101; and group N, n = 101) containing 56 girls and 45 boys in each. The mean BMI-for-age values in group O were 23.44 ± 3.74 and 23.36 ± 3.63, for male adolescents and female adolescents, respectively, whilst in group N these values were 17.35 ± 0.98 and 17.37 ± 1.27.
In group O, 42.57% of the adolescents were caries free compared with 28.71% in group N. The mean DMFT score was 1.67 (D = 0.65; M = 0.00; F = 1.02) in group O and 2.12 (D = 1.03; M = 0.02; F = 1.07) in group N; the SiC score was 3.85 in group O and 4.26 in group N. A significant relationship was observed between BMI-for-age and DCA (OR = 0.579; 95% CI: 0.198–0.630; P < 0.000) and BMI-for-age and SiC (OR = 0.649; 95% CI: 1.093–4.010; P = 0.024).
The perceived oral problems were assessed in the first step of the Child-OIDP questionnaire (Table 1). In group O, the most common oral problems perceived were sensitivity and permanent tooth eruption (51.49% each), position of teeth (44.55%) and bad breath (38.61%). In group N they were tooth sensitivity (61.39%), permanent tooth eruption (60.40%); tooth colour (48.51%) and toothache (43.56%).
Table 1.
Prevalence of perceived oral problems, according to group, in 12-year-old Brazilian adolescents
| List of commonoral problems | Overweight/Obesegroup % (n) | Normal-weightgroup % (n) |
|---|---|---|
| Toothache | 27.72 (28) | 43.56 (44) |
| Sensitive tooth | 51.49 (52) | 61.39 (62) |
| Dental caries | 31.68 (32) | 36.63 (37) |
| Exfoliating primary teeth | 25.74 (26) | 28.71 (29) |
| Space between teeth | 21.78 (22) | 17.82 (18) |
| Broken permanent tooth | 11.88 (12) | 10.89 (11) |
| Tooth colour | 33.66 (34) | 48.51 (49) |
| Tooth shape or size | 8.91 (9) | 15.84 (16) |
| Position of teeth | 44.55 (45) | 37.62 (38) |
| Bleeding gums | 24.75 (25) | 34.65 (35) |
| Swollen gums | 12.87 (13) | 18.81 (19) |
| Tartar (calculus) | 12.87 (13) | 21.78 (22) |
| Wounds | 22.77 (23) | 15.84 (16) |
| Bad breath | 38.61 (39) | 40.59 (41) |
| Deformed mouth or face | 2.97 (3) | 1.98 (2) |
| Erupting permanent tooth | 51.49 (52) | 60.40 (61) |
| Missing permanent tooth | 6.93 (7) | 3.96 (4) |
The performances that showed the highest prevalence of oral impact were eating (21.23), smiling (11.88) and emotional status (8.91) for group O, whereas in group N they were eating (27.39), cleaning mouth (18.26) and smiling (15.07) (Table 2). There were significant differences between the groups in eating, cleaning mouth, emotional status, smiling, studying and the Overall Child-OIDP.
Table 2.
Prevalence of oral impacts on daily performance, according to the Child-Oral Impacts on Daily Performance (Child-OIDP) score, in overweight/obese and normal-weight groups of 12-year-old Brazilian adolescents
| Performances | Overweight/Obesegroup |
Normal-weightgroup |
P | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD | Range | Mean ± SD | Range | ||
| Eating | 21.23 ± 32.70 | 0–100.00 | 27.39 ± 29.50 | 0–100.00 | 0.000 |
| Speaking | 6.49 ± 19.89 | 0–100.00 | 6.27 ± 15.19 | 0–66.67 | 0.896 |
| Cleaning mouth | 10.23 ± 26.65 | 0–100.00 | 18.26 ± 26.41 | 0–100.00 | 0.002 |
| Sleeping | 4.07 ± 15.05 | 0–100.00 | 4.51 ± 14.42 | 0–66.67 | 0.056 |
| Emotional status | 8.91 ± 21.89 | 0–100.00 | 12.87 ± 24.43 | 0–100.00 | 0.009 |
| Smiling | 11.88 ± 28.12 | 0–100.00 | 15.07 ± 22.86 | 0–100.00 | 0.000 |
| Studying | 1.43 ± 10.38 | 0–100.00 | 1.10 ± 7.12 | 0–66.67 | 0.000 |
| Social contact | 7.48 ± 20.55 | 0–100.00 | 9.90 ± 21.48 | 0–100.00 | 0.265 |
| Overall Child-OIDP | 10.77 ± 14.56 | 0–68.06 | 13.61 ± 14.64 | 0–77.78 | 0.000 |
Wilcoxon test (P < 0.05).
The intensity of the impact was assessed by multiplying the frequency and the severity of each performance (Table 3). There were positive associations between the impacts on eating, cleaning mouth and smiling (P < 0.05).
Table 3.
Prevalence, intensity and score of oral impacts, according to group, in 12-year-old Brazilian adolescents
| Intensity of impact | Eating* % (n) | Speaking % (n) | Cleaning mouth* % (n) | Sleeping % (n) | Emotional status % (n) | Smiling* % (n) | Studying % (n) | Social contact % (n) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Very little | ||||||||
| Group O | 4.95 (5) | 2.97 (3) | 1.98 (2) | 1.98 (2) | 2.97 (3) | 1.98 (2) | 0.00 (0) | 3.96 (4) |
| Group N | 11.88 (12)* | 6.93 (7) | 10.89 (11)* | 4.95 (5) | 5.94 (6) | 7.92 (8)* | 0.99 (1) | 5.94 (6) |
| Little | ||||||||
| Group O | 4.95 (5) | 3.96 (4) | 1.98 (2) | 1.98 (2) | 5.94 (6) | 5.94 (6) | 1.98 (2) | 3.96 (4) |
| Group N | 6.93 (7) | 1.98 (2) | 4.95 (5) | 0.00 (0) | 3.96 (4) | 4.95 (5) | 0.00 (0) | 2.97 (3) |
| Moderate | ||||||||
| Group O | 14.85 (15) | 3.96 (4) | 3.96 (4) | 2.97 (3) | 5.94 (6) | 5.94 (6) | 0.00 (0) | 5.94 (6) |
| Group N | 16.83 (17) | 3.96 (4) | 9.90 (10)* | 0.00 (0) | 5.94 (6) | 13.86 (14)* | 0.00 (0) | 5.94 (6) |
| Severe | ||||||||
| Group O | 5.94 (6) | 0.99 (1) | 2.97 (3) | 1.98 (2) | 2.97 (3) | 0.00 (0) | 0.00 (0) | 0.99 (1) |
| Group N | 9.90 (10) | 0.99 (1) | 6.93 (7) | 2.97 (3) | 2.97 (3) | 2.97 (3) | 0.00 (0) | 0.99 (1) |
| Very severe | ||||||||
| Group O | 9.90 (10) | 2.97 (3) | 5.94 (6) | 0.99 (1) | 2.97 (3) | 7.92 (8) | 0.99 (1) | 2.97 (3) |
| Group N | 11.98 (12) | 0.99 (1) | 5.94 (6) | 1.98 (2) | 5.94 (6) | 4.95 (5) | 0.99 (1) | 4.95 (5) |
Group O, overweight/obese; Group N, normal weight.
Difference between reports from different groups was statistically significant. Chi-square (P < 0.05).
The BMI-for-age, Child-OIDP and overall performance showed no evidence of significant correlations (all P > 0.05) (Table 4). The DMFT values showed significant correlation with the emotional status performance in group O (P < 0.05) (Table 5), and the DCA was positively correlated with study performance in the group O adolescents (P < 0.05) (Table 6).
Table 4.
Pearson linear correlation between body mass index (BMI)-for-age and performance and overall Child-Oral Impacts on Daily Performance (Child-OIDP) score, according to group, in 12-year-old Brazilian adolescents
| Performance/Child-OIDPscore | BMI-for-age |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overweight/Obesegroup |
Normal-weightgroup |
|||
| R | P | R | P | |
| Eating | −0.09 | 0.327 | −0.01 | 0.904 |
| Speaking | −0.03 | 0.762 | 0.02 | 0.782 |
| Cleaning mouth | −0.07 | 0.471 | −0.01 | 0.889 |
| Sleeping | −0.06 | 0.544 | 0.02 | 0.773 |
| Emotional status | −0.14 | 0.148 | −0.09 | 0.359 |
| Smiling | −0.13 | 0.173 | 0.03 | 0.702 |
| Studying | −0.03 | 0.718 | −0.10 | 0.304 |
| Social contact | −0.06 | 0.527 | −0.05 | 0.585 |
| Overall Child-OIDP | −0.14 | 0.162 | 0.01 | 0.918 |
Table 5.
Pearson linear correlation between the decayed, missing, filled teeth (DMFT) index and performance and overall Child-Oral Impacts on Daily Performance (Child-OIDP) score, according to group, in 12-year-old Brazilian adolescents
| Performance/Child-OIDP score | DMFT |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overweight/Obesegroup |
Normal-weightgroup |
|||
| R | P | R | P | |
| Eating | 0.18 | 0.066 | 0.02 | 0.843 |
| Speaking | 0.03 | 0.756 | 0.11 | 0.262 |
| Cleaning mouth | 0.03 | 0.763 | −0.18 | 0.060 |
| Sleeping | 0.00 | 0.997 | 0.00 | 0.965 |
| Emotional status | 0.20 | 0.047* | 0.81 | 0.418 |
| Smiling | 0.00 | 0.961 | −0.07 | 0.471 |
| Studying | 0.06 | 0.514 | −0.08 | 0.420 |
| Social contact | 0.04 | 0.699 | −0.59 | 0.552 |
| Overall Child-OIDP | 0.12 | 0.218 | −0.06 | 0.499 |
P < 0.05.
Table 6.
Pearson linear correlation between dental caries activity (DCA) and performance and overall Child-Oral Impacts on Daily Performance (Child-OIDP) score, according to group, in 12 year-old Brazilian adolescents
| Performance/Child-OIDP score | DCA |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overweight/Obesegroup |
Normal-weightgroup |
|||
| R | P | R | P | |
| Eating | 0.16 | 0.118 | 0.01 | 0.912 |
| Speaking | −0.01 | 0.943 | 0.02 | 0.842 |
| Cleaning mouth | 0.42 | 0.676 | −0.09 | 0.379 |
| Sleeping | −0.01 | 0.895 | −0.03 | 0.761 |
| Emotional status | 0.17 | 0.078 | 0.02 | 0.851 |
| Smiling | 0.95 | 0.340 | −0.11 | 0.278 |
| Studying | 0.20 | 0.046* | −0.07 | 0.469 |
| Social contact | 0.07 | 0.490 | 0.03 | 0.760 |
| Overall Child-OIDP | 0.15 | 0.141 | −0.05 | 0.586 |
P < 0.05.
DISCUSSION
This study was conducted in partnership with the City Health Department, and the adolescents who were diagnosed as being in need of dental treatment were referred to the health units and treated. A possible limitation of this study may be attributed to the self-perception of the individuals evaluated in understanding and responding to the questionnaire proposed, as their responses could overestimate the perceived oral problems. However, this point was noted by the authors of the instrument and was taken into consideration in the preparation of the questionnaire12.
The adolescents in group N showed higher dental caries prevalence and DMFT values than those in group O. A significant relationship was shown between BMI-for-age and DCA (P < 0.000). However, it was observed that a greater number of adolescents in group O had DMFT values close to the SiC index (P = 0.0024). A Chinese study showed no relationship between peripheral adiposity (BMI) and dental caries, but it found a significant relationship between central adiposity and caries6. Systematic reviews did not find sufficient scientific evidence of this relationship (obesity–dental caries), but the authors pointed out that there are some factors that must be considered, such as the criteria used for examinations, history of the use of fluoridated substances and access to oral health services5., 7.. The relationship between dental caries and obesity has been studied in Brazilian adolescents; however, no significant evidence of a relationship between the variables was found20. In this study, the adolescents lived in a city without public water supply fluoridation and with poor oral health-education programmes. Access by the overweight/obese to industrialised food containing additional fluoride may have favoured the weight gain and could explain the lower DMFT values in this group21., 22., 23..
In the first step of the Child-OIDP (Table 1), both groups indicated tooth sensitivity as the condition that most affected them, which has also been observed in a previous study of Brazilian adolescents11, whereas in the Sudan, an underdeveloped African country, toothache and tooth sensitivity were the most reported/mentioned conditions20. Permanent tooth eruption was reported as the second most common condition affecting both groups; however, this condition is consistent with the age of the participants in this study, in the period of mixed dentition, and is a transitory condition that tends to disappear12. Adolescents in group O also reported the position of teeth and bad breath, conditions more readily associated with social interaction24, whereas in group N, tooth colour and toothache could be related to oral diseases, such as dental caries20.
According to Castro et al., Eating was the performance most affected when the Child-OIDP was used in Brazilian children11., 25., which was found in this study for both groups (Table 2). In overweight/obese adolescents, even Smiling and Emotional status were reported, showing the influence of oral conditions on psychological aspects26., 27.. Adolescents in group N reported Cleaning mouth and Smiling as the other most prevalent performances. Toothache and dental caries are important factors to consider when children and adolescents have difficulties with performing oral hygiene because these conditions demonstrate a strong association28., 29.; for example, the presence of dental caries may impact the performance of smiling30.
Adolescents in group N had a worse perception of their oral health than did those in group O because there were positive associations with Eating, Cleaning mouth and Smiling (Table 3). The low perception of health-related quality of life in group O differs from that of other studies31., 32., in which overweight/obesity was associated with worse quality of life. However, in this study, group O adolescents had lower dental caries activity than did adolescents in group N, which, in turn, could explain the low perception in the Child-OIDP.
In this study, the BMI-for-age was not associated with the Child-OIDP scores and performances; however, the dental caries parameters were positively correlated with Emotional status (Table 5) and Studying (Table 6) performances in group O (P < 0.05). Although the adolescents in group O demonstrated a low perception of the impact of oral conditions on their daily performance, the correlation with dental caries could show the real impact. Depression and low self-esteem are the psychological problems most commonly found in overweight and obesity33, which may explain the results found in this study, with the adolescents in group O presenting a lower prevalence of dental caries and a lower perceived impact of the Child-OIDP, in addition to showing positive correlations between these factors.
The hypothesis tested was not accepted because no association was found between overweight/obese, dental caries and the oral impact on daily performance. Dental caries activity was not associated with obesity because this condition was most observed in the normal-weight adolescents. Moreover, quality of life was shown to have more impact on these individuals. Overweight/obese adolescents presented a low perception of the impact of oral conditions on their quality of life, but it appeared to affect the psychological aspects of their daily performance. Health promotion among adolescents is very important to improve their quality of life. In addition, they require care by a multidisciplinary team, with attention to proper nutrition. These measures could prevent diseases and health problems such as obesity and dental caries.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the Health and Education Departments of Dois Córregos, State of São Paulo, Brazil, for the availability and support in development of this research and CAPES for financial support.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest related to this study.
Authors’ contributions
ARF carried out all work including data collection, data analysis and writing the paper. FDCA, AMFGT and JMY worked in data collection, analysis and assisted writing. ASP supervised the project and assisted writing. SHCSP initiated the idea of, supervised the project and edited writing.
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