Table 2.

Recent advances in nanomedicines for overcoming chemotherapeutic resistance.

Nanoformulation	Name	Particle Size	Payload	Reversal Mechanism of Drug Resistance	Cell Line	Tumor Model	Reference
Polymeric micelles	ACP-Dox and Apa micelles	104 ± 2 nm	DOX and apatinib	Inhibit P-gp activity	MCF-7/ADR cells	MCF-7/ADR tumor-bearing mice	[127]
	HA-PLGA (PTX and FAK siRNA)-NPs	232.9 ± 6.9 nm	PTX and FAK siRNA	siRNA-mediated silencing of FAK	HeyA8-MDR and SKOV3-TR cells	Drug-resistant, patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model	[128]
	ACP-R837 and PPP-DOX	~110 nm	R837 and DOX	Synergistic chemo-immunotherapy	4T1 cells	4T1 tumor-bearing mice	[129]
	NC-DOX	~122 nm	DOX and IR780	Combined chemotherapy/PTT/PDT	MCF-7/ADR cells	MCF-7/ADR tumor-bearing mice	[130]
Polymeric nanoparticles	Dox-Cur-NDs	55.1 ± 3.0 nm	DOX and CUR	Down-regulate the expression of P-gp	A2780 ADR cells	A2780 ADR tumor-bearing mice	[131]
	[FeFe]TPP/GEM/FCS NPs	176.0 ± 17.2 nm	Gemcitabine and [FeFe]TPP	Reduce the of function P-gp efflux pump	T24 cells	T24 tumor-bearing mice	[132]
	IGU-PLGA-NPs	199.6 nm	Iguratimod	Facilitate BBB penetration and inhibit GSCs proliferation and stemness	U87 and U251TMZ-R cells	U87 tumor-bearing mice	[133]
Liposomes	rTLM-PEG, PTX liposomes	/	PTX and trichosanthin	Reverse caspase 9 phosphorylation and induce caspase 3-dependent apoptosis	A549/T cells	A549/T tumor-bearing mice	[134]
	PTX/NO/DMA-L	146.3 ± 0.82 nm	PTX and DETA NONOate	NO-mediated down-regulation of P-gp	A549/T cells	A549/T tumor-bearing mice	[135]
	CBZ liposomes	108.53 ± 1.5 nm	CBZ	G2/M phase arrest	MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells	Female SD rats	[136]
	Lip (Ap-Dox)	128.6 nm	Ap-Dox complex	Bypass the P-gp-mediated drug efflux	MCF-7/ADR cells	MCF-7/ADR tumor-bearing nude mice	[137]
	(DEX and DTX)-Lip	74.02 ± 0.41 nm	DTX and dexamethasone	Overcome stroma obstacles	Multidrug-resistant KBv cells and 4 T1 cells	Multidrug-resistant KBv and metastatic 4 T1 tumor models	[138]
	FPL-DOX/IM	159 ± 6 nm	DOX and imatinib	Inhibit ABC transporter function	MCF-7/ADR cells	MCF-7/ADR tumor-bearing mice	[139]
	PpIX/Dox liposomes	55.9 ± 20.9 nm	DOX and PpIX	Disrupt the structure of P-gp	MCF-7/ADR cells	MCF-7/ADR tumor-bearing mice	[140]
Nanogels	LNGs-PTX-siRNA	~100 nm	PTX and MDR1 siRNA	Knockdown MDR1	DROV cells	DROV tumor-bearing mice	[141]
	CDDP/DOX-NGs	~100 nm	CDDP and DOX	Combination chemotherapy	MCF-7/ADR cells	MCF-7/ADR tumor-bearing mice	[142]
	HA/Cis/Dox	45 ± 9.9 nm	DOX	GSH-induced DOX release	A2780cis cells	/	[143]
	SiPT75	75.5 ± 19.8 nm	TPPS	Elude the drug efflux pumps and retards exocytosis of cells	A549/DDP cells	A549/DDP tumor-bearing mice	[144]
Inorganic nanoparticles	H-MSNs-DOX/siRNA nanoparticles	~100 nm	P-gp siRNA and DOX	siRNA-mediated silencing of P-gp	MCF-7/ADR cells	MCF-7/ADR tumor-bearing mice	[145]
	Pt-AuNS	~85 nm	Pt	GSH depletion and GPX4 inactivation	MCF-7/ADR cells	MCF-7/ADR tumor-bearing mice	[146]
	FA-GT-MSNs@TPZ	~60 nm	TPZ	Synergistic radio-chemo-photothermal therapy	Hypoxic SMMC-7721 cells	SMMC-7721 tumor-bearing mice	[147]
Hybrid nanoparticles	SCA4PNPBTZ	~150 nm	BTZ and CA4P	Inhibit the overexpression of BCRP/ABCG2	A549 cells	Human A549 pulmonary adenocarcinoma xenograft model and PDX model of colon cancer	[148]
	cNPs	286 ± 79 nm	Afatinib, rapamycin and docetaxel	Synergistic treatment	HER2-positive breast cancer cells, EGFR-positive NSCLC cells and SKBR-3/AR cell lines	HER2-positive breast cancer mouse model	[149]
	4T1-HANG-GNR-DC	103.1 ± 7.6 nm	CDDP and DOX	Synergistic chemo-photothermal therapy	4T1 cells	4T1 tumor-bearing mice	[150]
	IR780/DTX-PCEC@RBC	~150 nm	IR780 and DTX	Combination therapy	MCF-7 cells	MCF-7 tumor-bearing mice	[151]
	cNC@PDA-PEG	170.5 ± 1.4 nm	Paclitaxel/lapatinib	Combination therapy	MCF-7/ADR cells	/	[152]
	miR497/TP-HENPs	125 ± 6 nm	miR497 and triptolide	Synergically suppress mTOR signaling pathway	SKOV3-CDDP cells	SKOV3-CDDP tumor-bearing mice	[153]

“/”: The original research article did not mention it.