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West China Journal of Stomatology logoLink to West China Journal of Stomatology
. 2022 Aug;40(4):451–456. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.7518/hxkq.2022.04.013

牙槽突裂植骨前后上颌扩弓对上颌牙槽骨位移影响的三维有限元分析

Comparative study on the effect of maxillary expansion on the displacement of maxillary alveolar bone before and after alveolar bone graft: a three-dimensional finite element analysis

Wei Yuan 1, Yan Hou 2, Peng Song 2, Xiaohuan Zhang 3, Wei Huang 2,
Editor: 李 彩
PMCID: PMC9396421  PMID: 38596963

Abstract

Objective

This paper aimed to simulate and compare the effect of maxillary expansion on the displacement of maxillary alveolar bone before and after alveolar bone graft.

Methods

On the established finite element model of the maxilla before bone grafting, ANSYS was used to simulate alveolar bone graft to form the model of maxilla after bone grafting. The same expansion force was applied to the two models, and the three-dimensional displacement of alveolar bone was observed and compared between them.

Results

Comparison of the three-dimensional displacement showed that expansion before bone grafting was significantly larger than that after bone grafting (P<0.05). For horizontal displacement, in the expansion group before bone grafting, the displacement was gradually decreased from anterior to posterior alveolar bone. In the expansion group after bone grafting, the displacement was gradually increased from anterior to posterior alveolar bone. Displacement of noncleft side alveolar bone was significantly larger than that of cleft side alveolar bone with maxillary expansion before and after alveolar bone graft (P<0.05). In terms of vertical displacement, the anteromedial alveolar bone moved downward and the posterolateral alveolar bone moved upward with maxillary expansion before and after alveolar bone graft. For sagittal displacement, the anteromedial alveolar bone moved forward and the posterolateral alveolar bone moved backward with maxillary expansion before alveolar bone graft. However, the movement trend was opposite with maxillary expansion after alveolar bone graft.

Conclusion

The three-dimensional movement with maxillary expansion before alveolar bone graft is more obvious than that after bone grafting for patients with unilateral complete cleft lip and palate. Expander should be moved backward properly with maxillary expansion before alveolar bone graft and moved forward properly and cooperated with maxillary protraction with maxillary expansion after alveolar bone graft. Meanwhile, precaution must be taken in terms of asymmetric expansion and anterior open bite in operation.

Keywords: alveolar bone graft, maxillary expansion, three dimensional displacement of alveolar bone, finite element analysis


唇腭裂术后常伴发上颌发育受限,替牙期时症状显著[1],上颌扩弓能对发育不足起到明显改善作用[2],同时也需要牙槽突裂植骨。上颌扩弓及牙槽突裂植骨两种治疗先后顺序的选择尚存在争议,以往研究主要是从提高牙槽突裂植骨成功率[3][4]及更好扩展腭中缝[2],[5]的角度进行考量。牙槽突裂植骨前后上颌扩弓对上颌骨位移变化的影响尚未见报道,且既往只是从主观感觉认为植骨前扩弓较植骨后更容易,本研究采用有限元技术对牙槽突裂植骨前后进行模拟,从三维方向观察比较上颌扩弓对牙槽骨的位移影响,以期为临床治疗提供一定理论参考。

1. 材料和方法

1.1. 牙槽突裂植骨前后上颌骨有限元模型的建立

以前期所建立的右侧完全性唇腭裂有限元模型[6]为基础,由于该模型尚未进行牙槽突裂植骨,故可认为该模型为牙槽突裂植骨前的上颌骨有限元模型(图1A),在该模型上应用ANSYS 17.0软件中布尔操作技术模拟牙槽突裂植骨,植骨范围为前鼻嵴至鼻腭孔,弹性模量为8.0×103 MPa,泊松比为0.3[7],即完成了牙槽突裂植骨后的上颌骨有限元模型的构建(图1B)。

图 1. 牙槽突裂植骨前和植骨后上颌骨模型.

图 1

Fig 1 Model of maxilla before and after alveolar bone graft

A:植骨前模型;B:植骨后模型。

1.2. 添加上颌扩弓力

在所形成的牙槽突裂植骨前后的上颌骨有限元模型上,分别施加相同的上颌扩弓力[8],施力区域为双侧上颌第一前磨牙及第一磨牙的牙槽嵴顶区,方向为平行于Inline graphic平面水平向两侧(图2),大小4.9 N,限制面设定为上颌骨后端翼颌连接区[6]

图 2. 牙槽骨区域标记点、施力部位及方向.

图 2

Fig 2 Mark points in alveolar bone, position and direction of applied force

A:植骨前模型;B:植骨后模型。标记点1:健、患侧尖牙牙尖对应牙槽骨投影点;标记点2~6:依次为健侧及患侧第一前磨牙、第二前磨牙、第一磨牙、第二磨牙、第三磨牙近中边缘嵴中点对应牙槽骨投影点。箭头附着点为施力部位,箭头指向为施力方向。

1.3. 运算分析

对植骨前扩弓(未植骨组)与植骨后扩弓(植骨组)2组模型进行运算,将三维方向位移云图中牙槽骨区域的形变趋势进行分析;在健、患侧牙槽骨区域从前向后分别选取6个节点作为标记点(图2),对其三维方向位移量进行比较;采用配对t检验(SPSS 26.0软件)比较2组位移及各组健、患侧位移有无差异,P<0.05为差异具有统计学意义。

2. 结果

2.1. 2组模型三维方向位移云图分析

2组模型三维方向位移云图见图3~5

图 3. X轴方向位移云图.

图 3

Fig 3 X-axis displacement nephogram

A:植骨前模型;B:植骨后模型。

图 5. Z轴方向位移云图.

图 5

Fig 5 Z-axis displacement nephogram

A:植骨前模型;B:植骨后模型。

X轴方向即水平向,反映了上颌骨的宽度变化。由图3A可知植骨前扩弓,患侧上颌牙槽骨区域数值均为负值,表明该侧牙槽骨均沿X轴反方向移动,健侧上颌牙槽骨区域数值均为正值,表明该侧牙槽骨均沿X轴正方向移动,即两侧牙槽骨水平向两侧移动,牙弓扩大。数值的绝对值越大表明位移量越大,由云图可知由前向后牙槽骨区域位移量逐渐降低,裂隙区位移量最大,即前部扩弓量大于后部,裂隙区扩弓最明显。由图3B可知植骨后扩弓,患侧上颌牙槽骨区域数值均为负值,表明该侧牙槽骨均沿X轴反方向移动,健侧上颌牙槽骨区域数值均为正值,表明该侧牙槽骨均沿X轴正方向移动,即两侧牙槽骨水平向两侧移动,牙弓扩大。数值的绝对值越大表明位移量越大,由云图可知由前向后牙槽骨区域位移量逐渐增大,植骨区位移量几乎为零,即前部扩弓量小于后部,植骨区无明显牙弓扩大趋势。

Y轴方向即垂直向,反映了上颌骨的高度变化。由图4可知植骨前后扩弓上颌牙槽骨前内侧均向下移动,后外侧均向上移动,即两侧牙槽骨前部高度均降低,后部高度均升高。

图 4. Y轴方向位移云图.

图 4

Fig 4 Y-axis displacement nephogram

A:植骨前模型;B:植骨后模型。

Z轴方向即矢状向,反映了上颌骨的突度变化。由图5可知,植骨前扩弓上颌牙槽骨前内侧向前移动,后外侧向后移动,植骨后扩弓则呈现相反的移动趋势,即植骨后较植骨前扩弓牙槽骨前部突度降低。

2.2. 2组模型标记点位移量的比较及统计学分析

2组健、患侧牙槽骨区域标记点三维方向位移量见表1~3,统计分析结果见表4。三维方向上未植骨组位移量均显著大于植骨组(P<0.05),X轴方向上植骨组与未植骨组健侧牙槽骨扩弓量均显著大于患侧(P<0.05)。

表 1. 2组健、患侧牙槽骨区域标记点X轴方向位移量.

Tab 1 X-axis displacement of the marked points in cleft side and noncleft side alveolar bone of two groups

标记点 未植骨组
植骨组
患侧 健侧 患侧 健侧
1 0.068 309 0.076 846 0.000 272 0.002 043
2 0.064 039 0.068 307 0.002 124 0.003 432
3 0.055 501 0.055 499 0.002 587 0.003 895
4 0.046 962 0.051 230 0.003 050 0.004 358
5 0.038 424 0.038 422 0.003 281 0.004 821
6 0.029 886 0.034 153 0.003 629 0.004 936

mm

表 3. 2组健、患侧牙槽骨区域标记点Z轴方向位移量.

Tab 3 Z-axis displacement of the marked points in cleft side and noncleft side alveolar bone of two groups

标记点 未植骨组
植骨组
患侧 健侧 患侧 健侧
1 0.007 229 0.002 453 0.001 728 0.001 075
2 0.004 808 0.005 974 0.001 075 0.000 666
3 0.003 708 0.006 854 0.000 314 0.001 101
4 0.001 067 0.006 414 0.000 102 0.001 435
5 0.000 533 0.006 194 0.000 333 0.001 319
6 0.001 226 0.006 020 0.000 166 0.001 310

mm

表 4. 统计分析结果.

Tab 4 Statistical analysis results

比较内容 t P
X轴方向:未植骨组患侧与植骨组患侧 7.370 <0.01
X轴方向:未植骨组健侧与植骨组健侧 6.980 <0.01
X轴方向:未植骨组健、患侧 2.710 <0.05
X轴方向:植骨组健、患侧 17.988 <0.01
Y轴方向:未植骨组患侧与植骨组患侧 3.232 <0.05
Y轴方向:未植骨组健侧与植骨组健侧 2.789 <0.05
Y轴方向:未植骨组健、患侧 −1.637 >0.05
Y轴方向:植骨组健、患侧 0.501 >0.05
Z轴方向:未植骨组患侧与植骨组患侧 2.956 <0.05
Z轴方向:未植骨组健侧与植骨组健侧 7.005 <0.01
Z轴方向:未植骨组健、患侧 1.581 >0.05
Z轴方向:植骨组健、患侧 1.539 >0.05

表 2. 2组健、患侧牙槽骨区域标记点Y轴方向位移量.

Tab 2 Y-axis displacement of the marked points in cleft side and noncleft side alveolar bone of two groups

标记点 未植骨组
植骨组
患侧 健侧 患侧 健侧
1 0.024 147 0.018 667 0.001 469 0.000 193
2 0.020 515 0.010 525 0.001 005 0.000 695
3 0.015 973 0.004 168 0.000 851 0.001 004
4 0.009 617 0.003 259 0.000 745 0.001 158
5 0.002 351 0.004 914 0.000 338 0.001 313
6 0.002 204 0.006 730 0.000 330 0.001 467

mm

3. 讨论

Yang等[7]选取1例上颌后缩患者的CT数据进行有限元建模,比较牙槽突裂植骨前后及不同前牵引方式下的治疗效果。Chen等[9]采用有限元技术分析单侧完全性唇腭裂患者,比较牙槽突裂植骨前后的上颌前牵引效果。本研究以前期研究模型为基础,同样应用有限元技术观察单侧完全性唇腭裂患者植骨前后的上颌扩弓情况。

以往有限元研究中观察区域的选择均为自行选取[7],[9],本研究旨在比较扩弓情况,但由于技术限制腭中缝区骨量扩展的比较尚无法在模型中进行操作,故选取牙槽骨作为观测区域,通过比较牙槽骨这一骨性区域水平向位移量,间接显示骨性扩弓情况。其中标记点由前向后分别选取尖牙牙尖、前磨牙及磨牙近中边缘嵴中点所对应的牙槽骨投影点,该标记点较稳定且易寻找,同时能准确反映牙槽骨移动情况。本研究中扩弓的施力部位、大小及方向的选择均符合临床中常规治疗模式[8],具有一定代表性。X轴方向代表了水平横向的位移情况,而扩弓治疗主要体现为牙弓的水平横向扩展,同时由于植骨前后模型的不同,在相同受力方式下可能存在垂直向及矢状向的位移差异,故对Y轴及Z轴形变也进行了考量。

有些学者主张先扩弓再植骨。Ayub等[2]对25名平均年龄10岁的单侧完全性唇腭裂患者进行上颌扩弓治疗,该患儿均存在后牙反Inline graphic且尚未行植骨手术,治疗结果显示上颌宽度及牙齿倾斜度均明显增加。Façanha等[10]临床研究发现单侧完全性唇腭裂患者植骨前行上颌扩弓,扩弓效果显著。本研究认为植骨前扩弓,可以导致上颌牙槽骨水平向位移明显增加即扩弓效果显著,与以上结果相似。Ahmed等[1]对1名伴有严重面中部发育受限的12岁双侧完全性唇腭裂患儿进行治疗,该患儿上颌牙列严重拥挤,前后牙均存在反Inline graphic,该团队首先采用上颌扩弓处理,然后进行植骨手术,结果显示上颌发育得到了明显改善,尖牙间及磨牙间宽度显著增加,且前牙区增加幅度明显大于后牙区。本研究也发现植骨前扩弓,牙槽骨区域扩弓量由前向后逐渐变小,前部扩弓量大于后部,与以上研究结果相近。还有一些学者[3][4]认为植骨前扩弓可以为手术创造更好条件进而提高植骨成功率。本研究发现植骨前扩弓,牙槽骨裂隙区扩弓明显,即可以更好打开裂隙为植骨创造空间。

也有学者认为应该先植骨再扩弓。Garib等[5]对1例已行牙槽突裂植骨的10岁单侧完全性唇腭裂患儿行上颌扩弓治疗后采用CBCT观察,发现其腭中缝已被打开且对植骨区无影响。Ayub等[2]认为植骨后扩弓,可以更好地开放腭中缝,从而起到更好的扩弓效果。本研究植骨后扩弓模型显示,牙槽骨水平方向仍有扩大趋势,表明扩弓有效,同时植骨区位移量几乎为零,表明该方法并未对植骨区造成影响,与以上研究结果相近。Yang等[11]对2名伴有严重上颌横向发育不足的12岁单侧完全性唇腭裂患儿进行上颌扩弓治疗,在治疗之前2名患儿均已完善植骨手术,扩弓结果显示腭中缝均被打开,扩弓有效,上颌宽度也均有增加,其中后部增加幅度较前部明显。本研究也发现植骨后扩弓,牙槽骨后部扩弓幅度大于前部。还有一些学者[3],[12]认为植骨后扩弓可以减少植骨量的吸收,其可能是由于扩弓治疗的刺激减缓了骨的吸收,同时促进了骨的再生[12]

唇腭裂患者植骨术后均会出现不同程度的骨吸收[13][14],余留移植骨体积及密度会有不同差异,故有限元植骨部位及模型参数的选取均会产生区别,由于条件限制,本研究仅对植骨未吸收的理想状况进行了模拟,与临床实际尚存在一定差距。同时有限元技术为一种趋势性研究,其数值并不等同于临床实际位移量,但其移动趋势可以反映临床治疗情况。本研究选用一种近似理想的植骨未吸收情况对植骨前后扩弓进行趋势性对比研究发现,牙槽骨区域植骨前扩弓三维方向移动趋势显著大于植骨后;植骨前扩弓牙槽骨前部扩弓趋势大于后部,植骨后扩弓牙槽骨后部扩弓趋势大于前部。本研究发现植骨前后扩弓健、患侧牙槽骨水平向移动均呈现不对称现象,这可能是由于颌骨缺损导致受力异常所致。同时植骨前后扩弓牙槽骨高度前部均有降低趋势,后部均有升高趋势,即可能出现前牙开Inline graphic;植骨后扩弓较植骨前扩弓牙槽骨前部突度也有降低趋势,即面中部凹陷更加明显,建议配合前牵引治疗。

综上所述,单侧完全性唇腭裂患者植骨前扩弓三维方向移动均较植骨后明显,植骨前扩弓建议扩弓器适当向后移动,植骨后扩弓建议扩弓器适当向前移动并配合前牵引治疗,同时治疗中需警惕不对称扩弓及前牙开Inline graphic的发生。

Funding Statement

[基金项目] 河北省医学科学研究课题计划(20211075)

Supported by: Medical Science Research Project in Hebei Province (20211075).

Footnotes

利益冲突声明:作者声明本文无利益冲突。

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