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. 2022 Aug 17;17(8):e0273173. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273173

Relationships between double cycling and inspiratory effort with diaphragm thickness during the early phase of mechanical ventilation: A prospective observational study

Taiga Itagaki 1,*, Yusuke Akimoto 2, Yuki Nakano 2, Yoshitoyo Ueno 2, Manabu Ishihara 2, Natsuki Tane 3, Yumiko Tsunano 3, Jun Oto 3
Editor: Steven Eric Wolf4
PMCID: PMC9385032  PMID: 35976965

Abstract

Background

Increased and decreased diaphragm thickness during mechanical ventilation is associated with poor outcomes. Some types of patient-ventilator asynchrony theoretically cause myotrauma of the diaphragm. However, the effects of double cycling on structural changes in the diaphragm have not been previously evaluated. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between double cycling during the early phase of mechanical ventilation and changes in diaphragm thickness, and the involvement of inspiratory effort in the occurrence of double cycling.

Methods

We evaluated adult patients receiving invasive mechanical ventilation for more than 48 h. The end-expiratory diaphragm thickness (Tdiee) was assessed via ultrasonography on days 1, 2, 3, 5 and 7 after the initiation of mechanical ventilation. Then, the maximum rate of change from day 1 (ΔTdiee%) was evaluated. Concurrently, we recorded esophageal pressure and airway pressure on days 1, 2 and 3 for 1 h during spontaneous breathing. Then, the waveforms were retrospectively analyzed to calculate the incidence of double cycling (double cycling index) and inspiratory esophageal pressure swing (ΔPes). Finally, the correlation between double cycling index as well as ΔPes and ΔTdiee% was investigated using linear regression models.

Results

In total, 19 patients with a median age of 69 (interquartile range: 65–78) years were enrolled in this study, and all received pressure assist-control ventilation. The Tdiee increased by more than 10% from baseline in nine patients, decreased by more than 10% in nine and remained unchanged in one. The double cycling indexes on days 1, 2 and 3 were 2.2%, 1.3% and 4.5%, respectively. There was a linear correlation between the double cycling index on day 3 and ΔTdiee% (R2 = 0.446, p = 0.002). The double cycling index was correlated with the ΔPes on days 2 (R2 = 0.319, p = 0.004) and 3 (R2 = 0.635, p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Double cycling on the third day of mechanical ventilation was associated with strong inspiratory efforts and, possibly, changes in diaphragm thickness.

Background

Mechanical ventilation has detrimental effects on the lungs [1]. Moreover, a recent study showed that it can cause diaphragm injury (referred to as ventilator-induced diaphragm dysfunction [VIDD]) [2]. Disuse atrophy owing to the suppression of inspiratory effort and concentric load-induced injury due to contraction against an excessive load are the most important causes of VIDD [3–5]. Patients receiving mechanical ventilation commonly present with either increased or decreased diaphragm thickness. Both conditions are associated with prolonged ventilator dependence and a higher mortality rate in patients admitted to the intensive care units (ICU) of hospitals [6, 7].

Some types of patient-ventilator asynchrony, including premature cycling, ineffective efforts and reverse triggering theoretically cause myotrauma of the diaphragm due to eccentric load-induced injury [3–5]. Eccentric contractions during muscular lengthening lead to more injuries compared with concentric contractions [8]. Meanwhile, the effects of double cycling, the most lung-injurious type of patient-ventilator asynchrony [9, 10] on VIDD have not been evaluated. Double cycling is characterized by two consecutive ventilator cycles separated by a short expiration [11]; therefore, the diaphragm may be forced to contract eccentrically without ventilatory assistance during the short expiration. In addition, excessive load on the diaphragm causes muscle injury (concentric load-induced injury) [3, 12, 13]; thus, double cycling may also be associated with diaphragm injury because it frequently occurs if the ventilatory demand is high [14, 15]. Thille et al. emphasized the possible deleterious effects of asynchronies, including double cycling, which are correlated with increased energy expenditure and an abnormal diaphragmatic pattern [14]. However, the effects of double cycling on diaphragm function have never been investigated.

There is a recommendation to lower the sedation level of mechanically ventilated patients as soon as their condition stabilizes because of the physiological benefits of spontaneous breathing [16–18]. According to the largest international epidemiological study of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) [19], about 30% of patients were managed in spontaneous breathing mode from the first day of mechanical ventilation. However, the early awakening strategy may possibly cause strong inspiratory efforts that adversely affect the lungs [20] and diaphragm [3], especially in ARDS patients Thus monitoring of inspiratory effort is important when we reduce sedation [21].

We hypothesized that double cycling is associated with increased diaphragm thickness caused by strong inspiratory effort. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the relationship between double cycling during the early phase of mechanical ventilation and changes in diaphragm thickness. Additionally, we examined the association of changes in inspiratory effort over time with the occurrence of double cycling.

Methods

This prospective observational study was conducted in the ICU of Tokushima University Hospital. Moreover, it was approved by the ethics committee of the institution (protocol number: 3273). Written informed consent was obtained from the families or guardians. This research was preliminarily registered as a clinical trial (UMIN clinical trial registry: 000033533). We recruited study participants during from September 1, 2018, to June 1, 2020, and follow-ups of all patients ended on June 10, 2020.

Participants and their management

We assessed adult patients within 24 h after receiving invasive mechanical ventilation, which was anticipated to be continued for more than 48 h. The exclusion criteria were as follows: patients aged below 18 years, with trauma or chest tube insertion at the measurement point, receiving treatment with continuous neuromuscular blocking agent (NMBA) infusion, and diagnosed with esophageal disease.

Throughout the study period, all patients received pressure assist-control ventilation using the same ICU ventilator (PB840 or PB980) (Covidien, Mansfield, Massachusetts). The inspiratory pressure was set to obtain a tidal volume of 6–8 mL/kg ideal body weight. Parameters such as positive end-expiratory pressure, fraction of inspired oxygen, respiratory frequency, inspiratory time and flow trigger sensitivity were adjusted by bedside physicians. Other patient management strategies were performed by the bedside physicians and nurses according to the critical care guidelines and the analgesia-sedation protocol of our institution.

Diaphragm thickness

On days 1, 2, 3, 5 and 7 after the initiation of mechanical ventilation, the diaphragm thickness at peak inspiration and end-expiration (Tdiee) were examined via ultrasonography during spontaneous breathing under pressure assist-control ventilation. On days 1, 2, and 3, esophageal pressure (Pes) was examined; the patient was assumed to be spontaneously breathing when the deflection of Pes was initiated before the rise of airway pressure (Paw). On days 3 and 7, the patient was assumed to be spontaneously breathing when the actual respiratory frequency was greater than the set value for respiratory rate. We assessed the percentage of change from the baseline Tdiee (ΔTdiee%). Patients were classified into three groups (increased, decreased and unchanged diaphragm thickness groups) based on the maximum ΔTdiee% using a 10% cutoff value according to previous studies [7, 22]. For each measurement, diaphragm thickness was calculated as follows:

Thickening fraction (%) = [(thickness at peak inspiration–thickness at end-expiration) / thickness at end-expiration] × 100

Data collection was discontinued in case of extubation, discharge from the ICU, or death, whichever occurred first. The procedures for measurement were discussed in-depth in our previous study [23]. To summarize, measurement was performed using B mode ultrasonography with a liner transducer perpendicularly placed on the right chest wall at the zone of apposition [24]. Each recording was performed by the same investigator. Then, the actual measurement of diaphragm thickness was retrospectively conducted by the same investigator using stored images to blind the data analysis from patient status.

Incidence of double cycling and inspiratory efforts

After inclusion of patients in the study, a feeding tube equipped with an esophageal balloon catheter (SmartCath, Vyaire Medical, Mettawa, Illinois) was placed nasally through the stomach to facilitate the continuous measurement of Pes. Pes was evaluated using a pressure transducer (TM6600, San-You Technology, Saitama, Japan). Correct balloon placement was confirmed using the occlusion technique as described in a previous study [25]. Flow and Paw were assessed. The pneumotachometer (model 3700A, Hans-Rudolph, Shawnee, Kansas) and pressure transducer (TM6600, San-You Technology, Saitama, Japan) were placed between the heat and moisture exchanger and Y-piece of the breathing circuit. The pneumotachometer was connected to a differential pressure transducer (TP-602T, Nihon-Kohden, Tokyo, Japan). All signals were amplified, sent to an analog/digital converter with a sampling rate of 100 Hz, then analyzed with a data-acquisition software (WINDAQ, Dataq Instruments, Akron, Ohio). We recorded Pes, Paw, and flow simultaneously for 1 h on days 1, 2 and 3 if the patients were spontaneously breathing (all assisted), thereby assuring negative Pes swing preceding the start of insufflation.

We retrospectively analyzed the waveforms to calculate the incidence of double cycling (double cycling index) and inspiratory esophageal pressure swing (ΔPes). Double cycling was defined as two ventilator-delivered cycles separated by an extremely short expiratory time occurring within a single inspiratory effort [14]. The double cycling index was calculated as follows:

Double cycling index (%) = [number of double cycling / total number of esophageal pressure waveforms representing spontaneous breaths] × 100

To calculate the mean ΔPes, we collected 10 consecutive stable esophageal pressure waveforms unaccompanied by double cycling. Then, the last three breaths were analyzed.

Endpoints of the study

The primary endpoint of this study was the correlation between the double cycling index on the first 3 days and the maximum ΔTdiee. The secondary endpoints were changes in the mean end-expiratory diaphragm thickness over time during mechanical ventilation, the correlation of the double cycling index with ΔPes during the first 3 days, and the effect of sedation levels on changes in inspiratory effort.

Clinical data collection

Data regarding demographic characteristics, acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE) II score upon ICU admission, cause of mechanical ventilation and clinical outcomes were collected from the medical charts. Within the first 3 days of mechanical ventilation, we calculated the time-weighted averages of the following ventilatory variables: driving pressure, positive end-expiratory pressure, flow trigger sensitivity, inspiratory time, and respiratory rate. Moreover, the average tidal volume of 3–5 representative normally triggered and double cycled breaths was obtained by integrating the flow-time waveforms. In addition, we assessed the time-weighted Richmond Agitation–Sedation Scale (RASS) score and fentanyl use on days 1, 2 and 3.

Statistical analysis

Continuous data were presented as medians with interquartile range (IQR), and categorical variables as numbers and percentages. The differences between continuous variables were assessed using t-test or Mann–Whitney U test. Categorical variables were presented as appropriate using the chi-square test or the Fisher’s exact test.

Linear regression models were user to assess the correlation of the double cycling index on the first 3 days with the maximum ΔTdiee or ΔPes. To assess effects over time, changes in Tdiee, double cycling index, ΔPes, thickening fraction, RASS, and fentanyl use were analyzed via one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to reveal statistically significant differences between at least two time points. Afterwards, we conducted Tukey’s HSD test for multiple comparisons.

All analyses were carried out with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software version 26 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois). A p value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

In total, 27 patients who met the inclusion criteria were enrolled in this study. However, 8 patients were subsequently excluded due to equipment failure (n = 4) and lack of consent form (n = 4). Finally, 19 patients were included in the analysis (Fig 1). The median (IQR) age was 69 (65–78) years, and the median APACHE II score was 27 (24–30). Among the patients, 14 (74%) were men. Acute hypoxemic respiratory failure (58%) was the most common cause of mechanical ventilation. All patients received pressure assist-control ventilation. Table 1 shows the detailed characteristics and clinical outcomes of each group. Clinical outcomes were not significantly different among patients with increased and decreased diaphragm thickness.

Fig 1. Flowchart of study participants.

Fig 1

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Table 1. Patient characteristics and clinical outcomes.

Increased (n = 9) Decreased (n = 9) Unchanged (n = 1) P value
Age, yr 70 (67–80) 69 (65–82) 38 0.604
Male sex, n (%) 1 (89) 6 (67) 0 (0) 0.576
Height, cm 164 (162–169) 157 (155–170) 160 0.475
Weight, kg 59 (50–65) 66 (55–74) 50 0.157
APACHE Ⅱ score 27 (32–38) 28 (25–31) 8 0.636
Reason for mechanical ventilation, n (%)
Acute hypoxemic respiratory failure 6 (67) 5 (56) 0 (0) 1.000
Decompensated heart failure 2 (22) 1 (11) 0 (0) 1.000
Consciousness disturbances 0 (0) 1 (11) 1 (100) 1.000
Others 1 (11) 2 (22) 0 (0) 1.000
Clinical outcomes
Ventilator free days within 28 days 20 (0–23) 20 (10–22) 0 0.396
Duration of ICU stay, days 8 (6–11) 10 (7–16) 6 0.404
Reintubation, n (%) 2 (22) 3 (33) 0 (0) 1.000
Tracheostomy, n (%) 0 (0) 2 (22) 0 (0) 0.471
ICU mortality, n (%) 3 (33) 0 (0) 1 (100) 0.206
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Data are expressed as median with interquartile range unless otherwise noted. P values indicate comparisons between increased (n = 9) versus decreased (n = 9) diaphragm thickness. APACHE, Acute physiology and chronic health evaluation; ICU, intensive care unit.

Diaphragm thickness was evaluated in 100%, 100%, 100%, 58%, and 28% of patients on days 1, 2, 3, 5 and 7, respectively. Within the first 7 days after mechanical ventilation, the Tdiee increased by more than 10% from baseline (difference: +13.7%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: +6.5%–+21.0%; p = 0.036) in 9 patients, decreased by more than 10% (difference: −13.9%; 95% CI: −18.0% to −9.8%; p < 0.001) in 9 patients and remained unchanged in 1 patient (Fig 2). The maximum ΔTdiee% was +31.4% (+17.1%–+42.5%) in the increased diaphragm thickness group, −24.0% (−34.1%–−20.3%) in the decreased diaphragm thickness group and +9.8% in the unchanged diaphragm thickness group.

Fig 2. Changes in mean end-expiratory diaphragm thickness over time during mechanical ventilation in each group.

Fig 2

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The error bars indicate 95% confidence intervals. p values represent statistically significant differences between at least two time points (analysis of variance). *p < 0.05 versus day 1.

Table 2 shows the variables of double cycling, inspiratory effort, mechanical ventilation, and sedation status within the first 3 days. The double cycling indices on days 1, 2, and 3 were not significantly different between the increased and decreased diaphragm thickness groups. ΔPes, but not thickening fraction, which is a measure of inspiratory effort, was significantly higher in the increased diaphragm thickness group than in the decreased diaphragm thickness group on days 2 and 3 (p = 0.002 and 0.0026, respectively). There was no statistically significant intergroup difference in terms of ventilator settings and tidal volumes of both normally triggered and double cycled breaths within the first 3 days. RASS score and fentanyl use were also not significantly different between patients with increased and decreased diaphragm thickness groups on day 3. However, sedation was more likely to be lightened over time in the increased diaphragm thickness group (p = 0.069, ANOVA) even though fentanyl use did not change.

Table 2. Variables of double cycling, inspiratory effort, ventilation, and sedation status within the first 3 days of mechanical ventilation.

Increased (n = 9) Decreased (n = 9) Unchanged (n = 1) P value
Double cycling index, %
Day 1 1.1 (0.2–3.8) 0.2 (0.0–1.2) 0.1 0.225
Day 2 1.5 (0.4–2.0) 0.4 (0.2–0.4) 0.2 0.207
Day 3 5.7 (2.2–8.3) 0.4 (0.0–2.3) 0.3 0.100
ΔPes, cmH2O
Day 1 −7.4 (−12.1–−2.9) −2.9 (−5.1–−0.7) −1.0 0.068
Day 2 −6.5 (−11.1–−3.1) −2.6 (−4.9–−1.6) −0.8 0.022
Day 3 −12.2 (-16.3–−7.5) −2.9 (−8.3–−1.2) −2.5 0.026
Thickening fraction, %
Day 1 14.6 (3.2–42.6) 17.5 (11.5–21.5) 17.1 0.394
Day 2 11.6 (5.9–31.3) 14.6 (6.1–21.1) 31.1 0.357
Day 3 18.8 (11.0–38.0) 13.2 (8.3–17.4) 26.1 0.086
Ventilatory variables over the first 3 days
Driving pressure, cmH2O 12 (10–14) 12 (10–14) 12 1.000
PEEP, cmH2O 10 (8–11) 10 (7–11) 8 0.793
Flow trigger, L/min 3.0 (2.5–3.0) 3.0 (3.0–3.0) 3.0 0.169
Inspiratory time, sec 0.9 (0.8–1.1) 1.0 (0.9–1.0) 1.2 0.948
Respiratory rate, per min 18 (12–22) 16 (15–20) 15 0.800
VT of normally triggered breath, mL/kg IBW 9.2 (8.1–11.3) 9.2 (6.9–10.4) 7.8 0.577
VT of double cycled breath, mL/kg IBW 14.3 (8.8–16.4) 11.1 (8.9–14.7) 10.1 0.638
RASS
Day 1 −3.0 (−3.5–−1.8) −2.5 (−3.5–−1.7) −5 0.595
Day 2 −2.5 (−3.8–−1.0) −2.5 (−3.5–−1.0) −4 0.821
Day 3 −2.0 (−2.5–−0.5)* −2.0 (−3.8–−1.0) −2 0.150
Fentanyl use, μg/kg
Day 1 12.5 (8.9–14.2) 9.8 (5.4–12.2) 12.0 0.770
Day 2 8.5 (6.1–10.8) 4.3 (3.5–8.9)* 0.8 0.867
Day 3 8.5 (4.4–11.3) 4.3 (0.7–6.9)* 0.0 0.310
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Data are expressed as median with interquartile range unless otherwise noted. P values indicate comparisons between increased (n = 9) versus decreased (n = 9) diaphragm thickness.

*p < 0.05 versus Day 1. ΔPes, inspiratory esophageal pressure swing; PEEP, positive end-expiratory pressure; VT, tidal volume; IBW, ideal body weight; RASS, Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale.

The maximum ΔTdiee% did not correlate with the double cycling index on days 1 and 2, but these had a linear correlation (R2 = 0.446, p = 0.002) on day 3 (Fig 3). Fig 4 shows the relationship between the double cycling index and the ΔPes on days 1, 2 and 3. The double cycling index correlated with ΔPes on days 2 (R2 = 0.319, p = 0.004) and 3 (R2 = 0.635, p < 0.001).

Fig 3. Correlation between the maximum change in end-expiratory diaphragm thickness from baseline and the double cycling index on day 3.

Fig 3

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Fig 4.

Fig 4

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Correlation between the inspiratory esophageal pressure swing and the double cycling index on days 1 (A), 2 (B), and 3 (C).

Discussion

The two most important findings of this study are as follows: First, the double cycling on day 3 correlated with the maximum changes in end-expiratory diaphragm thickness during mechanical ventilation. Moreover, the incidence of double cycling was associated with inspiratory efforts on days 2 and 3.

This is the first study to show the association of double cycling with increased diaphragm thickness, which possibly resulted in diaphragm dysfunction. Our hypothesis that double cycling is associated with the changes in diaphragm thickness due to strong inspiratory effort turned out to be plausible. However, eccentric contraction of the diaphragm, a possible mechanism by which a certain type of asynchronies affects the diaphragm [8], and the characteristics of double cycling itself, such as increased tidal volume [11], may have still influenced diaphragm injury. Further studies are needed to clarify this issue.

Disuse atrophy and concentric load-induced injury are the common mechanisms of diaphragm dysfunction during mechanical ventilation [3–5]. Concentric load-induced injury is a type of acute diaphragm injury leading to hypertrophy caused by excessive diaphragm contraction when ventilatory support is insufficient against inspiratory effort [4, 12, 13]. Excessive inspiratory effort is also a risk factor of double cycling [14, 15]. In fact, inspiratory effort has been positively correlated with the occurrence of double cycling. Thus, in situations where strong inspiratory effort is present, both double cycling and concentric load-induced injury are likely to occur.

In this study, inspiratory effort increased leading to day 3 of mechanical ventilation. This phenomenon might be attributed to the escalation of patient awakening according to our analgesia-first sedation protocol, since we observed a lower RASS score, and fentanyl use remained higher on day 3 in patients with increased diaphragm thickness. Preventing deep sedation and maintaining spontaneous breathing have been the gold standard of care for patients receiving mechanical ventilation [26], because maintaining spontaneous breathing has several physiological benefits including the prevention of diaphragm atrophy [16–18]. However, strong inspiratory effort on the diaphragm and lungs, known as concentric load-induced injury [4, 12, 13] and patient self-inflicted lung injury (P-SILI) [20], particularly in patients with severe ARDS, have detrimental effects. Whether increased inspiratory efforts and diaphragm thickness affected clinical outcomes in our patients remains unclear. Nevertheless, the continuous use of the analgesia-first sedation protocol might have led to unfavorable consequences. In particular, fentanyl use could have increased respiratory drive and eventually caused double cycling. Ferguson and Drummond assessed the acute effects of fentanyl on breathing patterns, revealing that the durations of inspiration and expiration increased by 30% and 95%, respectively. Furthermore, the tidal volume was elevated in proportion to inspiratory duration [27]. Opioids can provide light and comfortable sedation [28]. However, caution should be taken in patients with increased inspiratory efforts.

This study had several limitations. First, the analysis only included 19 adult patients with and without respiratory failure. Thus, neither we could extrapolate our findings directly to other patients nor perform multivariate logistic regression to discover whether double cycling was independently associated with diaphragm thickness. Moreover, one patient was presented with diaphragm atrophy (maximum ΔTdiee%: −34.1%) despite a high double cycling index (10.5%). Although we could not determine the cause of atrophy, future studies with a larger sample size can clarify this issue. Second, the effect of double cycling itself on the diaphragm, such as increased tidal volume caused by double cycling, or the effect of double cycling unaccompanied by strong inspiratory effort were not investigated. We observed that both increased and decreased diaphragm thickness groups tended to have increased tidal volumes of double cycled breaths, but this was not statistically significant. In addition, minimal double cycling was observed in patients without increased inspiratory efforts. Thus, the effect of double cycling caused by inadequate ventilator settings (e.g., extremely short inspiratory time and low tidal volume [15, 29]) on the diaphragm is unclear. Third, only the pressure assist-control mode of ventilation was used; thus, the impact of the type of mode was not precisely evaluated. In volume assist-control mode, tidal volume of double cycled breath is said to be higher than that of pressure assist-control mode, despite double cycling being more common in the latter [11]. Fourth, this study did not assess the double cycling caused by reverse triggering. Since, reverse triggering is commonly observed during the transition phase between deep sedation and the onset of patient triggering under assist-control ventilation [30], we eliminated the effect of disuse atrophy by accurately targeting patients with spontaneous breathing and assessed diaphragm thickness in a stable breathing cycle. Finally, to assess double cycling, 1-h offline breathing was applied in the breath evaluation. This period might be extremely short to obtain the representative values of each day. Thus, we conducted all measurements at same time every day to minimize variations caused by external conditions.

Clinical implications

Strong breathing efforts cause P-SILI and concentric load-induced diaphragm injury in patients with severe ARDS [4, 20]. Thus, deep sedation or continuous NMBA infusion can be a reasonable option to prevent P-SILI [31]. However, there is a conflict between lung protection and diaphragm protection in terms of disuse atrophy of the diaphragm [21]. Thus, it is important to identify patients who truly need to control their inspiratory effort from the perspective of both lung and diaphragm protection. ΔPes is a major parameter of inspiratory effort, but its measurement requires the placement of a dedicated esophageal balloon catheter. Based on our findings, frequent double cycling can be a surrogate marker of spontaneous breathing that injures both the lungs and diaphragm.

Conclusions

Double cycling on the third day of mechanical ventilation was associated with strong inspiratory efforts and, possibly, changes in diaphragm thickness. Hence, it can function as a surrogate indicator of diaphragm-injurious breathing pattern. Future studies, including double cycling caused by reverse triggering, should be performed to assesses the clinical effects of double cycling on diaphragm function.

Supporting information

S1 Checklist. STROBE statement—checklist of items that should be included in reports of observational studies.

(PDF)

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S1 Data

(XLSX)

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Acknowledgments

The authors thank all staff of the ICU of the Tokushima University Hospital for their assistance with this study.

Data Availability

All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.

Funding Statement

This work was partly supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JP21K16574 awarded to Dr. Taiga Itagaki. https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-21K16574/ The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. There was no additional external funding received for this study.

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Decision Letter 0

Steven Eric Wolf

10 Jun 2022

PONE-D-21-30599Effects of double cycling on diaphragm thickness during the early phase of mechanical ventilation: A prospective observational studyPLOS ONE

Dear Dr. Itagaki,

Thank you for submitting your manuscript to PLOS ONE. After careful consideration, we feel that it has merit but does not fully meet PLOS ONE’s publication criteria as it currently stands. Therefore, we invite you to submit a revised version of the manuscript that addresses the points raised during the review process.

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2. Thank you for stating in your Funding Statement:

 “This work was partly supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JP21K16574 awarded to Dr. Taiga Itagaki. https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-21K16574/

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Additional Editor Comments (if provided):

Editor - Thank you for submitting your paper to us for review. I sent it to eight distinguished referees for comment and decision of whom two agreed to review; you will see these below. They thought that the paper has merit, but each have raised some substantial issues to be addressed in a revision. Please carefully consider the comments below and reply directly to each in a cover letter with appropriate marked and linked changes to the manuscript. I look forward to seeing the revision, which I will send back to the same referees for further comment and decision. Please understand that this is not a guarantee of future publication, as the revised manuscript itself must stand on its own merit.

[Note: HTML markup is below. Please do not edit.]

Reviewers' comments:

Reviewer's Responses to Questions

Comments to the Author

1. Is the manuscript technically sound, and do the data support the conclusions?

The manuscript must describe a technically sound piece of scientific research with data that supports the conclusions. Experiments must have been conducted rigorously, with appropriate controls, replication, and sample sizes. The conclusions must be drawn appropriately based on the data presented.

Reviewer #1: Yes

Reviewer #2: Yes

**********

2. Has the statistical analysis been performed appropriately and rigorously?

Reviewer #1: Yes

Reviewer #2: Yes

**********

3. Have the authors made all data underlying the findings in their manuscript fully available?

The PLOS Data policy requires authors to make all data underlying the findings described in their manuscript fully available without restriction, with rare exception (please refer to the Data Availability Statement in the manuscript PDF file). The data should be provided as part of the manuscript or its supporting information, or deposited to a public repository. For example, in addition to summary statistics, the data points behind means, medians and variance measures should be available. If there are restrictions on publicly sharing data—e.g. participant privacy or use of data from a third party—those must be specified.

Reviewer #1: Yes

Reviewer #2: No

**********

4. Is the manuscript presented in an intelligible fashion and written in standard English?

PLOS ONE does not copyedit accepted manuscripts, so the language in submitted articles must be clear, correct, and unambiguous. Any typographical or grammatical errors should be corrected at revision, so please note any specific errors here.

Reviewer #1: Yes

Reviewer #2: Yes

**********

5. Review Comments to the Author

Please use the space provided to explain your answers to the questions above. You may also include additional comments for the author, including concerns about dual publication, research ethics, or publication ethics. (Please upload your review as an attachment if it exceeds 20,000 characters)

Reviewer #1: I suggest to explore whether inspiratory effort and double cycling are independently associated with diaphragmatic thickness. Probably, a multivariable logistic regression may help to discern it.

I suggest to modify the title to avoid the suggestion of a direct effect of double cycling on diaphragm thickness, by something like “Relationships between high respiratory effort and double cycling with diaphragm thickness….”

Page 10. The issue of sedation needs more data demonstrating that sedation was reduced in “increased group”, whereas opioids were slightly higher. Patients with higher inspiratory effort commonly need more sedatives (except if excessive opioids induce higher respiratory effort in unconscious patients).

In the limitations section, I suggest to include the specific topic of your use of Pressure assist/control modes and whether the problem should be higher in case of using Volume assist/control modes.

Your “Clinical implications” section is not supported by your results. I suggest to focus it more on the interest of avoiding double cycling by ventilator settings adjustments

Reviewer #2: Itagaki and colleagues nicely attempt to establish a relation between an important asynchrony and diaphgram thickness. Although the text is clearly written and results presented coherently, I would suggest a few clarifications to improve the message of the manuscript.

1. Study rationale and hypothesis: although the background is stated it is not clear to the reader what is the author’s hypothesis being tested. What is the hypothesized role of double cycling on thickness? Please clarify the hypothesis you are testing, and especially how the timing is expected to influence (the different days).

2. Introduction: However, the effects of patient–ventilator asynchronies on VIDD have not been evaluated in clinically settings. So are you making a direct parallel between thickness and function?

3. Still on research question, this can be clarified: “Moreover, the role of respiratory

effort in the occurrence of double cycling during the early phase of mechanical

ventilation was evaluated”. What do you mean by role?

4. Methods: “On days 1, 2, 3, 5 and 7 after the initiation of mechanical ventilation, the

diaphragm thickness at peak inspiration and end-expiration (Tdiee) was examined via ultrasonography during spontaneous breathing”.

Please be more specific to allow repeatability of your measurements. What does during spontaneous breathing means, were the patients still assisted in A-PCV (not PSV correct?). I understand the echo measurements were detailed in a previous work, but important to detail how patients were breathing when you made the measurement.

5. P value for trend in Figure 2: can you specify how this was obtained. Simply comparing two timepoints or by analyzing the trend?

6. Please do not repeat data that was put in tables again in the text e.g for table 2.

7. Results for RASS score and sedation are presented which were not anticipated in the methods. Please adjust.

8. Analysis of the primary endpoint: you state that the primary endpoint of the study is the “correlation between the DC index and the maximum change in D. thickness on the first 3 days”. Please specify in the statistical analysis if you analyze days separately to avoid lumping repeated measures. In the statistical analysis paragraph is useful to have the analysis of the primary endpoint come first, not last.

9. Discussion: I find you should accompany better the reader to the relation between double cycling – effort and thickness, as now it’s pretty confusing.

E.g. you start by saying that “Considering that excessive inspiratory effort is a risk

factor of double cycling[12, 13], double cycling and diaphragm hypertrophy are both

associated with strong inspiratory efforts.”

This sentence is unclear, please rephrase. I would use the first paragraph to discuss the

primary outcome alone. What to grasp from the correlation between thickness and

double cycling? Then introduce the effort and how this interacts.

In addition the discussion is imbalanced, towards effort, while the primary aim is stated to be the study of double cycling. Is this a wanted feature?

**********

6. PLOS authors have the option to publish the peer review history of their article (what does this mean?). If published, this will include your full peer review and any attached files.

If you choose “no”, your identity will remain anonymous but your review may still be made public.

Do you want your identity to be public for this peer review? For information about this choice, including consent withdrawal, please see our Privacy Policy.

Reviewer #1: Yes: Rafael Fernandez Fernandez

Reviewer #2: No

**********

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PLoS One. 2022 Aug 17;17(8):e0273173. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273173.r002

Author response to Decision Letter 0

8 Jul 2022

Journal Requirements:

1. Please ensure that your manuscript meets PLOS ONE's style requirements, including those for file naming. The PLOS ONE style templates can be found at

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/s/file?id=wjVg/PLOSOne_formatting_sample_main_body.pdf and

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/s/file?id=ba62/PLOSOne_formatting_sample_title_authors_affiliations.pdf.

[Response]

We ensured that our manuscript was meeting PLOS ONE’s style requirements, including those for file naming.

2. Thank you for stating in your Funding Statement:

“This work was partly supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JP21K16574 awarded to Dr. Taiga Itagaki. https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-21K16574/

The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.”

Please provide an amended statement that declares *all* the funding or sources of support (whether external or internal to your organization) received during this study, as detailed online in our guide for authors at http://journals.plos.org/plosone/s/submit-now. Please also include the statement “There was no additional external funding received for this study.” in your updated Funding Statement.

Please include your amended Funding Statement within your cover letter. We will change the online submission form on your behalf.

[Response]

We amended our funding statement regarding to all support as you suggested. Also, we included the same statement within my cover letter.

3. In your Data Availability statement, you have not specified where the minimal data set underlying the results described in your manuscript can be found. PLOS defines a study's minimal data set as the underlying data used to reach the conclusions drawn in the manuscript and any additional data required to replicate the reported study findings in their entirety. All PLOS journals require that the minimal data set be made fully available. For more information about our data policy, please see http://journals.plos.org/plosone/s/data-availability.

Upon re-submitting your revised manuscript, please upload your study’s minimal underlying data set as either Supporting Information files or to a stable, public repository and include the relevant URLs, DOIs, or accession numbers within your revised cover letter. For a list of acceptable repositories, please see http://journals.plos.org/plosone/s/data-availability#loc-recommended-repositories. Any potentially identifying patient information must be fully anonymized.

[Response]

We uploaded our study’s minimal underlying data set as Supporting Information file.

 

Review Comments to the Author

Reviewer #1:

1. I suggest to explore whether inspiratory effort and double cycling are independently associated with diaphragmatic thickness. Probably, a multivariable logistic regression may help to discern it.

[Response]

Thank you for your valuable comments. We understand that multivariable logistic regression is ideal for identifying an independent association between inspiratory effort/double cycling and diaphragm thickness. However, the sample size was too small for a multiple regression analysis. We have mentioned this point in the limitations section.

2. I suggest to modify the title to avoid the suggestion of a direct effect of double cycling on diaphragm thickness, by something like “Relationships between high respiratory effort and double cycling with diaphragm thickness….”

[Response]

We agree with the idea to avoid asserting the direct effect of double cycling on diaphragm thickness. Accordingly, we have revised the title as “Relationships between double cycling and respiratory effort with diaphragm thickness during the early phase of mechanical ventilation: A prospective observational study.”

3. Page 10. The issue of sedation needs more data demonstrating that sedation was reduced in “increased group”, whereas opioids were slightly higher. Patients with higher inspiratory effort commonly need more sedatives (except if excessive opioids induce higher respiratory effort in unconscious patients).

[Response]

Because each patient received different sedatives, we do not have more data demonstrating that sedation was reduced among patients with increased diaphragm thickness. Nevertheless, sedation levels in the increased group had a significant tendency to be lighter over time, which may have led to increased inspiratory effort. Maintaining spontaneous breathing effort once the patient’s condition stabilizes may be the gold standard of mechanical ventilation. However, this strategy may have harmful effects on the diaphragm, such as load-induced diaphragm injury. Thus, we investigated the relationship between sedation levels and inspiratory effort on a daily basis. We have described this issue in the introduction and discussion.

4. In the limitations section, I suggest to include the specific topic of your use of Pressure assist/control modes and whether the problem should be higher in case of using Volume-assist/control modes.

[Response]

Thank you for raising this very important issue. In the limitations section, we have added that we used only pressure-assist/control mode and that the results might be different if we used the volume-assist/control mode .

5. Your “Clinical implications” section is not supported by your results. I suggest to focus it more on the interest of avoiding double cycling by ventilator settings adjustments

[Response]

We reorganized the clinical implications section to be based on the results of this study.

We understand that the management of double cycling by ventilator adjustments is important. However, we did not include this in the clinical implications because we believe that protecting the diaphragm from excessive inspiratory effort is of greater importance.

 

Reviewer #2:

Itagaki and colleagues nicely attempt to establish a relation between an important asynchrony and diaphragm thickness. Although the text is clearly written and results presented coherently, I would suggest a few clarifications to improve the message of the manuscript.

[Response]

Thank you for reviewing our paper. We have addressed all your concerns by providing a point-by-point response. We are certain that our manuscript has significantly improved thanks to your comments. We hope that you will now find the revised manuscript suitable for publication in PLOS ONE.

1. Study rationale and hypothesis: although the background is stated it is not clear to the reader what is the author’s hypothesis being tested. What is the hypothesized role of double cycling on thickness? Please clarify the hypothesis you are testing, and especially how the timing is expected to influence (the different days).

[Response]

We rephrased the introduction to strengthen the study rationale and clarified our hypothesis by stating that “we hypothesized that double cycling is associated with increased diaphragm thickness caused by strong inspiratory effort.” It was also our concern whether the increased inspiratory effort due to lightening sedation level to maintain spontaneous breathing once patient’s condition stabilizes (probably standard strategy) would have a negative effect on the diaphragm in some cases. Therefore, we also explained this research question in the introduction.

2. Introduction: However, the effects of patient–ventilator asynchronies on VIDD have not been evaluated in clinically settings. So are you making a direct parallel between thickness and function?

[Response]

Goligher et al. measured the thickening fraction of the diaphragm (TFdi) by ultrasonography and reported shorter ICU stay in patients with TFdi, equivalent to that of healthy subjects at rest (15%–30%) (ref. 7). Patients under mechanical ventilation can present with increased and decreased diaphragm thickness, which were both associated with prolonged ventilator dependence and a higher mortality rate. Thus, in our study, sudden changes in diaphragm thickness were considered as a form of dysfunction.

3. Still on research question, this can be clarified: “Moreover, the role of respiratory effort in the occurrence of double cycling during the early phase of mechanical ventilation was evaluated”. What do you mean by role?

[Response]

We apologize for our poor phrasing. We explored the involvement of inspiratory effort in the occurrence of double cycling. We have reworded this accordingly as “involvement” instead of “role.”

4. Methods: “On days 1, 2, 3, 5 and 7 after the initiation of mechanical ventilation, the diaphragm thickness at peak inspiration and end-expiration (Tdiee) was examined via ultrasonography during spontaneous breathing”. Please be more specific to allow repeatability of your measurements. What does during spontaneous breathing means, were the patients still assisted in A-PCV (not PSV correct?). I understand the echo measurements were detailed in a previous work, but important to detail how patients were breathing when you made the measurement.

[Response]

We clarified the condition which we assumed as spontaneous breathing as follows: “On days 1, 2, and 3, esophageal pressure (Pes) was examined; the patient was assumed to be spontaneously breathing when the deflection of Pes was initiated before the rise of airway pressure (Paw). On days 3 and 7, the patient was assumed to be spontaneously breathing when actual respiratory frequency was greater than the set value for respiratory rate.”

5. P value for trend in Figure 2: can you specify how this was obtained. Simply comparing two timepoints or by analyzing the trend?

[Response]

There was a mistake in description of ANOVA used. We performed one-way ANOVA with multiple comparisons to compare the effect of time (days) on the mean change in end-expiratory diaphragm thickness, double cycling index, ΔPes, thickening fraction, RASS, and fentanyl use. Thus, the p-value in Figure 2 represents statistically significant differences between at least two time points. We collected the type of ANOVA used in statistical analysis section and clarified this in figure legend of Figure 2.

6. Please do not repeat data that was put in tables again in the text e.g for table 2.

[Response]

We removed data repeatedly written in the text that was already put in table 2.

7. Results for RASS score and sedation are presented which were not anticipated in the methods. Please adjust.

[Response]

In addition to the description of the assessment of the time-weighted Richmond Agitation–Sedation Scale (RASS) score and fentanyl use on days 1, 2, and 3 in the methods, we included the effect of sedation levels on changes in inspiratory effort as secondary endpoints.

8. Analysis of the primary endpoint: you state that the primary endpoint of the study is the “correlation between the DC index and the maximum change in D. thickness on the first 3 days”. Please specify in the statistical analysis if you analyze days separately to avoid lumping repeated measures. In the statistical analysis paragraph is useful to have the analysis of the primary endpoint come first, not last.

[Response]

We performed one-way ANOVA with multiple comparisons, and we have corrected this. We reconstructed the statistical analysis section so that the primary endpoint is mentioned first.

9. Discussion: I find you should accompany better the reader to the relation between double cycling – effort and thickness, as now it’s pretty confusing. E.g. you start by saying that “Considering that excessive inspiratory effort is a risk factor of double cycling [12, 13], double cycling and diaphragm hypertrophy are both associated with strong inspiratory efforts.” This sentence is unclear, please rephrase. I would use the first paragraph to discuss the primary outcome alone. What to grasp from the correlation between thickness and double cycling? Then introduce the effort and how this interacts.

[Response]

Thank you for the suggestion. Indeed, we tried to discuss the primary outcome alone. However, since our hypothesis was double cycling is associated with increased diaphragm thickness caused by strong inspiratory effort, it was difficult to discuss the relationship between double cycling and the diaphragm aside from inspiratory effort. Therefore, we referred to factors other than inspiratory effort as follows: “However, eccentric contraction of the diaphragm, a possible mechanism by which a certain type of asynchronies affects the diaphragm[8], and the characteristics of double cycling itself, such as increased tidal volume[11], may have still influenced diaphragm injury. Further studies are needed to clarify this issue.” Afterwards, we discussed the effort related to both double cycling and diaphragm injury, rephrasing the sentence you pointed out.

10. In addition, the discussion is imbalanced, towards effort, while the primary aim is stated to be the study of double cycling. Is this a wanted feature?

[Response]

In this revised manuscript, we clearly stated our hypothesis that double cycling is associated with increased diaphragm thickness due to strong inspiratory effort. The main message of this study is the frequent double cycling may be a surrogate marker of spontaneous breathing, which damages both the diaphragm and the lungs. We have discussed this in the clinical implications section.

Attachment

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Click here for additional data file. (24.5KB, docx)

Decision Letter 1

Steven Eric Wolf

4 Aug 2022

Relationships between double cycling and respiratory effort with diaphragm thickness during the early phase of mechanical ventilation: A prospective observational study

PONE-D-21-30599R1

Dear Dr. Itagaki,

We’re pleased to inform you that your manuscript has been judged scientifically suitable for publication and will be formally accepted for publication once it meets all outstanding technical requirements.

Within one week, you’ll receive an e-mail detailing the required amendments. When these have been addressed, you’ll receive a formal acceptance letter and your manuscript will be scheduled for publication.

An invoice for payment will follow shortly after the formal acceptance. To ensure an efficient process, please log into Editorial Manager at http://www.editorialmanager.com/pone/, click the 'Update My Information' link at the top of the page, and double check that your user information is up-to-date. If you have any billing related questions, please contact our Author Billing department directly at authorbilling@plos.org.

If your institution or institutions have a press office, please notify them about your upcoming paper to help maximize its impact. If they’ll be preparing press materials, please inform our press team as soon as possible -- no later than 48 hours after receiving the formal acceptance. Your manuscript will remain under strict press embargo until 2 pm Eastern Time on the date of publication. For more information, please contact onepress@plos.org.

Kind regards,

Steven Eric Wolf, MD

Academic Editor

PLOS ONE

Additional Editor Comments (optional):

Reviewers' comments:

Reviewer's Responses to Questions

Comments to the Author

1. If the authors have adequately addressed your comments raised in a previous round of review and you feel that this manuscript is now acceptable for publication, you may indicate that here to bypass the “Comments to the Author” section, enter your conflict of interest statement in the “Confidential to Editor” section, and submit your "Accept" recommendation.

Reviewer #1: All comments have been addressed

**********

2. Is the manuscript technically sound, and do the data support the conclusions?

The manuscript must describe a technically sound piece of scientific research with data that supports the conclusions. Experiments must have been conducted rigorously, with appropriate controls, replication, and sample sizes. The conclusions must be drawn appropriately based on the data presented.

Reviewer #1: (No Response)

**********

3. Has the statistical analysis been performed appropriately and rigorously?

Reviewer #1: (No Response)

**********

4. Have the authors made all data underlying the findings in their manuscript fully available?

The PLOS Data policy requires authors to make all data underlying the findings described in their manuscript fully available without restriction, with rare exception (please refer to the Data Availability Statement in the manuscript PDF file). The data should be provided as part of the manuscript or its supporting information, or deposited to a public repository. For example, in addition to summary statistics, the data points behind means, medians and variance measures should be available. If there are restrictions on publicly sharing data—e.g. participant privacy or use of data from a third party—those must be specified.

Reviewer #1: (No Response)

**********

5. Is the manuscript presented in an intelligible fashion and written in standard English?

PLOS ONE does not copyedit accepted manuscripts, so the language in submitted articles must be clear, correct, and unambiguous. Any typographical or grammatical errors should be corrected at revision, so please note any specific errors here.

Reviewer #1: (No Response)

**********

6. Review Comments to the Author

Please use the space provided to explain your answers to the questions above. You may also include additional comments for the author, including concerns about dual publication, research ethics, or publication ethics. (Please upload your review as an attachment if it exceeds 20,000 characters)

Reviewer #1: (No Response)

**********

7. PLOS authors have the option to publish the peer review history of their article (what does this mean?). If published, this will include your full peer review and any attached files.

If you choose “no”, your identity will remain anonymous but your review may still be made public.

Do you want your identity to be public for this peer review? For information about this choice, including consent withdrawal, please see our Privacy Policy.

Reviewer #1: Yes: RAFAEL FERNANDEZ

**********

Acceptance letter

Steven Eric Wolf

8 Aug 2022

PONE-D-21-30599R1

Relationships between double cycling and inspiratory effort with diaphragm thickness during the early phase of mechanical ventilation: A prospective observational study

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