Abstract
Background
The present study aimed to investigate oral cancer awareness and its related knowledge among residents in Beijing.
Methods
A questionnaire survey was conducted among Beijing residents concerning their knowledge of oral cancer, and its prevention and treatment.
Results
A total of 3055 questionnaires were completed, 45.8% by males and 54.2% by females. The ages of the respondents ranged from 15 to 93 years; 12.4% were smokers, 1.1% chewed betel nuts, and 82.5% brushed their teeth at least twice a day. Lung cancer was heard of by the most respondents, followed by gastric cancer and liver cancer; oral cancer was the least heard of. More than 60% of respondents were unaware of the risk factors and early signs of oral cancer.
Conclusions
This survey demonstrated a general lack of public awareness and knowledge about oral cancer. Specific measures should be taken to improve public awareness of oral cancer and its prevention and treatment.
Keywords: Oral cancer, Beijing, Questionnaire survey, Awareness
Background
Oral cancer is a common malignant tumour among head and neck cancers. About 355,000 new cases and 177,000 cancer deaths were estimated to have occurred in 2018 worldwide [1]. Oral cancer is becoming a serious global problem. It was estimated that about 48,100 oral and pharynx cancer cases and 22,100 cancer deaths occurred in China in 2015 [2]. Oral cavity is easily accessible for examination, and once abnormalities occur, it should be easy to diagnose, because it affects eating, chewing, pronunciation, and speech, etc. However, more than half of cases were diagnosed with clinically advanced oral cancer. There are a variety of explanations for the low early diagnosis rate and the advanced stage of most oral cancers at presentation, such as a lack of public attention to oral health, a lack of awareness of early symptoms and potential malignant lesions of oral cancer, and bad or unhealthy lifestyles [3]. Therefore, increased public awareness of oral cancer, its risk factors, and early signs, will reduce people’s exposure to risk factors or will prompt them to seek medical attention if they find potential malignant or early-stage lesions. This would help improve the survival rate of patients with oral cancer, improve patients' quality of life after surgery, and reduce the consumption of medical resources.
Unfortunately, there is lack of studies reporting oral cancer knowledge of people from China. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine the current status of oral cancer and its related knowledge among Beijing residents using a questionnaire-based survey.
Methods
Respondents
The respondents were non-medically related permanent residents of Beijing, who were not doctors, nurses, or medical students. A permanent resident was defined as a person who has lived in Beijing for more than half a year.
Sampling method
The sampling method was convenience sampling. Investigators conducted surveys in commercial centers, parks and communities with relatively large flow of people and relatively complete structures in various districts of Beijing, as long as passers-by voluntarily participated and met the conditions.
Questionnaire design
Based on previous similar studies and their contents about the treatment of oral cancer, a questionnaire was designed. It mainly included the following three aspects: (i) general situation: gender, age, occupation, educational background, residence, family annual per capita income, marital status, and medical insurance; (ii) lifestyle and habits: whether they smoked, drank alcohol, chewed betel nuts, the frequency of tooth brushing and mouth self-examination, and the frequency of visiting a doctor of stomatology; and (iii) oral cancer-related knowledge: the awareness of the top ten cancers; whether they had heard of oral cancer and the way; the most common site of oral cancer; the age of onset; whether is preventable or infectious; whether the risk increases with age; the risk factors; possible early presentation; how deal with these symptoms if they occur; the effectiveness of treatment; the cost; mortality rates; whether early detection improves the treatment success rate; and whether changes in lifestyle or habits can reduce the risk of oral cancer.
Pilot survey
Seven investigators were recruited from among stomatology students, who received unified training and passed a Kappa consistency test (Kappa > 0.9). Face-to-face communication was adopted to complete the questionnaire, which was filled in by the investigator. Respondents with a higher level of education could fill in the form themselves. The investigators answered the questions raised by the respondents and checked whether the contents are qualified. If there was doubt, the investigator will inquire, confirm, and fill in the form again.
Statistical methods
SPSS 24.0 statistical software was used (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). The answers to each question in the questionnaire are expressed in terms of frequency (percentage). In the univariate analysis, a chi-squared test was used to analyse possible associations between general information, lifestyle, and habits, and oral cancer-related knowledge. Items with statistical significance in the single factor analysis were analysed using logistic regression analysis. The odds ratio (OR) and the 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
Basic information
The survey lasted 17 months, from May 2018 to September 2019, during which 3055 valid questionnaires were collected. Table 1 shows the demographic characteristics of the respondents.
Table 1.
Socio-demographic characteristics
| Variable | n (%) |
|---|---|
| Gender | |
| Male | 1400 (45.8) |
| Female | 1655 (54.2) |
| Age | |
| 15–29 years | 1618 (53.0) |
| 30–44 years | 963 (31.5) |
| 45–59 years | 302 (9.9) |
| ≥ 60 years | 172 (5.6) |
| Education | |
| Primary or below | 60 (1.9) |
| Middle high | 152 (5.0) |
| High or technical school | 344 (11.3) |
| University or college | 1842 (60.3) |
| Graduate or higher | 657 (21.5) |
| Residence | |
| Downtown | 481 (15.7) |
| Suburbs | 1534 (50.2) |
| Outer suburbs | 923 (30.2) |
| Rural | 117 (3.8) |
| Marital status | |
| Married | 1340 (43.9) |
| Single | 1642 (53.7) |
| Widow/Divorced/Separated | 73 (2.4) |
| Income | |
| < 20,000 Yuan | 1135 (37.2) |
| 20,000–40,000 Yuan | 597 (19.5) |
| 40,000–60,000 Yuan | 493 (16.1) |
| > 60,000 Yuan | 830 (27.2) |
| Medical insurance | |
| Yes | 2775 (90.8) |
| No | 280 (9.2) |
Lifestyles and habits
Among the respondents, 12.4% were smokers, 1.1% chewed betel nuts, and 82.5% brushed their teeth at least twice a day, whereas 16.0% only brushed once a day. Most of the respondents did not practice oral self-examination: 37.5% of the respondents checked their oral condition only when there were problems, such as ulcers. Of the 1,025 individuals, 62.4% visited the Department of Stomatology less than once a year.
Awareness rate of cancers
Lung cancer was the most heard of cancer (94.5%), followed by gastric cancer (92.7%) and liver cancer (92.1%), while oral cancer was the least recognised (52.9%) (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1.
Awareness rate of cancers
Education level (P = 0.006), residence (P = 0.001), per capita household income (P = 0.001), betel nut chewing (P = 0.008), frequency of tooth brushing (P = 0.001), and frequency of mouth self-examination (P = 0.010) were associated significantly with oral cancer awareness (Table 2). In the multivariate analysis, only residence, betel nut chewing, and frequency of mouth self-examination remained statistically significant (Table 3).
Table 2.
Univariate analysis of factors associated with awareness rate, risk factors, and early signs of oral cancer n (%)
| Variable | n | Aware-ness rate | Risk factors | Early signs | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | Smoking | Chewing betel nut | Drinking | Ulcer | White plaques | Red plaques | |||
| Total | 3055 | 1617 | 854 | 1209 | 586 | 779 | 1222 | 694 | 536 |
| (52.9) | (28.0) | (39.6) | (41.9) | (25.5) | (40.0) | (22.7) | (17.5) | ||
| Gender | |||||||||
| Male | 1400 | 726 | 414 | 543 | 586 | 337 | 539 | 290 | 228 |
| (51.9) | (29.6) | (38.8) | (41.9) | (24.1) | (38.5) | (20.7) | (16.3) | ||
| Female | 1655 | 891 | 440 | 666 | 663 | 442 | 683 | 404 | 308 |
| (53.8) | (26.6) | (40.2) | (40.1) | (26.7) | (41.3) | (24.4) | (18.6) | ||
| P | 0.275 | 0.163 | 0.333 | 0.315 | 0.067 | 0.297 | 0.031 | 0.227 | |
| Age | |||||||||
| 15–29 years | 1618 | 883 | 468 | 675 | 727 | 426 | 685 | 368 | 301 |
| (54.6) | (28.9) | (41.7) | (44.9) | (26.3) | (42.3) | (22.7) | (18.6) | ||
| 30–44 years | 963 | 493 | 283 | 398 | 392 | 259 | 387 | 236 | 173 |
| (51.2) | (29.4) | (41.3) | (40.7) | (26.9) | (40.2) | (24.5) | (18.0) | ||
| 45–59 years | 302 | 148 | 67 | 84 | 89 | 60 | 103 | 60 | 37 |
| (49.0) | (22.2) | (27.8) | (29.5) | (19.9) | (34.1) | (19.9) | (12.3) | ||
| ≥ 60 years | 172 | 93 | 36 | 52 | 41 | 34 | 47 | 30 | 25 |
| (54.1) | (20.9) | (30.2) | (23.8) | (43.9) | (27.3) | (17.4) | (14.5) | ||
| P | 0.181 | 0.005 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.037 | 0.089 | |
| Education | |||||||||
| Primary or below | 60 | 29 | 12 | 15 | 15 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 12 |
| (48.3) | (20.0) | (25.0) | (25.0) | (18.3) | (20.0) | (20.0) | (20.0) | ||
| Middle high | 152 | 60 | 18 | 33 | 29 | 21 | 42 | 23 | 19 |
| (39.5) | (11.8) | (21.7) | (19.1) | (13.8) | (27.6) | (15.1) | (12.5) | ||
| High or technical school | 344 | 172 | 73 | 114 | 118 | 76 | 110 | 67 | 50 |
| (50.0) | (21.2) | (33.1) | (34.3) | (22.1) | (32.0) | (19.5) | (14.5) | ||
| University or college | 1842 | 997 | 548 | 755 | 783 | 485 | 766 | 404 | 324 |
| (54.1) | (29.8) | (41.0) | (42.5) | (26.3) | (41.6) | (21.9) | (17.6) | ||
| Graduate or higher | 657 | 359 | 203 | 292 | 304 | 186 | 292 | 188 | 131 |
| (54.6) | (30.9) | (44.4) | (46.3) | (28.3) | (44.4) | (28.6) | (19.9) | ||
| P | 0.006 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.230 | |
| Residence | |||||||||
| Downtown | 481 | 271 | 141 | 192 | 197 | 138 | 195 | 122 | 92 |
| (56.3) | (29.3) | (39.9) | (41.0) | (28.7) | (40.5) | (25.4) | (19.1) | ||
| Suburbs | 1534 | 848 | 470 | 648 | 690 | 397 | 654 | 367 | 293 |
| (55.3) | (30.6) | (42.2) | (45.0) | (25.9) | (42.6) | (23.9) | (19.1) | ||
| Outer suburbs | 923 | 444 | 225 | 330 | 328 | 221 | 334 | 178 | 134 |
| (48.1) | (24.4) | (35.8) | (35.5) | (23.9) | (36.2) | (19.3) | (14.5) | ||
| Rural | 117 | 54 | 18 | 39 | 34 | 23 | 39 | 27 | 17 |
| (46.2) | (15.4) | (33.3) | (29.1) | (19.7) | (33.3) | (23.1) | (14.5) | ||
| P | 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.009 | < 0.001 | 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.033 | |
| Marital status | |||||||||
| Married | 1340 | 687 | 368 | 503 | 490 | 337 | 512 | 299 | 221 |
| (51.3) | (27.5) | (37.5) | (36.6) | (25.1) | (38.2) | (22.3) | (16.5) | ||
| Single | 1642 | 891 | 467 | 681 | 729 | 423 | 681 | 380 | 302 |
| (54.3) | (28.4) | (41.5) | (44.4) | (25.8) | (41.5) | (23.1) | (18.4) | ||
| Widow/divorced/separated | 73 | 39 | 19 | 25 | 30 | 19 | 29 | 15 | 13 |
| (53.4) | (26.0) | (34.2) | (41.1) | (26.0) | (39.7) | (20.5) | (17.8) | ||
| P | 0.264 | 0.502 | 0.061 | 0.003 | 0.004 | 0.487 | 0.777 | 0.714 | |
| Income | |||||||||
| < 20,000 Yuan | 1135 | 585 | 293 | 422 | 435 | 291 | 430 | 235 | 178 |
| (51.5) | (25.8) | (37.2) | (38.3) | (25.6) | (37.9) | (20.7) | (15.7) | ||
| 20,000–40,000 Yuan | 597 | 287 | 147 | 218 | 216 | 129 | 213 | 124 | 92 |
| (48.1) | (24.6) | (36.5) | (36.2) | (21.6) | (35.7) | (20.8) | (15.4) | ||
| 40,000–60,000 Yuan | 493 | 259 | 141 | 197 | 201 | 120 | 193 | 114 | 93 |
| (52.5) | (28.6) | (40.0) | (40.8) | (24.3) | (39.1) | (23.1) | (18.9) | ||
| > 60,000 Yuan | 830 | 486 | 273 | 372 | 397 | 239 | 386 | 221 | 173 |
| (58.6) | (32.9) | (44.8) | (47.8) | (28.8) | (46.5) | (26.6) | (20.8) | ||
| P | 0.001 | 0.004 | 0.003 | < 0.001 | 0.085 | < 0.001 | 0.021 | 0.024 | |
| Medical insurance | |||||||||
| Yes | 2775 | 1477 | 792 | 1109 | 1141 | 712 | 1120 | 639 | 487 |
| (53.2) | (28.5) | (40.0) | (41.1) | (25.7) | (40.4) | (23.0) | (17.5) | ||
| No | 280 | 140 | 62 | 100 | 108 | 67 | 102 | 55 | 49 |
| (50.0) | (22.1) | (35.7) | (38.6) | (23.9) | (36.4) | (19.6) | (17.5) | ||
| P | 0.303 | 0.049 | 0.451 | 0.349 | 0.540 | 0.302 | 0.307 | 0.458 | |
| Smoking | |||||||||
| No | 2676 | 1406 | 745 | 1075 | 1104 | 693 | 1081 | 618 | 475 |
| (52.5) | (27.8) | (40.2) | (41.3) | (25.9) | (40.4) | (23.1) | (17.8) | ||
| Yes | 379 | 211 | 109 | 134 | 145 | 86 | 141 | 76 | 61 |
| (55.7) | (28.8) | (35.4) | (38.3) | (22.7) | (37.2) | (20.1) | (16.1) | ||
| P | 0.253 | 0.881 | 0.095 | 0.704 | 0.602 | 0.494 | 0.413 | 0.176 | |
| Chewing betel nut | |||||||||
| No | 3022 | 1592 | 840 | 1191 | 1233 | 766 | 1204 | 685 | 529 |
| (52.7) | (27.8) | (39.4) | (40.8) | (25.3) | (39.8) | (22.7) | (17.5) | ||
| Yes | 33 | 25 | 14 | 18 | 16 | 13 | 18 | 9 | 7 |
| (75.8) | (42.4) | (54.5) | (13.5) | (39.4) | (54.5) | (27.3) | (21.2) | ||
| P | 0.008 | 0.166 | 0.117 | < 0.001 | 0.252 | 0.189 | 0.497 | 0.664 | |
| Frequency of tooth brushing | |||||||||
| Zero | 45 | 24 | 7 | 14 | 16 | 14 | 15 | 12 | 9 |
| (53.3) | (15.6) | (31.1) | (35.6) | (31.1) | (33.3) | (26.7) | (20.0) | ||
| Once in the morning | 383 | 167 | 80 | 117 | 123 | 69 | 124 | 59 | 46 |
| (43.6) | (20.9) | (30.5) | (32.1) | (18.0) | (32.4) | (15.4) | (12.0) | ||
| Once in the evening | 107 | 56 | 34 | 45 | 41 | 28 | 42 | 22 | 18 |
| (52.3) | (31.8) | (42.1) | (38.3) | (26.2) | (39.3) | (20.6) | (16.8) | ||
| Twice a day | 2416 | 1305 | 698 | 983 | 1,017 | 634 | 987 | 568 | 432 |
| (54.0) | (28.9) | (40.7) | (42.1) | (26.2) | (40.9) | (23.5) | (17.9) | ||
| Over three times | 104 | 65 | 35 | 50 | 52 | 34 | 54 | 33 | 31 |
| (62.5) | (33.7) | (48.1) | (50.0) | (32.7) | (51.9) | (31.7) | (29.8) | ||
| P | 0.001 | 0.035 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.020 | 0.005 | 0.010 | 0.007 | |
| Mouth self-examination | |||||||||
| Never | 482 | 240 | 113 | 173 | 182 | 121 | 170 | 91 | 69 |
| (49.8) | (23.4) | (35.9) | (37.8) | (25.1) | (35.3) | (18.9) | (14.3) | ||
| Nearly every day | 435 | 255 | 147 | 191 | 196 | 124 | 199 | 121 | 104 |
| (58.6) | (33.8) | (43.9) | (45.1) | (28.5) | (45.7) | (27.8) | (23.9) | ||
| Three or four times a week | 991 | 542 | 302 | 411 | 418 | 264 | 417 | 260 | 173 |
| (54.7) | (30.5) | (41.5) | (42.2) | (26.6) | (42.1) | (26.2) | (17.5) | ||
| Occasionally | 1147 | 580 | 292 | 434 | 453 | 270 | 436 | 222 | 190 |
| (50.6) | (25.5) | (37.8) | (39.5) | (23.5) | (38.0) | (19.4) | (16.6) | ||
| P | 0.010 | 0.004 | 0.323 | 0.128 | 0.075 | 0.015 | < 0.001 | 0.001 | |
P value < 0.05 are shown in bold
Table 3.
Multiple logistic regression analysis of factors associated with awareness of oral cancer
| Variable | n (%) | OR | 95% CI | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Residence | ||||
| Downtown | 271 (56.3) | 1 | ||
| Suburbs | 848 (55.3) | 0.952 | 0.772–1.175 | 0.648 |
| Outer suburbs | 444 (48.1) | 0.753 | 0.599–0.946 | 0.015 |
| Rural | 54 (46.2) | 0.933 | 0.606–1.437 | 0.752 |
| Chewing betel nut | ||||
| No | 1592 (52.7) | 1 | ||
| Yes | 25 (75.8) | 2.931 | 1.298–6.620 | 0.010 |
| Mouth self-examination | ||||
| Never | 240 (49.8) | 1 | ||
| Nearly every day | 255 (58.6) | 1.322 | 1.013–1.725 | 0.040 |
| Three or four times a week | 542 (54.7) | 1.182 | 0.946–1.477 | 0.142 |
| Occasionally | 580 (50.6) | 1.031 | 0.830–1.282 | 0.783 |
P value < 0.05 are shown in bold
Source of information about oral cancer
Most of the respondents learned about oral cancer from TV programs (25.2%), phone news (20.3%), WeChat (13.0%), and talking to friends or neighbours (15.5%). Among the respondents, 3.4% had a relative or friend with oral cancer.
Awareness of the risk factors associated with oral cancer
Approximately 28.0% of the respondents believed that the risk of oral cancer increased with age, and 66.5% did not know whether age was a risk factor for oral cancer. Moreover, 39.6% believed that smoking increased the risk of oral cancer and 55.3% did not know. Tobacco chewing was considered a risk factor of oral cancer by 37.2% of the respondents, whereas 40.9% knew that betel nut chewing was a risk factor, and 56.8% did not know. Only 25.5% respondents believed that those who drank too much alcohol were more likely to develop oral cancer, 61.6% did not know, 10.0% believed that the two were unrelated, and a minority (2.9%) believed that those who drank too much were less likely to develop oral cancer.
Recognition of age as a risk factor was associated with age (P = 0.005), education level (P < 0.001), residence (P < 0.001), per capita household income (P = 0.004), medical insurance (P = 0.049), frequency of tooth brushing (P = 0.035), and frequency of mouth self-examination (P = 0.004) (Table 2). In the multivariate analysis, only residence and frequency of mouth self-examination were statistically significant. Those living in the downtown area were more aware that age was a risk factor of oral cancer than those living in outer urban areas, and those who had practiced mouth self-examination were more aware that age was a risk factor of oral cancer than those who did not (Table 4).
Table 4.
Multiple Logistic regression analysis of factors associated with risk factors of oral cancer
| Variable | n (%) | OR | 95% CI | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | ||||
| Residence | ||||
| Downtown | 141 (29.3) | 1 | ||
| Suburbs | 470 (30.6) | 0.974 | 0.771–1.231 | 0.825 |
| Outer suburbs | 225 (24.4) | 0.764 | 0.589–0.992 | 0.043 |
| Rural | 18 (15.4) | 0.624 | 0.352–1.106 | 0.106 |
| Mouth self-examination | ||||
| Never | 113 (23.4) | 1 | ||
| Nearly every day | 147 (33.8) | 1.524 | 1.130–2.056 | 0.006 |
| Three or four times a week | 302 (30.5) | 1.310 | 1.011–1.697 | 0.041 |
| Occasionally | 292 (25.5) | 1.046 | 0.809–1.353 | 0.730 |
| Smoking | ||||
| Age | ||||
| 15–29 years | 675 (41.7) | 1 | ||
| 30–44 years | 398 (41.3) | 0.873 | 0.733–1.039 | 0.125 |
| 45–59 years | 84 (27.8) | 0.595 | 0.441–0.804 | 0.001 |
| ≥ 60 years | 52 (30.2) | 0.739 | 0.485–1.125 | 0.159 |
| Income | ||||
| < 20,000 Yuan | 422 (37.2) | 1 | ||
| 20,000–40,000 Yuan | 218 (36.5) | 0.977 | 0.789–1.210 | 0.829 |
| 40,000–60,000 Yuan | 197 (40.0) | 1.100 | 0.878–1.379 | 0.409 |
| > 60,000 Yuan | 372 (44.8) | 1.242 | 1.021–1.511 | 0.030 |
| Chewing betel nut | ||||
| Age | ||||
| 15–29 years | 727 (44.9) | 1 | ||
| 30–44 years | 392 (40.7) | 0.761 | 0.604–0.960 | 0.021 |
| 45–59 years | 89 (29.5) | 0.556 | 0.391–0.789 | 0.001 |
| ≥ 60 years | 41 (23.8) | 0.413 | 0.255–0.669 | < 0.001 |
| Residence | ||||
| Downtown | 197 (41.0) | 1 | ||
| Suburbs | 690 (45.0) | 1.050 | 0.845–1.305 | 0.661 |
| Outer suburbs | 328 (35.5) | 0.767 | 0.604–0.974 | 0.030 |
| Rural | 34 (29.1) | 0.881 | 0.548–1.418 | 0.603 |
| Marital status | ||||
| Married | 729 (44.4) | 1 | ||
| Single | 490 (36.6) | 0.979 | 0.779–1.232 | 0.858 |
| Widow/Divorced/Separated | 30 (41.1) | 1.825 | 1.053–3.161 | 0.032 |
| Income | ||||
| < 20,000 Yuan | 435 (38.3) | 1 | ||
| 20,000–40,000 Yuan | 216 (36.2) | 0.942 | 0.761–1.166 | 0.582 |
| 40,000–60,000 Yuan | 201 (40.8) | 1.116 | 0.891–1.398 | 0.338 |
| > 60,000 Yuan | 397 (47.8) | 1.331 | 1.096–1.616 | 0.004 |
| Drinking | ||||
| Age | ||||
| 15–29 years | 426 (26.3) | 1 | ||
| 30–44 years | 259 (26.9) | 0.836 | 0.644–1.085 | 0.177 |
| 45–59 years | 60 (19.9) | 0.627 | 0.421–0.934 | 0.022 |
| ≥ 60 years | 34 (43.9) | 0.677 | 0.400–1.146 | 0.146 |
| Residence | ||||
| Downtown | 138 (28.7) | 1 | ||
| Suburbs | 397 (25.9) | 0.837 | 0.658–1.066 | 0.149 |
| Outer suburbs | 221 (23.9) | 0.743 | 0.570–0.967 | 0.027 |
| Rural | 23 (19.7) | 0.758 | 0.444–1.296 | 0.312 |
P value < 0.05 are shown in bold
The respondents' perception of smoking as a risk factor for oral cancer correlated with age (P < 0.001), education (P < 0.001), residence (P = 0.009), income (P = 0.003), and frequency of tooth brushing (P < 0.001) (Table 2). When these factors were included in multivariate analysis, only age and income had statistical significance. People aged 15–29 were more aware of the harmful effects of smoking than people aged 45–59, and those with per capita annual income of over 60,000 yuan were more knowledgeable about the risk (Table 4).
Recognition of chewing betel nuts as a risk factor was associated with age (P < 0.001), education (P < 0.001), residence (P < 0.001), marital status (P = 0.003), income (P < 0.001), chewing betel nuts (P < 0.001), and frequency of tooth brushing (P < 0.001) (Table 2). In the multivariate analysis, age, residence, marital status, and income were statistically significant (Table 4).
The perception of alcohol consumption as a risk factor of oral cancer correlated with age (P < 0.001), education (P < 0.001), residence (P = 0.001), marital status (P = 0.004), and frequency of tooth brushing (P = 0.020) (Table 2). In the multivariate analysis, only age and residence showed statistical significance (Table 4).
Awareness of the early signs of oral cancer
Approximately 40.0% of the respondents believed that the long-term unhealed ulcers in the mouth might be oral cancer, and 22.7% believed that white plaque in the mouth was the possible manifestation of oral cancer. Only 17.5% believed that red plaque was a possible manifestation of oral cancer. More than 60% of respondents had no knowledge of the early signs of oral cancer.
The perception of long-term unhealed ulcers as a risk factor was associated with age (P < 0.001), education (P < 0.001), residence (P < 0.001), income (P < 0.001), frequency of tooth brushing (P = 0.005), and mouth self-examination (P = 0.015) (Table 2). In multivariate analysis, age, residence, income, and mouth self-examination remained statistically significant (Table 5). Cognition of white plaque as an early sign of oral cancer correlated with gender (P = 0.031), age (P = 0.037), education (P = 0.001), residence (P = 0.003), income (P = 0.021), frequency of tooth brushing (P = 0.010), and frequency of mouth self-examination (P < 0.001) (Table 2). However, in the multivariate analysis, only residence and mouth self-examination were statistically significant (Table 5). Awareness of red plaque as a risk factor might be related to residence (P = 0.033), income (P = 0.024), frequency of tooth brushing (P = 0.007), and frequency of mouth self-examination (P = 0.001) (Table 2). In the multivariate analysis, only income and mouth self-examination were statistically significant (Table 5).
Table 5.
Multiple Logistic regression analysis of factors associated with early signs of oral cancer
| Variable | n (%) | OR | 95% CI | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ulcer | ||||
| Age | ||||
| 15–29 years | 685 (42.3) | 1 | ||
| 30–44 years | 387 (40.2) | 0.834 | 0.702–0.992 | 0.040 |
| 45–59 years | 103 (34.1) | 0.781 | 0.587–1.040 | 0.091 |
| ≥ 60 years | 47 (27.3) | 0.653 | 0.428–0.995 | 0.048 |
| Income | ||||
| < 20,000 Yuan | 430 (37.9) | 1 | ||
| 20,000–40,000 Yuan | 213 (35.7) | 0.930 | 0.753–1.149 | 0.503 |
| 40,000–60,000 Yuan | 193 (39.1) | 1.094 | 0.875–1.369 | 0.430 |
| > 60,000 Yuan | 386 (46.5) | 1.307 | 1.078–1.585 | 0.006 |
| Mouth self-examination | ||||
| Never | 170 (35.3) | 1 | ||
| Nearly every day | 199 (45.7) | 1.397 | 1.063–1.837 | 0.016 |
| Three or four times a week | 417 (42.1) | 1.238 | 0.981–1.563 | 0.072 |
| Occasionally | 436 (38.0) | 1.066 | 0.848–1.339 | 0.585 |
| White plaques | ||||
| Residence | ||||
| Downtown | 122 (25.4) | 1 | ||
| Suburbs | 367 (23.9) | 0.897 | 0.702–1.146 | 0.383 |
| Outer suburbs | 178 (19.3) | 0.732 | 0.556–0.962 | 0.025 |
| Rural | 27 (23.1) | 1.284 | 0.767–2.149 | 0.342 |
| Mouth self-examination | ||||
| Never | 91 (18.9) | 1 | ||
| Nearly every day | 121 (27.8) | 1.535 | 1.117–2.110 | 0.008 |
| Three or four times a week | 260 (26.2) | 1.470 | 1.115–1.937 | 0.006 |
| Occasionally | 222 (19.4) | 1.017 | 0.770–1.343 | 0.904 |
| Red plaques | ||||
| Income | ||||
| < 20,000 Yuan | 178 (15.7) | 1 | ||
| 20,000–40,000 Yuan | 92 (15.4) | 0.966 | 0.731–1.277 | 0.809 |
| 40,000–60,000 Yuan | 93 (18.9) | 1.221 | 0.921–1.621 | 0.166 |
| > 60,000 Yuan | 173 (20.8) | 1.280 | 1.006–1.629 | 0.045 |
| Mouth self-examination | ||||
| Never | 69 (14.3) | 1 | ||
| Nearly every day | 104 (23.9) | 1.776 | 1.260–2.503 | 0.001 |
| Three or four times a week | 173 (17.5) | 1.263 | 0.928–1.719 | 0.137 |
| Occasionally | 190 (16.6) | 1.194 | 0.881–1.618 | 0.252 |
P value < 0.05 are shown in bold
Awareness of prevention and treatment knowledge about oral cancer
Among the respondents, 18.7% believed that the most common age of oral cancer was between 40 and 60 years old, and 69.8% did not know. The gingival, lingual, and buccal mucosa were considered as the most common sites of oral cancer by 7.9%, 3.0%, and 2.7%, respectively, and 77.1% did not know. Among the respondents, 38.2% believed that oral cancer could be prevented and 60.3% did not know. In addition, 30.6% thought oral cancer could not be transmitted, and 64.8% did not know. Among the respondents, 46.2% thought we could reduce the risk of oral cancer by changing our lifestyle or habits, 52.7% did not know, and 0.7% said we could not. Moreover, 58.8% believed that early detection of oral cancer would improve the success rate of treatment, 40.4% had no clear idea.
When long-term non-healing ulcers, white plaques, or red plaques appeared in the oral cavity, most of the respondents (72.3%, 59.2%, and 59.3%, respectively) chose to go to the Department of Stomatology of general hospitals, while only a few (13.2%, 14.7%, and 15.1%, respectively) chose to visit a Stomatological Hospital. When there were lumps, persistent pain, bad breath, or loose teeth for unknown reasons, most of the respondents chose to go to the Department of Stomatology of the general hospital, while only a few chose to visit a Stomatological Hospital. The vast majority of those who choose to the Stomatological Hospital did not know at which department to register. More than 70% of the respondents were unaware of the therapeutic effect and cost of treatment; 62.3% were blind to the treatment methods; and 76.5% did not know the mortality rate of oral cancer.
Discussion
Abnormalities in the mouth should be easy to notice, which can be screened by oral examination without computed tomography and other instruments. However, current data show that over half of patients with oral cancer were in an advanced stage when they visited the doctor, and many patients had a medical history of 2–6 months, which was mainly the result of lack of awareness of oral cancer. The purpose of this study was to understand the public knowledge of oral cancer. The convenience sampling method was used in this study.
The results of this study showed that public awareness of oral cancer is low, and about half had never even heard of oral cancer. In this study, the awareness rate of oral cancer was only 52.9%, far lower than other countries (84.2–95.6%) [4–7]. However, a few countries or regions reported a lower awareness rate of oral cancer among residents, such as 23.7% in Portugal [8], 30% in Tehran, Iran [9]. The awareness rate of oral cancer in India and Malaysia is closely related to the high incidence of oral cancer there. In Beijing, the incidence of oral cancer is lower.
Public awareness of risk factors associated with oral cancer is also weak. In this study, only 39.6% of respondents believed that smoking was a risk factor of oral cancer, which was far lower than other countries (54.5–92.4%) [6, 7, 10–14]. Only 37.2% identified tobacco chewing as a risk factor. There are many kinds of tobacco products and different ways of smoking tobacco. According to a survey conducted by Rogers et al. [14] in Liverpool, UK, in 2010, only 3% believed that tobacco chewing was one of the risk factors of oral cancer. As for tobacco use, 54.8–91.2% believed it was a risk factor of oral cancer [5, 6, 8, 11–13, 15, 16]. This may be related to the implementation of global anti-smoking actions in recent decades. Most people knew that smoking was harmful to health; however, most people believed that smokers were more likely to develop lung cancer. In fact, in addition to lung cancer, smokers are also more likely to develop throat and oral cancer [17].
In this study, only 25.5% thought that drinking alcohol was one of the risk factors of oral cancer, which was similar to that in Portugal (Oporto) [8] and the UK [14], higher than that in America (4.8%) [10], but less than that in most foreign reports (33.6–63.3%) [6, 7, 11–13, 15, 16]. 40.9% believed that betel nut chewing was one of the risk factors of oral cancer, which was significantly lower than the 54.5% reported in Malaysia in 2013 [7]. No reports on cognition of betel nut chewing were found in other countries or regions. This is related to the prevalence of betel nut chewing in Papua New Guinea, India, Sri Lanka, and some parts of Guangdong, Taiwan, and Hunan, where the prevalence of oral cancer is high [18]. While in Beijing, betel nut chewing is not prevalent. During the investigation, we found that most people did not know what areca nuts were. Most of those who were aware of areca nuts had never seen one, but had seen news reports about oral cancer after long term chewing of areca nuts.
In this study, 28.0% believed that age was a risk factor, which was lower than that reported in foreign studies (31.1–55%) [6, 11–13, 16]. Age is an important factor affecting the occurrence, treatment, and prognosis of most cancers. Exposure to potential carcinogens increases with age, and so does the likelihood of damage to the DNA of aging cells. The incidence of oral cancer increases with age. About 90% of oral cancer occurred in people over 40 years old, and about half occurred in people over 65 years old [19].
Public awareness of the early signs of oral cancer is also low. In this study, 40.0% believed that long-term non-healing ulcers in the mouth were an early manifestation or symptom of oral cancer, which was lower than that in other countries (57.3–90%) [5–7, 15, 20]. In this study, 17.5% believed that the red plaque was the early manifestation of oral cancer, and 22.7% believed that the white plaque was the early manifestation. In foreign studies, the recognition of the red plaque or white plaque as the early manifestations of oral cancer was slightly higher (39.8–58%) [6, 7, 15]. Most oral cancers develop from potentially malignant lesions that exist for a long time, especially in areas with a high incidence of oral cancer. Therefore, it is very important to strengthen public education on early warning signs of oral cancer to strengthen early diagnosis and treatment.
In this study, when asked where they would seek medical treatment for various oral problems, most respondents chose the Department of Stomatology of a general hospital, followed by a Stomatological Hospital. Patients with oral cancer were mainly seen in oral surgery, otolaryngology, and head and neck department. The early symptoms of some oral cancers are not typical and might be missed even by doctors specializing in oral and maxillofacial surgery. Gellrich et al. [21] conducted a retrospective study on 1761 patients, in which 1519 patients indicated the type of medical professionals who treated their initial symptoms: 40% of the patients were treated by dentists, 27% by family doctors, and 23% by oral and maxillofacial surgeons. Kowalski et al. [22] also obtained similar results in a prospective study on patients with oral cancer. Contrasting results have also been reported. Schnetler [23] found that family doctors diagnosed cancer and lymph node metastases earlier than dentists. Guggenheimer et al. [24] believed that because of the coexistence of systemic symptoms, the probability of receiving a diagnosis of suspected oral cancer from general health care providers was higher than that by dentists. People with tobacco and alcohol addiction are at high risk of oral cancer, as well as respiratory and digestive diseases, and cancers. Therefore, they are more likely to choose general practitioners rather than dentists if manifestations appear outside the oral region. Therefore, doctors who receive patients with suspected oral cancer also need to strengthen their oral cancer-related knowledge, in order to reduce the missed diagnosis of oral cancer and shorten the time of diagnosis delay.
A simple survey of personal oral hygiene habits was also conducted, in which 82.5% of the respondents reported brushing their teeth at least once a day in the morning and evening, but 1.5% of the respondents did not brush their teeth at all. About 46.6% had the habit of self-examination of their oral cavity. Generally, if oral problems occur, they should be easier to find; however, most of the clinical cases were locally advanced, largely because people do not understand the relevant early symptoms or manifestations, do not pay attention to them, and do not seek timely medical treatment. Self-examination has been used effectively to improve the early detection of breast cancer, and this strategy can also be applied to the early detection of oral cancer, but only if people's awareness level is improved.
Most of the previous literature and people generally believed that those with a higher education level and higher living standard have higher awareness of oral cancer [25–27]. According to the results of this survey, the main factors affecting people's awareness of oral cancer were age, living standards, and oral hygiene habits. Young people are relatively more exposed to a variety of new experiences and have a strong ability to learn and accept. People with higher living standards generally pay more attention to oral health and are more willing to go to the hospital for examination or treatment. Those who have good oral hygiene habits generally have good educational background and personal accomplishment. Therefore, it is very important to strengthen oral health education. Developing good oral hygiene habits can not only reduce the incidence of caries and periodontal disease, but also detect oral problems as soon as possible, so as to seek medical treatment early.
Many countries and regions have recognized the importance and necessity of publicity and education concerning oral cancer. Some organizations have made efforts to raise public awareness through brochures, television advertisements, and talk shows, etc.; and some studies have shown that people’s awareness of oral cancer can be influenced by those approaches [28, 29]. However, the data still shows that public awareness is low [10]. This study also investigated the channels through which people acquired oral health knowledge. Most of the respondents learned about oral cancer through TV programs (25.2%), phone news (20.3%), WeChat (13.0%), and talking with friends or neighbours (15.5%). Many studies have shown that the way people acquire knowledge about oral cancer is mainly through the media, and doctors only account for a small part. Therefore, in addition to the traditional paper media, we can use the fast, convenient, and rapid new media in modern society to publicize oral health knowledge to the public, such as TV programs, WeChat public numbers, short video applications, to publicize and educate the definition of oral cancer, related risk factors, early signs, self-examination methods, and oral health care methods. For medical workers, in the daily diagnosis and treatment process, they should also carry out oral health and oral cancer-related education according to the patient's own situation. For student groups, we can also set up special health lectures [30]. It is also important to raise the level of awareness of oral cancer among adolescents, considering that the mean age of individuals who start smoking and abusing alcohol is progressively decreasing.
Conclusions
The results of the present study showed that the awareness rate of oral cancer in Beijing residents is low. Most residents know little or nothing about the risk factors and early symptoms of oral cancer, and some residents have not formed good personal oral hygiene habits. In this regard, targeted measures should be taken to improve the public's awareness of oral cancer and knowledge related to its prevention and treatment.
Acknowledgements
Not applicable.
Author contributions
XHZ has contributed to conception, design, survey, data reduction, analyses and drafted the manuscript; YH has contributed to survey and data reduction; CY, SGZ and JGZ have contributed to conception, design; XML and JZ have contributed to conception, design, survey, interpretation of results and critically revise the manuscript. All authors contributed to multiple revisions and approved the final manuscript.
Funding
Not applicable.
Availability of data and materials
All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article.
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The study was approved by the ethics review board of Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology. We have obtained written informed consent from all participants (or their parent or guardian in the case of children under 16) before beginning of the study. All methods were performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and relevant policies in China.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests with regards to authorship and/or publication of this paper.
Footnotes
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Contributor Information
Xiao-Ming Lv, Email: lxm474009146@163.com.
Jie Zhang, Email: zhangjie06@126.com.
References
- 1.Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, et al. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2018;68:394–424. doi: 10.3322/caac.21492. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 2.Chen W, Zheng R, Baade PD, et al. Cancer statistics in China, 2015. CA Cancer J Clin. 2016;66:115–132. doi: 10.3322/caac.21338. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 3.Gao W, Guo CB. Research status of delayed diagnosis in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Modern Stomatol. 2008;22:419–423. [Google Scholar]
- 4.Grossmann S, Sales A, Reis D S, et al. Knowledge of oral cancer by a Brazilian population. J Cancer Educ. 2020; 1–6. [DOI] [PubMed]
- 5.West R, Alkhatib MN, McNeill A, et al. Awareness of mouth cancer in Great Britain. Br Dent J. 2006;200:167–169. doi: 10.1038/sj.bdj.4813197. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 6.Agrawal M, Pandey S, Jain S, et al. Oral cancer awareness of the general public in Gorakhpur city, India. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2012;13:5195–5199. doi: 10.7314/APJCP.2012.13.10.5195. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 7.Ghani WMN, Doss JG, Jamaluddin M, et al. Oral cancer awareness and its determinants among a selected Malaysian population. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2013;14:1957–1963. doi: 10.7314/APJCP.2013.14.3.1957. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 8.Monteiro LS, Warnakulasuriya S, Cadilhe S, et al. Oral cancer awareness and knowledge among residents in the Oporto city, Portugal. J Investig Clin Dent. 2016;7:294–303. doi: 10.1111/jicd.12158. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9.Azimi S, Ghorbani Z, Ghasemi E, et al. Disparities in oral cancer awareness: a population survey in Tehran, Iran. J Cancer Educ. 2019;34:535–541. doi: 10.1007/s13187-018-1337-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 10.Luryi AL, Yarbrough WG, Niccolai LM, et al. Public awareness of head and neck cancers. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2014;140:639–646. doi: 10.1001/jamaoto.2014.867. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 11.Al-Maweri SA, Addas A, Tarakji B, et al. Public awareness and knowledge of oral cancer in Yemen. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2015;15:10861–10865. doi: 10.7314/APJCP.2014.15.24.10861. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 12.Al-Maweri SA, Tarakji B, Alsalhani AB, et al. Oral cancer awareness of the general public in Saudi Arabia. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2015;16:3377–3381. doi: 10.7314/APJCP.2015.16.8.3377. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 13.Eltayeb AS, Satti A, Sulieman AM. Oral cancer awareness in Sudan: assessment of knowledge, attitude and treatment seeking behavior. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2017;18:1645–1649. doi: 10.22034/APJCP.2017.18.6.1645. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 14.Rogers SN, Hunter R, Lowe D. Awareness of oral cancer in the Mersey region. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2011;49:176–181. doi: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2010.04.004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 15.Monteiro LS, Salazar F, Pacheco J, et al. Oral cancer awareness and knowledge in the city of Valongo, Portugal. Int J Dent. 2012;2012:376838. doi: 10.1155/2012/376838. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 16.Hertrampf K, Wenz H-J, Koller M, et al. Public awareness about prevention and early detection of oral cancer: a population-based study in Northern Germany. J Cranio Maxillofac Surg. 2012;40:82–86. doi: 10.1016/j.jcms.2011.04.007. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 17.Warnakulasuriya S, Dietrich T, Bornstein MM, et al. Oral health risks of tobacco use and effects of cessation. Int J Dent. 2010;60:7–30. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 18.Liu ST, Wu JF, Zheng RS, et al. Incidence and mortality of oral cavity and pharyngeal cancer in China, 2009. Chin J Prev Med. 2013;47:586–591. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 19.Shiboski CH, Shiboski SC, Silverman S. Trends in oral cancer rates in the United States, 1973–1996. Commun Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2000;28:249–256. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0528.2000.280402.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 20.Kumar A, Jha R, Kumar N. A study of the awareness of oral cancer and its Associated Risk Factors amongst O.P.D. Attendees at a Teaching Hospital of Bhubaneswar, India. Int Arch BioMed Clin Res. 2017;3:58–60. [Google Scholar]
- 21.Gellrich NC, Suarez-Cunqueiro M, Bremerich A, et al. Characteristics of oral cancer in a central European population: defining the dentist's role. J Am Dent Assoc. 2003;134:307–314. doi: 10.14219/jada.archive.2003.0159. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 22.Kowalski L. Lateness of diagnosis of oral and oropharyngeal carcinoma: factors related to the tumour, the patient and health professionals. Eur J Cancer B Oral Oncol. 1994;30:167–173. doi: 10.1016/0964-1955(94)90086-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 23.Schnetler JFC. Oral cancer diagnosis and delays in referral. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1992;30:210–213. doi: 10.1016/0266-4356(92)90262-H. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 24.Guggenheimer J, Weissfeld JL, Kroboth FJ. Who has the opportunity to screen for oral cancer? Cancer Causes Control. 1993;4:63–66. doi: 10.1007/BF00051716. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 25.Azimi S, Ghorbani Z, Ghasemi E, et al. Does socioeconomic status influence oral cancer awareness? The role of public education. East Mediterr Health J. 2020;26:1510–1517. doi: 10.26719/emhj.20.060. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 26.Kawecki MM, Nedeva IR, Iloya J, et al. Mouth cancer awareness in general population: results from Grampian Region of Scotland, United Kingdom. J Oral Maxillofac Res. 2019;10(2):e3. doi: 10.5037/jomr.2019.10203. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 27.Grossmann S, Sales A, Reis DS, et al. Knowledge of oral cancer by a Brazilian population. J Cancer Educ. 2020 doi: 10.1007/s13187-020-01722-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 28.Eadie D, Mackintosh AM, Macaskill S, et al. Development and evaluation of an early detection intervention for mouth cancer using a mass media approach. Br J Cancer. 2009;101(S2):S73–S79. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605395. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 29.Siddique I, Mitchell DA. The impact of a community-based health education program on oral cancer risk factor awareness among a Gujarati community. Br Dent J. 2013;215:E7. doi: 10.1038/sj.bdj.2013.829. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 30.Rupel K, Ottaviani G, et al. Campaign to increase awareness of oral cancer risk factors among preadolescents. J Cancer Educ. 2019 doi: 10.1007/s13187-019-01504-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article.