Antonio Miceli, MD, PhD
Central Message.
A “wait and see” policy of at least of 1 week may reduce the incidence of permanent pacemaker implantation.
See Article page 41.
Permanent pacemaker implantation (PPI) is a frequent complication after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). Plenty of risk factors may affect PPI, include right bundle branch block (BBB), depth of prosthetic aortic valve implantation, oversizing or repositioning, valvuloplasty, and excessive calcium on a small aortic annulus have been associated with a higher rate of PPI after TAVR.1,2 The timing of pacemaker implantation is often variable and depends mainly on the electrophysiology cardiologist's policy. However, a period of clinical observation of up to 7 days is recommended to assess whether the rhythm disturbance is transient and will resolve.3 A multicenter retrospective analysis of 859 patients requiring PPI after cardiac surgery found that found that 30% were pacemaker-independent at 6 months.4 Interestingly, pacemaker dependency was associated with an increased risk of long-term mortality. This information raises some doubts regarding the correct timing for PPI.
In this issue of JTCVS Open, Ravaux and colleagues5 provide evidence that a number of patients receiving a PPI for atrioventricular (AV) block have their preoperative rhythm restored after several months.5 According to this meta-analysis, mean pacing dependency at 1 year was 47.5% (range, 7%-89%). As expected, patients with preoperative right BBB and those receiving self-expandable prostheses had a 2-fold increased risk of requiring PPI. The article raises 2 considerations. First, a period of “wait and see” is recommended to avoid an ineffective pacemaker implantation. Most studies have reported a median time of 3 days for PPI, whereas a minimum period of 7 days should be considered in cases of advanced AV block. This policy might reduce health costs, patient discomfort, and most of all improve survival, as pacemaker implantation has been considered a potential risk factor for poor survival at follow-up.4
Second, balloon-expandable valves should be considered over self-expandable valves in those patients with such risk factors as right BBB, small annuli, and calcified aortic valves.
This meta-analysis is limited by the small number of studies, and among the 23 studies identified, 15 reported 1-year dependency and only 6 reported the influence of baseline right BBB, atrial fibrillation, and type of valve at 1-year follow-up. The low number of studies evaluating outcomes limits the quality of this meta-analysis. Moreover, 18% of patients requiring PPI underwent PPI for bradycardia, sick sinus syndrome, or other reasons than advanced AV block. Consequently, we do not know the actual incidence of pacemaker dependency in patients with AV block. Finally, no information is reported regarding patients with new onset of left BBB who required PPI at follow-up. The presence of left BBB has been associated with a 2-fold increased risk of PPI at 1 year.6
In conclusion, even though PPI is a frequent complication after TAVR, one-half of patients do not exhibit pacemaker dependency at a 1-year follow-up. This implies the need for a “wait and see” policy of at least of 1 week to avoid inappropriate PPI.
Footnotes
Disclosures: The author reported no conflicts of interest.
The Journal policy requires editors and reviewers to disclose conflicts of interest and to decline handling or reviewing manuscripts for which they may have a conflict of interest. The editors and reviewers of this article have no conflicts of interest.
References
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