Table 1.
Characteristics of the studies included in this meta-analysis.
| Information about the Study | Clinical Information | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First Author | Location | Year | Total Sample | T2DM and Depression | T2DM without Depression | Assessment of Depression | Time since Diagnosis (in Years) | Comorbidities | Complications |
| Yasui-Furukori [13] | Hirosaki | 2019 | 435 | 68 | 367 | CES-D | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Ji L [14] | China | 2019 | 162 | 30 | 132 | PHQ-9 | 10.5 ± 8.0 | N/A | 89.5% Diabetic peripheral neuropathy |
| Azniza MR [15] | Malaysia | 2019 | 511 | 164 | 347 | M-GDS-14 | 8.57±5.57 | 44% Comorbidities | 75% Diabetic complication |
| Li CI [16] | Taiwan | 2019 | 32,829 | 1041 | 31,788 | ICD-9-CM | 7.23 | 36.4% Obesity, 4.88% stroke, 8.66% CAD, 2.47% CHF, 2.03% cancer, 25.86% hyperlipidemia, 45.40% HA, 0.49% atrial fibrillation, 9.69% chronic hepatitis, 4.45% COPD, 0.38% hypoglycemic | N/A |
| Akpalu J [17] | Ghana | 2018 | 400 | 125 | 275 | PHQ-9 | 9.1 ± 7.3 | 47.2% Obesity, 79.5% HA | N/A |
| Fung ACH [18] | Hong Kong | 2018 | 325 | 42 | 283 | GDS-15 | 12.0±8.3 | 29% CAD, stroke, 52% CVC, chronic kidney disease, and any form of cancer | N/A |
| Ma Y [19] | Beijing | 2018 | 245 | 114 | 131 | ATQ-30, SDS | 9.33±1.9 | N/A | N/A |
| Sidhu R [20] | Canada | 2017 | 41 | 6 | 35 | PHQ-9 | N/A | N/A | 51.2% Distress |
| Ismail K [21] | London | 2017 | 1651 | 232 | 1419 | PHQ-9 | N/A | N/A | 1.45% MI, 0.72% stroke, 0.78% incident carotid/limb revascularization or amputation, 2.42% incident macrovascular, 9.81% retinopathy, 6.8% neuropathy, 9.4% nephropathy, 23.5% microvascular complications |
| Arshad AR [22] | Pakistan | 2016 | 133 | 51 | 82 | PHQ-9 | 3 | 48.87% HA | N/A |
| Brieler JA [23] | USA | 2016 | 1174 | 40 | 1134 | ICD-9-CM codes | N/A | 4.9% anxiety disorder, 74.1% obesity, 65.8% hyperlipidemia, 83.3% HA, 33.9% CVD | N/A |
| Mushtaque A [24] | India | 2016 | 80 | 31 | 49 | HAM-D | 4.58±2.12 | N/A | N/A |
| Nicolau J [25] | Spain | 2016 | 200 | 100 | 100 | BDI | 12.81±10.24 | N/A | 69.5% HA, 49% dyslipidemia, 16.5% CAD, 5.5% stroke, 46% obesity, 5% vasculopathy, 4.5% chronic kidney disease, 4% CHF, 7.5% nephropathy, 9% retinopathy, 10.5% neuropathy, 3% diabetic foot |
| Gorska-Ciebiada [26] | Poland | 2015 | 189 | 57 | 132 | GDS-30 | 8.69 ± 6.23 | 13.4% Lung disease, 20.6% atrial fibrillation, 21% CHF, 39.8% gastrointestinal tract disease, 21.7% kidney disease, 26.8% thyroid disease, 39.5% CVD | 78.9% Hyperlipidemia, 43.8% retinopathy, 35.1% nephropathy, 20.2% neuropathy, 42.3% hypoglycemia |
| Ascher-Svanum H [27] | Europe | 2015 | 971 | 485 | 486 | EuroQol-5D | 9.96±7.01 | N/A | 31.4% Macrovascular, 37.7% microvascular |
| Zhang Y [11] | China | 2015 | 545 | 96 | 449 | PHQ-9 | 6.0±3.0 | 78.9% HA, 85.3% dyslipidemia, 30.5 albuminuria | 9.7% CVD, 20.6% retinopathy, 1.8% chronic kidney disease, 2.4% sensory neuropathy |
| Zhang Y [11] | China | 2015 | 545 | 97 | 449 | CES-D | 6.0±3.0 | 78.9% HA, 85.3% dyslipidemia, 30.5 albuminuria | 9.7% CVD, 20.6% retinopathy, 1.8% chronic kidney disease, 2.4% sensory neuropathy |
| Luca A [29] | Italy | 2015 | 128 | 65 | 63 | HAM-D | 11.9±9.9 | N/A | N/A |
| Palta P [30] | USA | 2014 | 564 | 218 | 346 | Short-CARE | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Zhang Y [28] | China | 2015 | 2538 | 155 | 2383 | PHQ-9 | 6.0±2.0 | 78.5% HA, 91.3% dyslipidemia | 8.3% CAD, 3.6% stroke, 13.2% sensory neuropathy, 11.9% retinopathy, 15.9% peripheral vascular disease, 2.4% chronic kidney disease, 18.7% microalbuminuria, 5.7% microalbuminuria, 0.4% end-stage renal disease |
| Hayashino Y [31] | Japan | 2014 | 3573 | 122 | 3451 | PHQ-9 | 14.6±10.1 | 16.5% CVD, 9.8% cancer, 0.22% arthritis | 41.9% Retinopathy, 54.4% nephropathy |
| Gorska-Ciebiada [32] | Poland | 2014 | 276 | 82 | 194 | GDS-30 | 8.69 ± 6.23 | 39.5% CVD, 5.07% Stroke, 77.17% HA, 78.9% hyperlipidemia | 43.8% Retinopathy, 35.1% nephropathy, 20.2% neuropathy |
| Tsujii S [33] | Japan | 2012 | 3305 | 919 | 2386 | CES-D | 13.8 ±9.8 | N/A | N/A |
| Mathew CS [34] | India | 2012 | 80 | 31 | 49 | MDI, BDI | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Hamer M [35] | London | 2011 | 4338 | 498 | 3840 | CES-D | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Stanković Z [36] | Serbia | 2011 | 90 | 46 | 44 |
PHQ, MINI, BDI, | 11.96±6.34 | N/A | 86.6% Neuropathy, 42.2% retinopathy, 21.1% nephropathy |
| Fisher L [37] | USA | 2011 | 483 | 256 | 227 | PHQ-8 | 7.6±6.1 |
N/A | N/A |
| Calhoun D [38] | USA | 2010 | 581 | 61 | 520 | CES-D | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Yu R [39] | China | 2010 | 100 | 28 | 72 | SDS | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Egede LE [4] | South Carolina | 2010 | 201 | 40 | 161 | CES-D | 12.5±9.1 | N/A | N/A |
| Lee HJ [40] | Maryland | 2009 | 49 | 23 | 26 | BDI-II; IDS-SR | 11.9±8.49 | N/A | 29.1% CAD, 78.2% hypertension, 67.3% hyperlipidemia, 65.5% obesity, 12.7% nephropathy, 40% neuropathy, 21.8% retinopathy |
| Richardson LK [41] | USA | 2008 | 11,525 | 696 | 10,829 | ICD-9-CM | N/A | 6.05% Stroke, 26.6% CHD, 51.85% HA | N/A |
| Daly EJ [42] | Texas | 2007 | 89 | 65 | 24 | PHQ-2, QIDS-SR | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| de Groot M [43] | USA | 1999 | 39 | 10 | 29 | SCID | 11.1±6.35 | N/A | N/A |
CESD-R: Center Epidemiología studies Depresión scale-Revisen; PHQ-9: patient health questionnaire- 9; CHF: congestive heart failure; CAD: coronary artery disease.