Abstract
Background
In recent years, traditional Chinese exercises (TCEs) have been gradually used to reduce the blood pressure levels of patients with essential hypertension. However, there are several types of TCEs, and there is no comparative study on the antihypertensive effects of various TCEs in patients with essential hypertension.
Objective
The objective is to compare the therapeutic effects of Taijiquan (TJQ), Baduanjin (BDJ), Wuqinxi (WQX), and Yijinjing (YJJ) on essential hypertension and provide a reference for clinical treatment and scheme optimization.
Methods
The China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang, China Scientific Journal Database, China Biology Medicine database (CBM), PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases were searched to collect all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of TCEs in the treatment of essential hypertension. The search time was from the establishment of each database to November 2021. After data extraction and quality evaluation, the network meta-analysis was performed with Stata 16.0 and ADDIS 1.16.8.
Results
Finally, 45 RCTs involving 3864 patients were included. Network meta-analysis showed that YJJ had the best effect in reducing systolic blood pressure, and the difference was statistically significant [MD = −14.27, 95% CI = (−20.53∼−8.08), P < 0.05]. The best probability ranking was YJJ (P=0.736) > TJQ (P=0.203) > WQX (P=0.059) > BDJ (P=0.002). In terms of reducing diastolic blood pressure, the treatment effect of YJJ was the best, and the difference was statistically significant [MD = −7.77, 95% CI (−12.19∼−3.33), P < 0.05]. The best probability ranking was YJJ (P=0.702) > TJQ (P=0.178) > WQX (P=0.095) > BDJ (P=0.025).
Conclusion
The results showed that TCEs significantly reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressure compared with the control group, and YJJ might be the best choice. However, a larger sample, multicenter, double-blinded, high-quality RCTs are needed to make clear conclusions.
1. Introduction
Hypertension is a common cardiovascular disease characterized by a continuous increase in systemic arterial blood pressure. Approximately 95% of hypertension cases are called essential hypertension, and the reason is not clear. If blood pressure continues to rise and cannot be controlled in time, serious adverse consequences may occur, such as heart failure, renal failure, and stroke [1]. Epidemiological studies have shown that the number of patients with hypertension in China has reached 245 million [2], and the prevalence rate is 29.6% (95% CI 28.9%∼30.4%), which is increasing year by year [3]. Similarly, it is estimated that by 2025, the number of patients with hypertension in the world will increase by 60%, reaching approximately 15.6 billion [4]. However, only 46% of patients with hypertension are aware of this disease, and only 14% of patients can be effectively controlled [5]. In addition, compared with high-income countries, low-income and middle-income countries are facing higher economic burdens and lower disease control rates [6].
Although most guidelines recommend the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, diuretics, and calcium channel blockers as first-line antihypertensive drugs, long-term use will lead to poor compliance of patients, dizziness, fatigue, orthostatic hypotension, bradycardia, and hypokalemia to different degrees [7]. Traditional Chinese exercises (TCEs) mainly include Baduanjin (BDJ), Taijiquan (TJQ), Wuqinxi (WQX), and Yijinjing (YJJ), which have a good effect on keeping fit and preventing diseases. After inheritance and reform, TCEs are based on the concept of the whole life of the human body, which integrates the concept of health care in traditional Chinese medicine [8]. The “National Clinical Practice Guidelines on the Management of Hypertension in Primary Health Care in China (2020)” issued in December 2020 clearly points out that TCEs such as TJQ and BDJ have antihypertensive effects and can be used as a choice of exercise mode for the management of hypertension at the grassroots level [9].
In recent years, BDJ, TJQ, and other TCEs have been gradually applied to reduce blood pressure levels in patients with essential hypertension. TJQ is gentle, consistent, and flexible and can balance yin and yang, dredge meridians, stabilize emotions, maintain the stability of vascular motor nerves, improve vascular compliance, lower blood pressure, and thus improve the quality of life of patients [10]. BDJ combines breathing toner with psychological adjustment, which can strengthen physical fitness to alleviate brain fatigue, adjust emotions, and promote hypertension patients to produce obvious antihypertensive effects [11]. Based on theories and practical guidance of traditional Chinese medicine, WQX incorporates the traditional movement of tigers, deer, bears, apes, and birds, effectively unblocking the meridians, harmonizing the internal organs, preventing diseases, and extending life expectancy [12]. YJJ mainly promotes the circulation of qi and blood and improves the physiological function of various organs by regulating the heart, qi, and posture [10]. However, there are many kinds of TCEs, and there is still a lack of comparative studies on the antihypertensive effects of different TCEs on essential hypertension patients. The relative effectiveness of TCEs cannot be evaluated, which is not conducive to the promotion and application of TCEs in lowering blood pressure and the selection of diagnosis and treatment schemes.
Network meta-analysis was developed from a traditional meta-analysis. The greatest advantage of network meta-analysis was that different interventions for the treatment of similar diseases can be summarized for quantitative analysis, sorted according to a certain result index, and then the optimal treatment plan can be selected [13]. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the curative effects of four TCEs on essential hypertension by using the network meta-analysis method according to the probability ranking to provide reliable evidence-based medicine for clinical treatment and optimal scheme selection.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Search Strategy
The China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang, China Scientific Journal Database, China Biology Medicine database (CBM), PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases were searched to collect all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of traditional Chinese exercises in the treatment of essential hypertension. The search time was from the establishment of each database to November 2021.
Taking the Embase database as an example, the specific retrieval formula is (“traditional Chinese exercises”: ti, ab, kw OR “traditional fitness exercise”: ti, ab, kw OR “traditional exercise therapy”: ti, ab, kw OR “traditional exercise”: ti, ab, kw OR “health qigong”: ti, ab, kw OR “qigong”: ti, ab, kw OR “tai chi exercise”: ti, ab, kw OR “tai chi”: ti, ab, kw OR “taijiquan”: ti, ab, kw OR “baduanjin”: ti, ab, kw OR “eight section brocade”: ti, ab, kw OR “wuqinxi”: ti, ab, kw OR “five-animal exercises”: ti, ab, kw OR “yijinjing”: ti, ab, kw) AND (“essential hypertension”: ti, ab, kw OR “hypertension”: ti, ab, kw).
2.2. Inclusion Criteria
2.2.1. Types of Study
Types of studies are RCTs of TCEs for essential hypertension.
2.2.2. Types of Participants
The patients should be definitively diagnosed with essential hypertension, and the age, sex, and source of cases are not limited. They should meet the global hypertension practice guide or other relevant authoritative diagnostic criteria formulated by the International Society of Hypertension in 2020 [14].
2.2.3. Types of Intervention
Patients in the treatment group received any kind of TCEs (TJQ, BDJ, WAX, and YJJ), while patients in the control group did not receive any exercise intervention or directly compared the above four TCEs.
2.2.4. Types of Outcomes
Types of outcomes are Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP).
2.3. Exclusion Criteria
Baselines are incomparable or not reported in the studies; there was no clear diagnosis of essential hypertension or secondary hypertension in the studies; the included cases were severe hypertension, hypertension crisis, severe heart failure, liver and kidney dysfunction, and other major diseases; non-RCTs such as self-control, cohort study, and case-control study; studies on the combination of intervention and other therapeutic methods; studies without corresponding outcomes; the information was incomplete, and the original data and full text could not be obtained after contacting the author; studies with inaccurate designs or improper statistical methods; and meeting abstracts, protocols, animal experiments, and reviews.
2.4. Literature Selection and Data Extraction
Duplicate documents were eliminated by EndNote X 9 software, and then the titles and abstracts were read independently by two reviewers for preliminary screening. Then, the full text of studies that may meet the inclusion criteria was rescreened. The following data were extracted from the included studies: first author, publication year, sample size, intervention measures, intervention period, outcomes, quality evaluation, and adverse reactions.
2.5. Risk of Bias and Quality Assessment
According to the risk bias assessment tool of the systematic review provided by the Cochrane collaboration network, two reviewers evaluated the quality of the included studies. If there were any differences in the assessment results, they were decided by the third reviewer. The assessment items included random sequence generation, concealment of distribution, blinding method, data integrity, selective reporting, and other biases. The quality of the included studies was assessed according to three options: high risk, low risk, and unclear. If the above assessment items were low risk, the evidence grade was A; if some assessment items were low risk, the evidence grade was B; and if all assessment items were high risk, the evidence grade was C. To ensure the quality of the included studies, the studies with an evidence grade of C were excluded from this study.
2.6. Statistical Analysis
After data extraction and quality assessment of the included studies, Stata 16.0 and ADDIS 1.16.8 software were used to conduct a network meta-analysis based on the Markov Chain Monte Carlo algorithm. SBP and DBP are continuous variables, so the effect value and effect quantity are expressed by the mean difference (MD) and 95% confidence interval (CI), respectively. When the 95% CI did not contain 0, there was a significant difference between the experimental group and the control group (P < 0.05). The node-split model was used to test the inconsistency. If there was no significant difference (P > 0.05), it indicates that the heterogeneity of the included studies was small, so the consistency model was used for network meta-analysis. In contrast, the inconsistency model was used for network meta-analysis. The potential scale reduction factor (PSRF) is calculated by comparing the intrachain and interchain differences. PSRF is close to 1, which indicates that the convergence is good and the consistency model analysis results are reliable.
3. Results
3.1. Literature Selection
A total of 3640 articles were retrieved from the databases, 2754 articles were obtained after preliminary screening, and RCTs [15–30], [31–45], [46–59] were ultimately included after rescreening. The literature screening process is shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1.
The literature screening process.
3.2. Basic Information of the Included Studies
In the end, a total of 45 RCTs [15–59] were included, 44 of which were double-arm trials [15–27, 29–59] and 1 RCT [28] was a three-arm trial. There were 3864 patients in total, 1962 in the experimental group and 1902 in the control group. The intervention measures of 23 RCTs [15–27, 29–38] were TJQ, 5 RCTs [39–43] were WQX, 4 RCTs [44–47] were YJJ, and 12 RCTs [48–59] were BDJ. In addition, the intervention measures of the three-arm RCT were TJQ and BDJ.
3.3. Bias Risk Assessment
The evidence levels of 45 RCTs of included studies were all B, and the baseline was reported, referring to random grouping. Thirteen RCTs [17, 19, 25, 26, 29, 31, 37, 38, 48, 50, 52, 55, 56] described the specific method of random sequence generation, and only 3 RCTs [31, 37, 38] were hidden groups. The study itself did not blind researchers and patients, and 19 RCTs [15, 17–19, 23, 24, 30, 31, 33, 36–38, 43–45, 47, 49, 53, 59] were blinded result assessments. As shown in Table 1, the data of the included studies are complete, and there are no selective reporting or other bias risks.
Table 1.
Bias risk assessment.
| Studies | Random sequence generation | Concealment of distribution | Blind method of researchers and patients | Blind method of assessments | Data integrity | Selective reporting | Other biases |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Luo [15] | Unclear | Unclear | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Zhou [16] | Unclear | Unclear | High risk | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Mao and Shao [17] | Low risk | Unclear | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Sun [18] | Unclear | Unclear | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Jing [19] | Low risk | Unclear | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Wang et al. [20] | Unclear | Unclear | High risk | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Chen and Lv [21] | Unclear | Unclear | High risk | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Sun and Sun [22] | Unclear | Unclear | High risk | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Xie and Bai [23] | Unclear | Unclear | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Zheng et al. [24] | Unclear | Unclear | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Xu [25] | Low risk | Unclear | High risk | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Jin and Pang [26] | Low risk | Unclear | High risk | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Liu [27] | Unclear | Unclear | High risk | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Shi and Miao [28] | Unclear | Unclear | High risk | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Liu et al. [29] | Low risk | Unclear | High risk | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Shou et al. [30] | Unclear | Unclear | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Zhong [31] | Low risk | Low risk | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Tsai et al. [32] | Unclear | Unclear | High risk | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Wolf et al. [33] | Unclear | Unclear | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Lo et al. [34] | Unclear | Unclear | High risk | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Nguyen and Kruse [35] | Unclear | Unclear | High risk | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Sun and Buys [36] | Unclear | Unclear | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Chan et al. [37] | Low risk | Low risk | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Ma et al. [38] | Low risk | Low risk | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Hong [39] | Unclear | Unclear | High risk | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Lin and Huang [40] | Unclear | Unclear | High risk | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Li et al. [41] | Unclear | Unclear | High risk | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Shen et al. [42] | Unclear | Unclear | High risk | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Xin [43] | Unclear | Unclear | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Hong and Wang [44] | Unclear | Unclear | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Yao [45] | Unclear | Unclear | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Feng et al. [46] | Unclear | Unclear | High risk | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Lu [47] | Unclear | Unclear | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Pan and Feng [48] | Low risk | Unclear | High risk | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Chen and Zhou [49] | Unclear | Unclear | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Chen [50] | Low risk | Unclear | High risk | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Yu [51] | Unclear | Unclear | High risk | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Lin and He [52] | Low risk | Unclear | High risk | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Yang [53] | Unclear | Unclear | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Liu [54] | Unclear | Unclear | High risk | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| He [55] | Low risk | Unclear | High risk | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Dong and Zhang [56] | Low risk | Unclear | High risk | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Liang et al. [57] | Unclear | Unclear | High risk | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Lin and Yan [58] | Unclear | Unclear | High risk | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Dong et al. [59] | Unclear | Unclear | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
3.4. Network Meta-Analysis
The network relationship of TCEs for essential hypertension is shown in Figure 2. The connection between the two blue balls indicates that RCTs can be directly compared between the two interventions, while the lack of connection indicated that RCTs cannot be directly compared, and the control group could be used as a reference for indirect comparison. The thickness of the connection between the two blue balls represents the number of RCTs compared between the two interventions. The size of the blue ball represents the number of participants in each intervention. In this study, there was a closed loop of direct evidence and indirect evidence, and the node-split model was used to test the inconsistency. The results showed that P = 0.6025 > 0.05, which indicates that the heterogeneity of the included studies was small, so the consistency model was adopted. The results of the network meta-analysis are shown in Table 2, and the probability rankings are shown in Figures 3 and 4 and Table 3. SBP and DBP negative scoring outcome indicators were ranked with the probability by Rank N. A higher Rank N represents great outcome indicators. The PSRF was close to 1.00, which indicated good convergence.
Figure 2.
The network relationship of TCEs for essential hypertension. PS: TJQ, Taijiquan; BDJ, Baduanjin; WQX, Wuqinxi; YJJ, Yijinjing; CG, control group.
Table 2.
Network meta-analysis results of TCEs for essential hypertension.
| BDJ | 1.69 (−1.47, 4.85) | 0.30 (−4.51, 5.11) | 3.42 (−1.70, 8.54) | −4.35 (−6.90, −1.78) |
| 4.56 (0.32, 8.75) | TJQ | −1.40 (−5.93, 3.15) | 1.73 (−3.12, 6.54) | −6.04 (−7.97, −4.11) |
| 1.47 (−5.36, 8.23) | −3.10 (−9.58, 3.40) | WQX | 3.12 (−2.96, 9.15) | −4.64 (−8.75, −0.55) |
| 7.02 (−0.04, 14.12) | 2.45 (−4.29, 9.31) | 5.55 (−2.99, 14.16) | YJJ | −7.77 (−12.19, −3.33) |
| −7.26 (−10.59, −3.90) | −11.81 (−14.48, −9.09) | −8.72 (−14.6, −2.79) | −14.27 (−20.53, −8.08) | Control group |
∗ Blank part is SBP and the gray part is DBP. PS: TJQ, Taijiquan; BDJ, Baduanjin; WQX, Wuqinxi; YJJ, Yijinjing; CG, control group.
Figure 3.
The probability ranking of TCEs for essential hypertension on SBP score. PS: TJQ, Taijiquan; BDJ, Baduanjin; WQX, Wuqinxi; YJJ, Yijinjing; CG, control group.
Figure 4.
The probability ranking of TCEs for essential hypertension on DBP score. PS: TJQ, Taijiquan; BDJ, Baduanjin; WQX, Wuqinxi; YJJ, Yijinjing; CG, control group.
Table 3.
The best probability ranking of TCEs for essential hypertension.
| Interventions | SBP | DBP |
|---|---|---|
| BDJ | 0.002 | 0.025 |
| TJQ | 0.203 | 0.178 |
| WQX | 0.059 | 0.095 |
| YJJ | 0.736 | 0.702 |
PS: TJQ, Taijiquan; BDJ, Baduanjin; WQX, Wuqinxi; YJJ, Yijinjing; CG, control group.
3.4.1. SBP
The SBP score was reported in 45 RCTs [15–30], [31–45], [46–59] involving 4 TCEs. There were significant differences between the four TCE groups and the control group in reducing diastolic blood pressure scores BDJ [MD = −7.26, 95% CI (−10.59∼−3.90), P < 0.05], TJQ [MD = −11.81, 95% CI (−14.48∼−9.09), P < 0.05], WQX [MD = −8.72, 95% CI (−14.6∼−2.79), P < 0.05], and YJJ [MD = −14.27, 95% CI = (−20.53∼−8.08), P < 0.05]12. As shown in Figure 3, YJJ had 0.736 probability in ranking 5 among the treatments, which meant YJJ was more likely to yield the best treatment outcome on the SBP score. The probability ranking was YJJ (P=0.736) > TJQ (P=0.203) > WQX (P=0.059) > BDJ (P=0.002).
3.4.2. DBP
The DBP score was reported in 45 RCTs [15–30],[31–45],[46–59] involving 4 TCEs. There were significant differences between the four TCE groups and the control group in reducing diastolic blood pressure scores BDJ [MD = −4.35, 95% CI (−6.90∼−1.78), P < 0.05], TJQ [MD = −6.04, 95% CI (−7.97∼−4.11), P < 0.05], WQX [MD = −4.64, 95% CI (−8.75∼−0.55), P < 0.05], and YJJ [MD = −7.77, 95% CI (−12.19∼−3.33), P < 0.05]. [12] As shown in Figure 4, YJJ had 0.702 probability in ranking 5 among the treatments, which meant YJJ was more likely to yield the best treatment outcome on the DBP score. The probability ranking was YJJ (P=0.702) > TJQ (P=0.178) > WQX (P=0.095) > BDJ (P=0.025).
4. Discussion
Hypertension is a common and frequently occurring disease, an important cause and risk factor for various cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and one of the major causes of death of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Essential hypertension is characterized by slow onset and lack of characteristic symptoms, which are mainly higher than normal blood pressure. Its goal is to minimize the total risk of cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality and improve physical activity and quality of life. [60] In other words, it is of great significance to find other methods to control blood pressure in addition to drugs to reduce the mortality of cardiovascular diseases and improve the quality of life of residents. At present, the TCEs promoted by the General Administration of Sport of China mainly include BDJ, TJQ, YJJ, and WQX, which are easy to learn, are easy for patients to accept, and have moderate exercise intensity. TCEs have been inherited and reformed based on the holistic view of human life, combining Chinese medicine health care with Chinese medicine health preservation, which plays a very good role in strengthening the body and preventing disease [8, 12]. In recent years, it has achieved remarkable curative effects in treating essential hypertension and gradually gained popularity [61].
The purpose of this study was to objectively compare the effects of 4 TCEs on essential hypertension by network meta-analysis and probability ranking of 45 RCTs with SBP and DBP scores as outcomes. The results showed that TCEs significantly reduced SBP and DBP scores compared with the control group, and YJJ might be the best choice. This study provides an evidence-based medicine reference for patients with essential hypertension to choose different TCEs, and it has a certain reference value for guiding patients with essential hypertension to choose the best scheme in the future.
TJQ, BDJ, YJJ, and other TCEs combine music with exercise and guide action with consciousness so that form and spirit can be interlinked and thus spirit can reach the realm. Through manipulation exercise, the function of viscera can be stimulated, and the qi, blood, and body fluid can be reconciled. The internal yin and yang rise and fall orderly, and the external muscles and bones are luxuriant so that the human body tends to relax and achieve the purpose of lowering blood pressure [62]. “Normalization, stability, and comprehensiveness” are the three principles of treatment for patients with hypertension [7, 9]. Exercise therapy mainly focuses on lowering peripheral blood pressure and advocates aerobic exercise with low and medium intensity. TCEs can not only reduce blood pressure to a certain extent but also regulate the body's reaction to exercise, thus promoting the recovery of patients. [60] Patients with hypertension can choose the corresponding TCEs according to their own actual situation, persistently eliminate the disease and improve their quality of life. In addition, it is also very important to prevent and treat hypertension and effectively reduce the risk of elderly individuals and chronic diseases. It is an urgent problem to popularize the concept of “prevention is more important than cure” and even to implant it into the national consciousness.
YJJ pays more attention to the exercise of posture, breathing, and mind than other TCEs and exercises according to the movement of the twelve meridians and Ren and Du—two Mai. That is, every potential method corresponds to dredging a meridian. [63] Hong's research [44] shows that through a specific posture, the whole muscle and vein are in a highly active state, and the qi in the body is urged to move according to a specific trajectory to achieve the effect of dredging meridians, activating qi and blood, preventing diseases, and keeping fit. [47] Studies have also shown that exercising the vagus nerve for 1 hour in the morning can improve myocardial ischemia and hypoxia and reduce the occurrence of diseases such as hypertension and atherosclerosis, which may be related to maintaining a high level of vagus nerve tension, thus strengthening the regulation of autonomic nerve function. [64] At present, there are relatively few studies on YJJ in treating essential hypertension, and its mechanism of action is not clear, which may become a breakthrough in future research.
Although this study follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Network Meta-Analysis [65, 66], there are still some limitations. All the included studies were published in English and Chinese, and a lack of relevant gray literature may lead to selection bias of the literature. The sample size of the included studies was small, and the quality evaluation evidence level was medium. Only 3 RCTs [31, 37, 38] used opaque envelopes to hide the study groups. This study is difficult for blind researchers and patients, so it does not rule out the possibility of bias. The stage of hypertension, intervention period (6 [26]–48 weeks [33, 36, 51]), intervention frequency, duration of each intervention, and subjectivity of outcome index measurement may affect the results of network meta-analysis.
5. Conclusion
In conclusion, the results showed that TCEs significantly reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressure compared with the control group, and YJJ might be the best choice. However, a larger sample, multicenter, double-blinded, high-quality RCTs are needed to make clear conclusions.
Acknowledgments
This study was supported by the Shandong Traditional Chinese Medicine Science and Technology Development Planning (No. 2017-018), Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research and Innovation Outstanding Team (No. 220316), and Shandong Provincial Universities Scientific Research Development Planning (No. J18KB130).
Data Availability
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.
Ethical Approval
This study did not need ethical approval because this article is a network meta-analysis without the participation of patients or animals. This article will be submitted to experts in this field for peer review and will be widely disseminated at home and abroad.
Conflicts of Interest
All authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Authors' Contributions
Lingling Li designed and wrote this study. Hailiang Huang and Ying Yu provided guidance regarding the methodology. Jiao Song and Mengdie Yang took part in the data selection and extraction.
Supplementary Materials
S1: PRISMA_2020_checklist.
References
- 1.Hui Q. C., Xu R. Overview of hypertension treatment by TCM and western medicine. Acta Chinese Medicine and Pharmacology . 2019;47(5):120–125. [Google Scholar]
- 2.China Cardiovascular Health and Disease Reporting Group. The writing committee of the report on cardiovascular health diseases in China. Chinese Circulation Journal . 2020;35(9):833–854. [Google Scholar]
- 3.Wang J., Zhang L., Wang F., Liu L. The results of the national survey on the incidence, awareness, treatment and control rate of hypertension in China. Chinese Journal of Hypertension . 2015;23(3):p. 298. [Google Scholar]
- 4.Kearney P. M., Whelton M., Reynolds K., Muntner P., Whelton P. K., He J. Global burden of hypertension: analysis of worldwide data. The Lancet . 2005;365(9455):217–223. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(05)17741-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5.Mills K. T., Bundy J. D., Reed T. N., et al. Global disparities of hypertension prevalence and control. Circulation . 2016;134(6):441–450. doi: 10.1161/circulationaha.115.018912. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 6.Mills K. T., Stefanescu A., He J. The global epidemiology of hypertension. Nature Reviews Nephrology . 2020;16(4):223–237. doi: 10.1038/s41581-019-0244-2. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 7.Yang S. Clinical characteristics of antihypertensive drugs used in elderly patients with hypertension. Electronic Journal of Clinical Medical Literature . 2016;3(25):5003–5006. [Google Scholar]
- 8.Yu Y. Network meta-analysis of four kinds of traditional Chinese fitness exercises in the treatment of osteoporosis in the elderly. China Sport Science and Technology . 2020;56(9):37–44. [Google Scholar]
- 9.The National Essential Public Health Service Program Office for Management of Hypertension in Primary Health Care, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases. National Committee on Hypertension Management in Primary Health Care. National clinical practice guidelines on the management of hypertension in primary health care in China (2020) Chinese Circulation Journal . 2021;36(3):209–220. [Google Scholar]
- 10.Gao M. L., Zhao X., Sun M. X., Wang Y. J. Research progress on the therapeutic effect of traditional health preserving methods on essential hypertension. Chinese Journal of Gerontology . 2020;40(18):4019–4022. [Google Scholar]
- 11.Yang X. W., Chen Y., Liu M. X. Clinical research progress of the influence of traditional exercise therapy on patients with hypertension. Clinical Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine . 2018;30(1):156–158. [Google Scholar]
- 12.Li L. Huang H. Song J., Yu Y. Jia Y., Wang Y., Dang X., Huang L. Liu X. Network meta-Analysis of the effects of different types of traditional Chinese exercises on pulmonary function, endurance capacity and quality of life in patients with COPD. Frontiers of Medicine . 2022;9 doi: 10.3389/fmed.2022.806025.806025 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 13.Tian J. H., Li L., Zhao Y., Ge L. Writing and reporting of network meta-analysis. Chinese Journal of Drug Evaluation . 2013;30(6):321–323. [Google Scholar]
- 14.Unger T. Borghi C. Charchar F., Khan F. Poulter N. A., Prabhakaran N. R., Ramirez D., Schlaich A., Stergiou M., Tomaszewski G. S. Schutte A. E. 2020 International Society of Hypertension global hypertension practice guidelines. Journal of Hypertension . 2020;38(6):982–1004. doi: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000002453. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 15.Luo H. Clinical study of Taijiquan combined with drugs in the treatment of essential hypertension. China Medical Herald . 2006;33:43–44. [Google Scholar]
- 16.Zhou S. W. Effects of Taijiquan on blood pressure and lipid profile in patients with stage I essential hypertension. International Medicine and Health Guidance News . 2007;15:60–64. [Google Scholar]
- 17.Mao H. N., Shao P. Effect of Taijiquan exercise on blood pressure, plasma nitrogen monoxidum and endothelin in hypertensive patients. Chinese Journal of Clinical Rehabilitation . 2006;48:65–67. [Google Scholar]
- 18.Sun Q. Q. Reserach on the Effect of Middle-Aging and Elderly High Blood Pressure Patients Quality of Life by Practice Tai chi . Beijing: Dissertation, Beijing Sport University; 2010. [Google Scholar]
- 19.Jing Z. K. Empirical Reserach of the Effection of 24 Style Taichi Exercises with Medium Intensity and Low Intensity on the Prevention of the Essential Hypertension . Beijing China: Dissertation, Beijing Sport University; 2011. [Google Scholar]
- 20.Wang X. J., Li Y. J., Liu N. N. Empirical study of Taijiquan interventions on the prevention and cure of hypertension. Journal of Beijing Sport University . 2011;34(9):75–77. [Google Scholar]
- 21.Chen F. Z., Lv Q. B. Influence of Taijiquan on blood pressure of hypertensive patients. Modern Nursing . 2013;21(4):18–19. [Google Scholar]
- 22.Sun F., Sun C. F. Intervention effect of Taijiquan exercise on hypertension in the elderly. Chinese Journal of Gerontology . 2014;34(24):6862–6864. [Google Scholar]
- 23.Xie H. J., Bai C. Q. Gaseous signal molecular mechanism of Taijiquan’s intervention in aged essential hypertension. Journal of Wuhan Institute of Physical Education . 2014;48(2):51–63. [Google Scholar]
- 24.Zheng Y. C., Chen L., Yang J. Q. Taijiquan systematic reviews of primary effect on blood pressure and quality of life of patients with hypertension. Journal of Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine . 2015;17(4):143–146. [Google Scholar]
- 25.Xu H. Effect of 24-type simplified Taijiquan on blood pressure and quality of life in patients with essential hypertension. Hubei Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine . 2016;38(7):38–39. [Google Scholar]
- 26.Jin H. L., Pang J. J. Effects of Taijiquan on 24-hour dynamic blood pressure and vascular function in patients with primary mild hypertension. Chinese Journal of Sports Medicine . 2016;35(3):224–227. [Google Scholar]
- 27.Liu J. Study on intervention of essential hypertension group by Taichi combined with health management. Guiding Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy . 2017;23(5):64–66. [Google Scholar]
- 28.Shi Z. B., Miao Z. L. Study on the treatment of grade 1 hypertension by traditional Chinese medicine sports therapy. Chinese Manipulation and Rehabilitation Medicine . 2017;8(20):51–52. [Google Scholar]
- 29.Liu T., Huang Q. D., Liu W. Z. Effect of Taijiquan exercise on blood pressure, hemorheology and long-term quality of life in elderly patients with hypertension. Chinese Journal of Gerontology . 2018;38(6):1396–1398. [Google Scholar]
- 30.Shou X. L., Wang L., Zhu L. Y., Ren A. H., Wang Q. N. Effect of Taichi chuan on emotion and heart rate variability of in-service hypertension patients. China Modern Doctor . 2018;56(29):95–99. [Google Scholar]
- 31.Zhong D. Taijiquan for Essential Hypertension: A Systematic Review and Mechanism Research . Chengdu, Sichuan, China: Dissertation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; 2019. [Google Scholar]
- 32.Tsai J. C., Wang W. H., Lin P., et al. The beneficial effects of tai chi chuan on blood pressure and lipid profile and anxiety status in a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Alternative & Complementary Medicine . 2003;9(5):747–754. doi: 10.1089/107555303322524599. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 33.Wolf S. L., O’Grady M., Easley K. A., Guo Y., Kressig R. W., Kutner M. The influence of intense tai chi training on physical performance and hemodynamic outcomes in transitionally frail, older adults. The Journals of Gerontology: Series A . 2006;61(2):184–189. doi: 10.1093/gerona/61.2.184. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 34.Lo H. M., Yeh C. Y., Chang S. C., Sung H. C., Smith G. D. A Tai Chi exercise programme improved exercise behaviour and reduced blood pressure in outpatients with hypertension. International Journal of Nursing Practice . 2012;18(6):545–551. doi: 10.1111/ijn.12006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 35.Nguyen M. H., Kruse A. The effects of Tai Chi training on physical fitness, perceived health, and blood pressure in elderly Vietnamese. Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine . 2012;3:7–16. doi: 10.2147/oajsm.s27329. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 36.Sun J., Buys N. Community-based mind-body meditative tai chi program and its effects on improvement of blood pressure, weight, renal function, serum lipoprotein, and quality of life in Chinese adults with hypertension. The American Journal of Cardiology . 2015;116(7):1076–1081. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2015.07.012. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 37.Chan A. W. K. Chair S. Y. Lee D. T. F., Leung D. Y. P. Sit J. W. H., Cheng H. Y. Piliae R. E. Tai Chi exercise is more effective than brisk walking in reducing cardiovascular disease risk factors among adults with hypertension: a randomised controlled trial. International Journal of Nursing Studies . 2018;88:44–52. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2018.08.009. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 38.Ma C. H., Zhou W., Tang Q., Huang S. The impact of group-based Tai chi on health-status outcomes among community-dwelling older adults with hypertension. Heart & Lung . 2018;47(4):337–344. doi: 10.1016/j.hrtlng.2018.04.007. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 39.Hong C. X. Effects of Wuqinxi on blood pressure and C-reactive protein in patients with hypertension. World Health Digest . 2007;4(8):26–27. [Google Scholar]
- 40.Lin H., Huang S. J. Promoting effect of Qigong Wuqinxi on rehabilitation of elderly patients with hypertension. Chinese Journal of Gerontology . 2013;33(7):1645–1647. [Google Scholar]
- 41.Li W., Li H., Luan H. R. Study for the intervention effect of Wuqinxi for elder hypertension patients with obesity. Medical Information . 2015;9:48–49. [Google Scholar]
- 42.Shen A. M., Wei Y., Hua J. J. Effect of Wuqinxi on blood pressure and quality of life of elderly patients with essential hypertension in stage I and II. Proceedings of the training conference on writing scientific papers for doctors in primary medical institutions; 2016; p. p. 2148. [Google Scholar]
- 43.Xin S. C. Different Excercise Duration of Qigong Wuqinxi for Intervention in Patients . Beijing China: Dissertation, Beijing Sport University; 2016. [Google Scholar]
- 44.Hong H., Wang Y. L. Research of hypertension intervention effect through Shaolin Yijinjing. Journal of Wuhan Institute of Physical Education . 2017;51(7):74–79. [Google Scholar]
- 45.Yao B. K. Research of Intervention Effects on Mind of Hyperpietic through Shaolin Yijinjing . Kaifeng: Dissertation, Henan University; 2017. [Google Scholar]
- 46.Feng X. Z., Zhang L. J., Ma X. J., Zhou J. Z. Clinical efficacy of Yijing exercise therapy combined with drugs in the treatment of essential hypertension. China Health Care and Nutrition . 2019;29(15):p. 343. [Google Scholar]
- 47.Lu J. M. The Intervention Effect of Shaolin Yijinjing on Psychological Anxiety of Patients with Hypertension . Kaifeng: Dissertation, Henan University; 2020. [Google Scholar]
- 48.Pan H. S., Feng Y. C. Clinical observation of rehabilitation therapy with health Qigon Baduanjin on grade 1 hypertension of old patients. Journal of Nanjing Sports Institute . 2010;9(1):4–6. [Google Scholar]
- 49.Chen H., Zhou Y. N. Effect of Baduanjin on blood pressure and serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in patients with essential hypertension. Chinese Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine . 2012;27(2):178–179. [Google Scholar]
- 50.Chen Q. Y. The Mechanism of Baduanj Qigong Reduce Blood Pressure of Type 1 Hypertension from Vascular Endothelium Function . Dissertation, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; 2013. [Google Scholar]
- 51.Yu H. L. Clinical observation on 104 cases of hypertension and obesity treated by Baduanjin exercise therapy. Chinese Journal for Clinicians . 2013;41(8):47–48. [Google Scholar]
- 52.Lin F., He Q. X. Observation on therapeutic effect of Tianjin exercise on elderly patients with grade 1 hypertension. Chinese Journal of Geriatric Care . 2014;12(3):25–26. [Google Scholar]
- 53.Yang H. Effect of Baduanjin on Cardiovascular Autonomic Nerve Regulation and on the Quality of Life in Patients with Hypertension . China: Dissertation, Hebei United University; 2014. [Google Scholar]
- 54.Liu X. H. Baduanjin for Patients with Essential Hypertension of Level 1, 2, the Effect of Intervention . Guilin, Guangxi, China: Dissertation, Guangxi Normal University; 2014. [Google Scholar]
- 55.He X. Rehabilitation therapeutic effect of baduanjin training in aged patients with hypertension. Chinese Journal of Cardiovascular Rehabilitation Medicine . 2015;24(3):252–254. [Google Scholar]
- 56.Dong C. L., Zhang Y. L. Application of Baduanjin on grade primary hypertension control of middle-aged patients. Nursing Journal of Chinese People’s Liberation Army . 2016;33(20):32–35. [Google Scholar]
- 57.Liang H. Y., Huang C. Y., Li D. H. Effect of Baduanjin on blood pressure and quality of life in patients with isolated systolic hypertension. Chinese Manipulation and Rehabilitation Medicine . 2016;7(16):12–15. [Google Scholar]
- 58.Lin Q., Yan X. Promoting effect of fitness Baduanjin on rehabilitation of elderly patients with hypertension. Chinese Journal of Gerontology . 2017;37(12):3024–3026. [Google Scholar]
- 59.Dong D. G., Yu Z. D., Yu Z. S. Intervention effect of fitness Qigong Baduanjin on hypertensive patients with excessive phlegm-dampness. Chinese Journal of Applied Physiology . 2020;36(2):157–160. doi: 10.12047/j.cjap.5924.2020.035. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 60.Tang Q., Zhang A. R. Rehabilitation of Essential Hypertension . Clinical Rehabilitation, People’s Medical Publishing House; 2012. pp. 238–243. [Google Scholar]
- 61.Yan F. A Comparison of Chinese Traditional Exercise and Western Modern Exercise . Wuhan China: Dissertation, Wuhan Sports University; 2020. [Google Scholar]
- 62.Zhang J., Song C. M., Gao C. Y., Zhang L. F. Meta-analysis of clinical effects of TCM traditional exercise in the treatment for primary hypertension. Western Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine . 2021;34(5):79–84. [Google Scholar]
- 63.Chai Y., Yan W. B. Yijing guidance method: starting human the twelve meridians. TCM Healthy Life-Nurturing . 2016;47(10):12–13. [Google Scholar]
- 64.Zhang W. C., Zhong Z. B., Ji N. W., Wang H., Luo L. Effect of Qigong Yijinjing on heart rate variability of middle-aged and old people under normal load. Chinese Journal of Gerontology . 2010;30(4):448–449. [Google Scholar]
- 65.Hutton B., Salanti G., Caldwell D. M., et al. The PRISMA extension statement for reporting of systematic reviews incorporating network meta-analyses of health care interventions: checklist and explanations. Annals of Internal Medicine . 2015;162(11):777–784. doi: 10.7326/m14-2385. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 66.Sosa-Reina M. D., Nunez-Nagy S., Gallego-Izquierdo T., Pecos-Martín D., Monserrat J., Álvarez-Mon M. Effectiveness of therapeutic exercise in fibromyalgia syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. BioMed Research International . 2017;2017:14. doi: 10.1155/2017/2356346.2356346 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Supplementary Materials
S1: PRISMA_2020_checklist.
Data Availability Statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.