Abstract
Background
Healthcare workers (HCWs) are at high risk of developing hand eczema (HE). This can be exacerbated by hygiene measures related to the coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Using mild skin cleansers and emollients or moisturizers is central in the prevention of HE—especially with increased COVID-19 hygiene regimes.
Aims
This study aimed to assess parameters important for the acceptance of a skincare concept in HCWs.
Methods
In this proof-of-concept user trial, HCWs were provided ad libitum with hand wash oil and hand cream during the 6-month period, when occupationally acquired COVID-19 infections among HCWs were peaking in Germany and then surveyed about acceptance of the products using questionnaires.
Results
Of 135 HCWs, 115 (85%) responded. Skin tolerance of the hand wash oil and the hand cream was rated very good by 63% and 52% of the 115 participants, respectively. Of the 115 participants, 58% and 57% were very satisfied with the hand wash oil and the hand cream, respectively.
Conclusions
Acceptance of skin cleansing and skincare products in HCWs seems influenced by parameters such as self-assessed skin tolerance and self-reported overall satisfaction. It must be assumed that products are only used as recommended if they are well-accepted. Employers might survey employees about acceptance of products using the parameters identified to adjust concepts if necessary to sustainably contribute to the prevention of HE.
Keywords: COVID-19, dermatitis, eczema, healthcare, occupational health
Key learning points.
What is already known about this subject:
Healthcare workers are at high risk of developing hand eczema.
Using mild skin cleansers and emollients or moisturizers is central in the prevention of hand eczema.
What this study adds:
Acceptance of mild skin cleansers and emollients or moisturizers aids use.
It must be assumed that only well-accepted skin products are used as recommended.
Self-assessed skin tolerance and self-reported overall satisfaction seem to be highly influential on overall acceptance of skin products.
What impact this may have on practice or policy:
Occupational safety specialists and executives in hospitals might survey their employees about the acceptance of the provided hand cleansing and hand care products to uncover possible weaknesses of existing hand care concepts and adjust if necessary to contribute to the prevention of occupational hand eczema.
The questionnaire provided within the current paper can be used as supplied or can easily be adapted to specific circumstances.
Introduction
Healthcare workers (HCWs) are at high risk of developing work-related irritant contact dermatitis of the hands (hand eczema, HE), which has been exacerbated by increased coronavirus disease (COVID-19)-related hygiene measures [1,2]. Skin-damaging contact with water and detergents [3] may lead to an impairment of the epidermal barrier function and subsequently to xerosis cutis as well as an acute irritant and/or allergic HE. Chronic HE can subsequently manifest, involving individual suffering [4,5] and high medical costs [6].
Using mild skin cleansing products and emollients is recommended for the prevention of xerosis cutis and HE [7]. If skin cleansing and care products are not accepted, they will likely not be used [8]. The present study aimed to identify parameters important to the acceptance of skin products in HCWs at a time when reported cases of occupationally acquired COVID-19 infections amongst HCWs peaked in Germany (>100 000 cases).
Methods
Ethical approval was obtained by the subcommission on the evaluation of medical research involving human subjects at the Medical Chamber of Lower Saxony, Hannover, Germany, under procedure number 30/34/2020. Informed consent was obtained. The trial was prospectively registered at the German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS), number DRKS00022957.
This proof-of-concept user trial was conducted in a hospital in Osnabrück, Germany, with an observation period of 6 months, starting in December 2020. One hundred and thirty-five HCWs (10 wards) were invited and participated in the sense of ad hoc recruitment. Participants needed to provide written consent, be of legal age and be an active HCW. If known allergies to fragrances and/or oat flour were present, HCWs could not participate due to the ingredients of the study products. None of the invited HCWs suffered from these allergies. Exclusion criteria were the observation of adverse skin reactions attributed to the study products or termination of the employment as HCWs.
In the sense of a proof of concept, overall user acceptance of the skincare concept (hand wash oil and hand cream) was assessed (Table 1). Participants received a starter pack including four hand wash oils and four hand creams (Table 2) which could be subsequently requested in unlimited amounts. Participants were, via informational leaflet providing general information on skincare, encouraged to use the study products at work and at home. Using other products (e.g. products provided at work) was not prohibited. Designing the standardized paper-and-pencil questionnaire followed the established steps of (i) constructing a basic structure, (ii) designing specific questions, (iii) selection and revision of the questions, (iv) compilation of the questionnaire and design of a codebook, (v) conducting a pre-test (20 HCWs) and (vi) optimizing the questionnaire and codebook [9,10]. Data were analysed in terms of descriptive statistics.
Table 1.
Central characteristic features of the user acceptance assessment
| Feature type | Feature of the study | Comment |
|---|---|---|
| Target setting | Ex-post test | Ex-post tests are used to assess the usability of products that are already on the market. |
| Scope/purpose | Full test | Within a full test, an integrated approach is undertaken in terms of reviewing the product. |
| Product presentation | Identifying test | Identifying tests are characterized through the fact that the product test is conducted with the study products being provided in the merchantable packaging. The brand and manufacturers’ names are displayed. |
| Duration | Long-term test | A long-term test focuses on repeated consumption of the product. Product experience rather than product impression is assessed. |
| Number of test products | Monadic test | A monadic test is a single test that comprises a comparison with individual and personal knowledge and experiences. No comparison with a direct reference product is conducted. |
| Location | Home-use test | A home-use test is characterized by the test location being the usual home or work environment (real-life environment) or rather not an artificial setting (central-location test). |
Table 2.
Ingredients of the provided hand wash oil and hand cream, which are approved cosmetic products according to the German Cosmetics Ordinance (KVO), according to the International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients (INCI)
| Hand wash oil | Hand cream | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Ingredient (INCI)a | Functionb | Ingredient (INCI)a | Functionb |
| Glycine Soja Oil | Emollient | Aqua | Solvent |
| Laureth-4 | Surfactant | Glycerine | Humectant |
| MIPA-Laureth Sulfate | Cleansing | Paraffinum Liquidum | Emollient |
| Ricinus Communis Seed Oil | Skin conditioning | Cetyl Alcohol | Emulsion stabilizing |
| Poloxamer 101 | Surfactant | Glyceryl Stearate | Emulsifying |
| Parfum | Perfuming | Stearyl Alcohol | Emollient |
| Aqua | Solvent | Hydrogenated Coco-Glycerides | Skin conditioning |
| Propylene Glycol | Viscosity controlling | Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride | Skin conditioning |
| Panthenol | Skin conditioning | Octyldodecanol | Emollient |
| Tocopherol | Antioxidant | Butyrospermum Parkii Butter | Skin conditioning |
| Citric Acid | Buffering | Cetyl Palmitate | Emollient |
| Sodium Citrate | Buffering | Colloidal Oatmeal | Skin protecting |
| PEG-40 Stearate | Emulsifying | ||
| Glycyrrhiza Inflata Root Extract | Skin conditioning | ||
| Ceramide NP | Skin conditioning | ||
| Menthoxypropanediol | Refreshing | ||
| Citric Acid | Buffering | ||
| Sodium Citrate | Buffering | ||
| Decylene Glycol | Skin conditioning | ||
| Phenoxyethanol | Preservative | ||
| Caprylyl Glycol | Emollient | ||
| Benzyl Alcohol | Preservative |
According to the World Health Organization guidelines on infection prevention and control during healthcare when COVID-19 is suspected or confirmed, the hand wash oil can be classified as liquid soap.
aAs per chronology of the listing on the package.
bAccording to the manufacturer (Beiersdorf AG, Hamburg, Germany).
Results
The response rate was 85% (115 of 135; 85% female, age range from 18 to 63 years, mean age of 37.3 ± 13.5 years). Wards (n = 10) comprised the oncology unit, oral and maxillofacial surgery, pain unit, general surgery unit, gastroenterology unit, orthopaedics unit, hand and trauma surgery, central sterilization supply department, surgery area and outpatient surgery. Registered nurses (n = 61), nursing assistants (n = 17), physician assistants (n = 4), surgical assistants (n = 19), technical sterilization assistants (n = 13) and technical anaesthesia assistants (n = 1) were represented.
The skin tolerance of the hand wash oil was rated as very good by 63%, as good by 22% and as satisfactory by 16% of the 115 participants. Regarding the hand cream, 52% rated the skin tolerance as very good, 30% as good and 18% as satisfactory. The options sufficient and deficient were not chosen.
Regarding the hand wash oil, out of the 115 study participants, 58% were very satisfied, 28% were satisfied and 14% were neutral. The option not satisfied was not chosen. Concerning the hand cream, out of the 115 participants, 57 were very satisfied, 27% were satisfied, 13% were neutral and 3% were not satisfied. Generally, no adverse skin reactions were observed.
Participants (n = 115) felt that the hand care concept (hand wash oil and hand cream in combination) improves the signs of dry skin (97%), feels good on the skin (93%), has a pleasant scent (89%), helps the skin noticeably (96%), eases itch noticeably (96%), makes the skin smooth (91%) and is easy to use (100%).
Discussion
There is a high overall acceptance of the hand wash oil, the hand cream and the whole hand care concept by the HCWs. Repeated consumption in the real-life environment made it possible to evaluate product experience. A strength of this study is that a variety of individual professions were included, reflecting a broad spectrum of HCWs. Questionnaires administered via the so-called paper–pencil method made them easily accessible for all participants. A limiting factor is that questionnaires produce self-reported data, which are subjective and might entail bias.
Acceptance of skin cleansing and skincare products in HCWs might substantially be influenced by parameters such as self-assessed skin tolerance and self-reported overall satisfaction. Using adequate hand cleansing and hand care products, which must be accepted by the users so that they are used, might benefit the skin health of HCWs in terms of prevention, leading to a better quality of life for the individual as well as minimized costs for employers and the social insurance system following an occupational dermatosis. Promotion of adequate use of skin products might prospectively be integrated into established health education initiatives (e.g. skin protection seminars in outpatient care).
Occupational health professionals should survey employees about the acceptance of hand cleansing and hand care products to reveal possible weaknesses of existing hand care and adjust if necessary to contribute to the prevention of occupational HE. The questionnaire provided within our paper can be used or can be adapted to specific circumstances.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Beiersdorf AG, Hamburg, Germany, for financial and material support.
Contributor Information
C Symanzik, Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany; Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatological Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm) at Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany.
C Skudlik, Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany; Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatological Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm) at Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany.
S M John, Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany; Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatological Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm) at Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany.
Funding
This study was supported by a restricted monetary and material donation (study products) from Beiersdorf AG, Hamburg, Germany. Beiersdorf AG had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests
None declared.
Data availability
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
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Associated Data
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Data Availability Statement
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.