Table 1.
The virucidal activity of alcohol-based disinfectants against SARS-CoV-2.
| Active Ingredient | Concentration | Production Type | Disinfection Phase | Contact Time | Reduction of Viral Infectivity (log10) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ethanol | 95% (v/v) | Disinfection solution | Suspension test | 15 s–8 min | >4 | [22] |
| 80% (w/w) | Disinfection solution | Suspension test, skin model | 5 s–1 min | >4.50, >4.14 | [23] | |
| 75% (v/v) | Disinfection solution | Suspension test (with organic matrix) | 30 s–5 min | ≥4.75 | [24] | |
| Disinfection solution | Suspension test | 15 s–8 min | >4 | [22] | ||
| Disinfection solution | Suspension test | 1 min, 5 min | ≥1.83, ≥2.0 | [25] | ||
| 70% (v/v) | Hand sanitizer gel | Suspension test | 30 s | ≥3.22 | [26] | |
| Hand sanitizer foam | Suspension test | 30 s | ≥3.10 | [26] | ||
| Disinfection solution | Suspension test | 15 s, 30 s | >4.33, >3.63 | [27] | ||
| Disinfection solution | Stainless steel, plastic (PET), glass, PVC, and cardboard carrier test | 30 s | ≥4.1, ≥4.1, ≥3.8, ≥4.0, ≥3.8 | [28] | ||
| 1 min | ≥5.0, ≥5.0, ≥4.7, ≥4.9, ≥4.7 | |||||
| Disinfection solution | Suspension test | 5–30 min | >4.8 | [7] | ||
| Disinfection solution | PVC carrier test | 1 min | >5 | [29] | ||
| Hand sanitizer | Suspension test | 1 min, 5 min | ≥2.5 | [25] | ||
| 66.5% (v/v) | Disinfection solution | Stainless steel carrier test (with organic matrix) | 30 s–10 min | 5.12 | [30] | |
| Wipe | 0 s–5 min drying post-wiping | 6.32 | ||||
| 63% (w/w) | Disinfection solution | Suspension test (without and with organic matrix) | 3 min | >5 | [31] | |
| 60% (w/w) | Disinfection solution | Suspension test, skin model | 5 s–1 min | >4.50, >4.14 | [23] | |
| 60% (v/v) | Disinfection solution | Suspension test (with organic matrix) | 30 s–5 min | ≥4.75 | [24] | |
| 57% (v/v) | Disinfection solution | Suspension test | 15 s–8 min | >4 | [22] | |
| 54% (w/w) | Disinfection solution | Suspension test (without and with organic matrix) | 3 min | >5 | [31] | |
| 50% (v/v) | Disinfection solution | Suspension test (with organic matrix) | 30 s–5 min | ≥4.75 | [24] | |
| 45% (w/w) | Disinfection solution | Suspension test (without and with organic matrix) | 3 min | >5 | [31] | |
| 40% (w/w) | Disinfection solution | Suspension test, skin model | 5 s–1 min | >4.50, >4.14 | [23] | |
| 40% (v/v) | Disinfection solution | Suspension test (with organic matrix) | 30 s–5 min | ≥4.75 | [24] | |
| 38% (v/v) | Disinfection solution | Suspension test | 15 s–8 min | ≥4 | [22] | |
| 36% (w/w) | Disinfection solution | Suspension test (without and with organic matrix) | 3 min | >5 | [31] | |
| 27% (w/w)/32.7% (v/v) | Disinfection solution | 3 min | >5 | |||
| 30% (v/v) | Disinfection solution | Suspension test (with organic matrix) | 30 s,1 min–5 min | 4.42, ≥4.75 | [24] | |
| 20% (v/v) | Disinfection solution | 30 s–5 min | 1.08–1.92 | |||
| 20% (w/w) | Disinfection solution | Suspension test, skin model | 5 s–1 min | 0.08–0.81 | [23] | |
| 19% (v/v) | Disinfection solution | Suspension test | 15 s–8 min | 0.13–0.52 | [22] | |
| Isopropyl | 70% (w/w) | Disinfection solution | Suspension test, skin model | 5 s–1 min | >4.50, >4.14 | [23] |
| Disinfection solution | Stainless steel, plastic (PET), glass, PVC, and cardboard carrier test | 30 s | ≥4.1, ≥4.1, ≥3.8, ≥4.0, ≥3.8 | [28] | ||
| 1 min | ≥5.0, ≥5.0, ≥4.7, ≥4.9, ≥4.7 | |||||
| Disinfection solution | PVC carrier test | 1 min | >5 | [29] | ||
| Original WHO formulation I a | 100% | Hand rub formulations | Suspension test | 1 min, 5 min | ≥2.17, ≥2.25 # | [25] |
| 40–80% | Suspension test (with organic matrix) | 30 s | ≥3.8 | [32] | ||
| 30% | 30 s | 3.0 | ||||
| Modified WHO formulation I b |
40–80% | 30 s | ≥5.9 | |||
| 30% | 30 s | 1.8 | ||||
| Original WHO formulation II c | 30–80% | 30 s | ≥3.8 | |||
| Modified WHO formulation II d | 80% | 30 s | 5.3 | |||
| 30–60% | 30 s | ≥5.9 | ||||
| Mikrozid® universal e | 20%, 80% | Disinfection solution | Suspension test | 15 s | ≥4.02 | [33] |
| Desmanol® pure f | 20% | Hand sanitizer | Suspension test | 15 s, 30 s | ≥4.02, ≥3.02 | |
| 80% | 15 s, 30 s | ≥2.02, ≥4.38 | ||||
| Ethanol 35%, Isopropanol 35% | - | Disinfection solution | PVC carrier test | 1 min | >6 | [29] |
| Ethanol 35%, Isopropanol 35%, Glycerin 3% | - | >5 | ||||
| Ethanol 70%, Sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate 3% | - | >6 | ||||
| Ethanol 70%, Sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate 3%, Glycerin 3% | - | >6 | ||||
| Isopropanol 70%, Sodium laureth sulfate 3% | - | >6 | ||||
| Isopropanol 70%, Hand soap 3% | - | >7 | ||||
| Ethanol 70%, Dish soap 3% | - | >7 | ||||
| Ethanol 35%, Isopropanol 35%, Dish soap 3%, Glycerin 3% | - | >7 |
# Below the detection limit. a Original WHO formulation I consists of 80% (vol/vol) ethanol, 1.45% (vol/vol) glycerol, and 0.125% (vol/vol) hydrogen peroxide. b The modified WHO formulation I consists of 80% (wt/wt) ethanol, 0.725% (vol/vol) glycerol, and 0.125% (vol/vol) hydrogen peroxide. c Original WHO formulation II consists of 75% (vol/vol) 2-propanol, 1.45% (vol/vol) glycerol, and 0.125% (vol/vol) hydrogen peroxide. d The modified WHO formulation II contains: 75% (wt/wt) 2-propanol, 0.725% (vol/vol) glycerol, and 0.125% (vol/vol) hydrogen peroxide. e Mikrozid® universal e; 100 g contains: 17.4 g propan-2-ol, 12.6 g ethanol (94%); f Desmanol® pure: 100 g contains: 75 g propan-2-ol.