Table 7.
The virucidal activity of other chemical disinfectants against SARS-CoV-2.
| Product/Active Ingredient | Production Type | Concentration | Disinfection Phase | Contact Time | Reduction of Viral Infectivity (log10) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Formalin | Disinfectant solution | 10% | Suspension test | 1 min, 5 min | ≥1.25 | [25] |
| Virkon (21.41% Potassium peroxymonosulfate, 1.5% sodium chloride) | Disinfectant solution | 2% | Suspension test | 1 min, 5 min | ≥3.0 | |
| p-chloro-m-xylenol (PCMX) | Disinfectant solution | 0.125% w/w | Suspension test (with organic matrix) | 1 min | ≥5 | [59] |
| Bar soap | 0.014% w/w | 30 s | ≥4.1 | |||
| Hand hygiene liquid | 0.021% w/v | 5 min | ≥4.1 | |||
| Lactic acid | Disinfectant solution | 1.9% | 5 min | ≥5.5 | ||
| Citric acid (1.9% w/w), lactic acid (0.51% w/w) |
Hand sanitizer gel | 1.5% w/w citric acid, 0.41% w/w lactic acid |
Suspension test | 30 s | ≥4.7 | |
| Citric acid (2.4% w/w) | Disinfectant wipes | 2.4% | Carrier test on stainless steel (with organic matrix) | 30 s | ≥3.0 | |
| Salicylic acid | Liquid gel handwash | 0.025% w/w | Suspension test (with organic matrix) | 30 s | ≥3.6 | |
| Foaming handwash | 0.023% w/w | 30 s | ≥5.0 | |||
| Hydrochloric acid | Disinfectant solution | 0.25% w/w | Suspension test (with organic matrix) | 30 s | ≥4.1 | |
| Chlorhexidine gluconate | Disinfection solution | 0.2% | Suspension test, skin model | 5 s–1 min | 0.33–2.42 | [23] |
| 1.0% w/w | 1.0–3.17 | |||||
| Potassium monopersulfate (KMPS) | Disinfectant solution | 1% | Stainless steel carrier test (with organic matrix) | 30 s, 1 min | 2.54, 3.52 | [30] |
| ≥5 min | >4 | |||||
| Wipe | 0 s–5 min drying post-wiping | >5 | ||||
| W30 (N-Alkylaminopropyl Glycine) | Disinfectant solution | 0.25%, 0.5% | Suspension test | 8 min | >4 | [22] |
| 1% | ≥2 min | >4 | ||||
| CAC-717 (Calcium bicarbonate with a mesoscopic structure) a | Disinfectant solution | - | Suspension test | 2 s–60 min | >4 ** | [136] |
| 1%, 2%, 10% | Suspension test | 15 s–5 min | >4 | [137] | ||
| - | Suspension test (with organic matrix) | 5 min | 4.3 | |||
| Virusend (TX-10) | Disinfectant solution | - | Suspension test | 1 min, 10 min | >4 | [138] |
| Carrier test on stainless steel | 1 min, 10 min | >4.3 | ||||
| AWC | Antimicrobial skin and wound cleanser |
- | Suspension test | 30 s, 1 min, 10 min | >3.5 # | [139] |
| Porcine skin test | 30 s, 1 min, 10 min | 2 | ||||
| Disinfectant coating tests on plastic | 10 min, 1 h | ≥2, ≥2.2 | ||||
| Disinfectant coating tests on porcine skin | 10 min, 30 min, 1 h | >1 | ||||
| AWC2 | Suspension test | 30 s, 1 min, 10 min | >3.5 # | |||
| Porcine skin test | 30 s, 1 min, 10 min | 3 | ||||
| Disinfectant coating tests on plastic | 10 min, 1 h | ≥2.5 # | ||||
| Disinfectant coating tests on porcine skin | 10 min, 30 min, 1 h | ≥2 | ||||
| Sodium laureth sulfate (SLS) | Household cleaning agents | 0.1% | Stainless steel, plastic (PET), glass, PVC, and cotton fabric carrier test | 30 s | 3.1, ≥3.6, ≥3.3, ≥3.5, ≥3.1 # | [28] |
| 1 min | ≥4.9, ≥4.9, ≥4.6, ≥4.8, ≥4.4 | |||||
| Liquid hand soap (Biodegradable amphoteric surfactants, DMDM hydantoin) | Household cleaning agents | - | Suspension test | 1 min, 5 min | ≥2.0, ≥2.25 | [25] |
| Handwash (Sodium laureth sulfate, cocamidopropyl betaine) | Household cleaning agents | - | Suspension test | 1 min, 5 min | ≥0.83, ≥0.92 | |
| Handwash (Chloroxylenol, PCMX) | Household cleaning agents | - | Suspension test | 1 min, 5 min | ≥0.83, ≥0.92 | |
| Hand soap solution | Hand sanitizer | 1:49 | Suspension test | 5 min, 15 min, 30 min | 4.2, >4.8 # | [7] |
| Rosin soap c | Disinfectant solution | 2.5% (w/v) | Suspension test | 5 min | <2 # | [140] |
| Thymol® Mouthwash by Xepa (0.05% Thymol) | Oral rinses | - | Suspension test (without and with organic matrix) | 30 s, 1 min | 0.5–0.75 | [64] |
| Bactidol® (0.1% Hexetidine 9% Ethanol) |
Oral rinses | - | Suspension test (without and with organic matrix) | 30 s, 1 min | 5.0 | |
| Salt water (2% (0.34 M) Sodium chloride) | Oral rinses | - | Suspension test (without and with organic matrix) | 30 s, 1 min | 0 | |
| Oradex® (0.12% chlorhexidine digluconate) | Oral rinses | - | Suspension test (without and with organic matrix) | 30 s, 1 min | 4 | |
| Chlorhexamed fluid (0.1% Chlorhexidine bis-(D-gluconate)) | Oral rinses | 80% | Suspension test | 5 min, 10 min | 0.37, 0.76 | [141] |
| Chlorhexamed forte alkoholfrei (0.2% Chlorhexidine bis-(D-gluconate)) | Oral rinses | 80% | Suspension test | 1 min, 5 min | 0.4, 0.81 | |
| Octenisept d | Oral rinses | 20%, 80% | Suspension test | 15 s, 30 s, 1 min | ≥4.38 | |
| Chlorhexamed Forte (Chlorhexidinebis (D-gluconate)) | Oral rinses | - | Suspension test with organic matrix | 30 s | ~1 | [63] |
| Dequonal (Dequalinium chloride, benzalkonium chloride) | Oral rinses | - | 30 s | ~3 | ||
| Dynexidine Forte 0.2% (Chlorhexidinebis (D-gluconate)) | Oral rinses | - | 30 s | ~0.5 | ||
| Listerine Cool Mint (Ethanol, essential oils) | Oral rinses | - | 30 s | ~3 | ||
| Octenident mouthwash (Octenidine dihydrochloride) | Oral rinses | - | 30 s | ~1 | ||
| ProntOral mouthwash (Polyaminopropyl biguanide, polyhexanide) | Oral rinses | - | 30 s | ~1.6 | ||
| ColdZyme® (CZ-MD) e | Mouth spray | - | Suspension test | 20 min | 1.76 | [142] |
** A reduction in viral titer of ≥4 log10 relative to treatment with maintenance medium. # Below the detection limit. a Has a pH of about 12.4 and contains calcium hydrogen carbonate particles (1120 mg/L) and carbon complex microparticles (50–500 nm). b BIAKōS antimicrobial skin and wound cleanser. The ingredients are: (i) polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB), a cationic antimicrobial that may attract and adhere to the negatively charged lipid layer, thereby inactivating the virus; (ii) vicinal diols (octane-1-2-diol and ethylhexylglycerin), which are capable of disrupting lipid structures; (iii) ethylenediamine tetracetic acid (EDTA), which is known to have antimicrobial activity that can synergize with various antimicrobials; (iv) poloxamer 407, a non-ionic surfactant that helps to solubilize lipids in water and maintains the activity of PHMB and vicinal diols. AWC is water-based, AWC2 uses ethanol as a vehicle. c Rosin soap was produced from crude tall oil by Forchem Ltd. (Rauma, Finland). It is a water solution obtained from dried rosin salt, consisting of less than 10% sodium salts of tall oil fatty acids and over 90% sodium salts of resin acids. The resin acids and fatty acids of the product originated from the coniferous trees Pinus sylvestris L. and Picea abies L. The most abundant resin acid types included abietic acid, dehydroabietic acid, pimaric acid, and palustris acid. d Octenisept; 100 g contains: 0.1 g octenidine dihydrochloride, 2 g phenoxyethanol. e CZ-MD solution contains glycerol, water, cod trypsin, ethanol, calcium chloride, tris, and menthol.