Table 4.
DAPs detection frequency and concentration by province.
| Province | Biomarkers | Detection | Mean | SD | Median | IQR | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (µmole/mole Creatinine) | ||||||||
| n | % | (µmole/mole Creatinine) |
(µmole/mole Creatinine) |
1st | 3rd | |||
| CM | DMP | 13 | 13.1 | 7.291 | 5.09 | 5.053 a | 3.419 | 9.92 |
| DMTP | 45 | 45.5 | 1.498 | 2.656 | 0.445 | 0.256 | 1.324 | |
| DMDTP | 17 | 17.2 | 0.407 | 0.382 | 0.231 b | 0.16 | 0.516 | |
| DEP | 80 | 80.8 | 2.413 | 2.682 | 1.635 c | 0.557 | 2.987 | |
| DETP | 94 | 94.9 | 1.48 | 2.942 | 0.535 | 0.313 | 1.185 | |
| DEDTP | 18 | 18.2 | 1.141 | 2.874 | 0.434 | 0.242 | 0.705 | |
| DMs | 48 | 48.5 | 3.523 | 6.363 | 0.786 | 0.276 | 3.787 | |
| DEs | 97 | 98 | 3.636 | 5.671 | 1.887 | 0.744 | 4.254 | |
| DAPs | 97 | 98 | 5.379 | 7.839 | 2.609 d | 0.804 | 6.187 | |
| PT | DMP | 16 | 15.8 | 24.26 | 22.944 | 16.376 a | 8.834 | 31.188 |
| DMTP | 44 | 43.6 | 4.451 | 10.989 | 0.659 | 0.381 | 1.773 | |
| DMDTP | 14 | 13.9 | 0.658 | 0.607 | 0.44 | 0.218 | 0.894 | |
| DEP | 80 | 79.2 | 2.08 | 2.769 | 0.853 | 0.363 | 2.248 | |
| DETP | 96 | 95 | 1.523 | 3.674 | 0.548 | 0.35 | 1.032 | |
| DEDTP | 13 | 12.9 | 0.628 | 0.676 | 0.422 | 0.25 | 0.741 | |
| DMs | 51 | 50.5 | 11.633 | 21.393 | 0.922 | 0.413 | 14.381 | |
| DEs | 99 | 98 | 3.24 | 5.301 | 1.19 | 0.725 | 2.918 | |
| DAPs | 99 | 98 | 9.233 | 18.317 | 1.557 | 0.992 | 6.659 | |
| SK | DMP | 3 | 3.1 | 5.924 | 6.617 | 2.747 | 1.495 | |
| DMTP | 31 | 31.6 | 1.993 | 5.346 | 0.471 | 0.234 | 0.714 | |
| DMDTP | 7 | 7.1 | 1.347 | 1.124 | 1.182 b | 0.531 | 1.551 | |
| DEP | 72 | 73.5 | 1.348 | 1.821 | 0.735 c | 0.302 | 1.632 | |
| DETP | 93 | 94.9 | 0.865 | 1.226 | 0.515 | 0.341 | 0.991 | |
| DEDTP | 19 | 19.4 | 0.405 | 0.173 | 0.361 | 0.266 | 0.453 | |
| DMs | 34 | 34.7 | 2.617 | 7.425 | 0.484 | 0.252 | 1.665 | |
| DEs | 95 | 96.9 | 1.949 | 2.458 | 1.158 | 0.511 | 2.433 | |
| DAPs | 97 | 99 | 2.826 | 6.032 | 1.596 d | 0.663 | 2.915 | |
| PNG | DMP | 4 | 4.1 | 10.221 | 5.597 | 9.322 | 5.43 | 15.912 |
| DMTP | 46 | 47.4 | 1.347 | 2.728 | 0.574 | 0.392 | 1.136 | |
| DMDTP | 15 | 15.5 | 0.536 | 0.379 | 0.495 | 0.239 | 0.603 | |
| DEP | 55 | 56.7 | 2.048 | 2.754 | 0.838 | 0.424 | 3.25 | |
| DETP | 90 | 92.8 | 1.464 | 2.958 | 0.563 | 0.399 | 1.058 | |
| DEDTP | 8 | 8.2 | 0.544 | 0.448 | 0.391 | 0.321 | 0.498 | |
| DMs | 50 | 51.5 | 2.218 | 4.061 | 0.706 | 0.418 | 1.775 | |
| DEs | 93 | 95.9 | 2.674 | 4.581 | 1.044 | 0.585 | 2.412 | |
| DAPs | 93 | 95.9 | 3.867 | 5.853 | 1.448 | 0.902 | 4.006 | |
Abbreviations: Interquartile range (IQR); 1st quartile–3rd quartile, value followed by the same letters (a–d) in the same column are significantly different at <0.05 by Kruskal–Wallis test, post-hoc p-value, p-value adjusted with the Bonferroni method. DMP: dimethyl phosphate, DMTP: dimethyl thiophosphate, DMDTP: dimethyl dithiophosphate, DEP: diethyl phosphate, DETP: diethyl thiophosphate, and DEDTP: diethyl dithiophosphate, DMs: DMP + DMTP + DMDPT, DEs: DEP + DETP + DEDTP, DAPs: DMs + DEs, CM: Chiang Mai, PT: Pathum Thani, SK: Sukhothai, and PNG: Phang Nga.