NCD risk factors	Definition
Insufficient physical activity	Physical activity was calculated according to the number of times physical activity was performed for at least 60 minutes per session in the past seven days, considering any type of physical activity that increased adolescents' heart and respiratory rate. Adolescents who performed physical activities less than 60 minutes per day in the past seven days were considered to have insufficient physically activity.20
Sedentary behaviour	Sedentary behaviour was assessed by the total screen time (sum of daily television, computer and video game time) on weekdays and weekends. Individuals who spent three or more hours per day in front of the screen were considered to be ‘sedentary’, a cut-off for total screen time used previously in studies.21
Insufficient fruits and vegetable consumption	Information was separately recorded on the number of days the respondents consumed fruits and vegetables in a typical week, and the number of servings of fruits and vegetables consumed on average per day. As recommended by WHO, the consumption of less than two servings of fruits and less than three servings of vegetables per day was classified as insufficient fruit and vegetable consumption.20
Carbonated soft drink consumption	The question ‘During the past 30 days, how many times per day did you usually drink carbonated soft drinks?’ was recoded for analysis to demonstrate any soft drink consumption. Those who responded ‘I did not drink’ or ‘<1 times/day’ were classified as ‘no consumption’ and those who said ‘1 to >5 times/day’ as were classified as ‘yes’).22
Fast food consumption	The questions ‘During the past 7 days, how many days did you eat food from a fast-food restaurant such as ... ?’ was recoded for analysis to demonstrate any fast food consumption KFC, with responses ‘0 days’ as ‘no’ and ‘1 to 7 days’ as ‘yes’.
Tobacco use	To assess any form of tobacco use, we considered those who currently smokes and currently uses any tobacco product such as chewing tobacco ‘on at least one day during the past 30 days before the survey’.23
Alcohol consumption	Those who reported having at least one drink containing alcohol during the past 30 days were classified as consuming alcohol.24
Overweight/obesity	International age- and sex-specific cut-points were used to define overweight and obesity from body mass index (BMI) calculated from weight and height measurements. School going children were categorized as overweight if their BMI z-score was more than one standard deviation (> +1 SD) from the median BMI for age and sex.23,25