Abstract
Introduction
Cell division cycle-7 protein is a serine/threonine kinase that has a basic role in cell cycle regulation and is a potential prognostic or therapeutic target in some human cancers.
Objectives
This study investigated the expression of cell division cycle-7 protein in benign and malignant salivary gland tumors and also its correlation with clinicopathologic factors.
Methods
Immunohistochemical expression of cell division cycle-7 was evaluated in 46 cases, including 15 adenoid cystic carcinoma, 12 mucoepidermoid carcinoma, 14 pleomorphic adenoma, and 5 normal salivary glands. Cell division cycle-7 expression rate and intensity were compared statistically.
Results
The protein was expressed in almost all tumors. The intensity and mean of cell division cycle-7 expression were higher in malignant tumors in comparison with pleomorphic adenomas (p = 0.000). The protein expression was correlated with tumor grades (p = 0.000).
Conclusions
The present study demonstrated cell division cycle-7 overexpression in malignant salivary gland tumors in comparison with pleomorphic adenomas, and also a correlation with tumor differentiation. Therefore, this protein might be a potential prognostic and therapeutic target for salivary gland tumors.
Keywords: Salivary gland, CDC7, Adenoid cystic carcinoma, Mucoepidermoid carcinoma, Pleomorphic adenoma
Resumo
Introdução
A cell division cycle-7 é uma serina/treonina quinase que tem um papel básico na regulação do ciclo celular e é um potencial marcador prognóstico ou terapêutico em alguns tipos de câncer humano.
Objetivos
Este estudo investigou a expressão de cell division cycle-7 em tumores de glândulas salivares benignos e malignos e também sua correlação com fatores clínico-patológicos.
Método
A expressão imuno-histoquímica de cell division cycle-7 foi avaliada em 46 casos, incluindo 15 carcinomas adenoide císticos, 12 carcinomas mucoepidermoides, 14 adenomas pleomórficos e 5 glândulas salivares normais. A taxa de expressão e a intensidade da proteína cell division cycle-7 foram comparadas estatisticamente.
Resultados
A proteína foi expressa em quase todos os tumores. A intensidade e a média da expressão de cell division cycle-7 foram maiores em tumores malignos em comparação com adenoma pleomórfico (p = 0,000). A expressão da proteína foi correlacionada com os graus do tumor (p = 0,000).
Conclusões
O presente estudo demonstrou a superexpressão de cell division cycle-7 em tumores malignos de glândulas salivares quando comparada com o adenoma pleomórfico, além de uma correlação com a diferenciação de tumores. Portanto, essa proteína pode ser um potencial marcador prognóstico e terapêutico para tumores de glândulas salivares.
Palavras-chave: Glândula salivar, CDC7, Carcinoma adenoide cístico, Carcinoma mucoepidermoide, Adenoma pleomórfico
Introduction
Salivary gland tumors (SGT) are relatively rare and diverse tumors which account for 3–6% of all head and neck neoplasms.1 These tumors consist of different benign and malignant subtypes with a wide histopathologic spectrum which may overlap with each other; however, with a different clinical behavior and management, pleomorphic adenoma (PA), mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) and adenoid cystic carcinoma (AdCC) are the most common benign and malignant SGTs. Surgery is the main treatment and in malignant tumors adjuvant chemo-radiotherapy may be required. Today, there is much promise in finding novel anti-cancer treatments to the basis of molecular target-therapy. The key molecules that participate in the cell growth and division are promising candidates for this goal. They may affect a broad range of various tumor types with a high proliferation rate.2
Cell division cycle-7 protein (CDC7) is a serine-threonine kinase, originally introduced in budding yeast, and plays a key role in DNA replication, principally by activating MCM complex, and regulation of S-phase check point in the cell cycle.3, 4 The regulator subunit of CDC7 is Dbf4/activator of S-phases.5 CDC7 overexpression was also correlated with P53 inactivation5 and has been found in many human tumor cell lines and tissues, including breast, colon and lung cancers, melanoma and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), but this protein has very low or undetectable expression in normal tissues.2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
It has been shown that CDC7 overexpression was correlated with poor prognosis in patients with B-cell lymphoma.11 Also, it contributed to the resistance to DNA damaging agents and increasing survival in OSCC cancer cell line.9 CDC7 was a therapeutic target in ovarian carcinoma.12 Therefore, CDC7 is a promising and potent candidate target for cell-growth inhibition because it points DNA replication before it starts.4, 6, 13 Therefore, evaluation of CDC7 function in any specific tumor is suggested. To the best of our knowledge, there is no research focused on CDC7 expression and its significance in SGTs. This study aimed to evaluate CDC7 expression rate and its correlation with clinicopathologic parameters of the most common benign and malignant SGTs.
Methods
Tissue samples
In this cross-sectional retrospective study, 46 cases consisting of 14 PA, 15 AdCC, 12 MEC and 5 normal salivary glands (NSG) were included. The cases obtained from archive of Pathology Department from 2009 to 2014. All cases had definitive diagnosis and adequate epithelial tissue. Severe inflamed cases were excluded. The baseline data including patient's age and gender, as well as tumor site, size, grade and stage were recorded, using the patient's medical files.
Immunohistochemistry
4 μm tissue sections were provided from formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded blocks. After deparaffinization and rehydration, antigen retrieval was performed by Tris-buffer in PH = 8 at 121 °C for 20 min. Endogenous peroxidase activity was blocked using 3% hydrogen peroxide for 30 min. Then, the sections were incubated by primary antibody (anti-CDC7 polyclonal antibody, 1:50, Genetex Company, USA) for 60 min. Envision system was applied as secondary antibody and the section were washed in PBS. The chromogen solution was 3,3′-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride (DAB). Finally, the slides were counterstained with Mayer's hematoxylin. A section of normal lymph node was used as positive control and the same section by omitting primary antibody as the negative control.
The stained tissues evaluated by light microscopy and the cells with brown nuclei were considered as positive. In each case, at least 1000 cells were counted in 3 microscopic fields and the percentage of positive cells was noted. The intensity of staining was assessed and scored as 1 – mild or 2 – moderate/severe, in comparison with the positive control. The mean of CDC7 expression was scored as: (1) positive cells < 5%, (2) 5–10% and (3) >10%. The final score was obtained by multiplying the intensity and percentage scores. Data were analyzed by Kruskal–Wallis, Tukey and Dunn tests and Spearman's correlation. p < 0.05 was considered as significant.
Results
The patients were 18 males and 28 females with a mean age of 49.4 ± 15. The baseline data related to all study groups are illustrates in Table 1.
Table 1.
Basic information of all study groups.
| Group (n) | PA (14) | MEC (12) | AdCC (15) | NSG (5) | Total (46) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 39.4 ± 14 | 60.6 ± 12 | 49.7 ± 12 | 49 ± 14 | 49.4 ± 15.1 |
| (M/F) | 5/9 | 7/5 | 4/11 | 2/3 | 18/28 |
| Site (Major/Minor) | 11/2 | 10/2 | 6/8 | 1/4 | 28/16 |
| Grade (1, 2, 3) | – | 3, 0, 8 | 5, 10, 0 | – | 8, 10, 8 |
| Stage (1, 2, 3, 4) | – | 1, 3, 2, 5 | 1, 3, 4, 5 | – | 2, 6, 6, 10 |
| Size (1, 2, 3, 4) | – | 1, 5, 2, 3 | 1, 4, 3, 5 | – | 2, 9, 5, 8 |
PA, pleomorphic adenoma; MEC, mucoepidermoid carcinoma; AdCC, adenoid cystic carcinoma; NSG, normal salivary glands.
Clinic data of some cases were not available.
In NSGs, two specimens exhibited a limited nuclear staining in acinar and ductal cells, with weak to moderate intensity. Almost all tumors, except one MEC, showed positive nuclear CDC7 expression.
PAs showed CDC7 expression in the epithelial and ductal cells (Fig. 1A and B) with a mean of 2.3 ± 1.2. 71% of the cases revealed weak staining.
Figure 1.
Nuclear, weak CDC7 expression in pleomorphic adenoma (A, ×200 and B, ×400).
The epidermoid cells of MEC showed CDC7 staining (Fig. 2A and B) and most of the cases (74%) had moderate/severe expression with a mean of 32.1 ± 14.3. Mucous and clear cells were not stained. All cases of AdCC exhibited moderate/severe CDC7 expression with a mean of 9.7 ± 3 (Fig. 3A and B).
Figure 2.
Severe nuclear CDC7 expression in epidermoid cells of high-grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma (A, ×200; B, ×400).
Figure 3.
Severe nuclear CDC7 expression in adenoid cystic carcinoma (A, ×200; B, ×400).
Details about mean expression of CDC7, intensity of staining and final scores are shown in Table 2. Kruskal–Wallis test showed a significant difference among groups in CDC7 expression (p = 0.000). Dunn test showed this difference between PA and MEC, as well as PA and AdCC (p = 0.000 and p = 0.004). However, there was not any significant difference between MEC and AdCC groups. Also, final scores of the groups were significantly different, according to Kruskal–Wallis test (p = 0.000).
Table 2.
Scores of intensity and CDC7 mean expression in all study groups.
| PA | MEC | AdCC | NSG | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CDC7 mean score | ||||
| 1 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| 2 | 9 | 1 | 7 | 0 |
| 3 | 0 | 10 | 7 | 0 |
| Intensity score | ||||
| 1 | 10 (71.4) | 2 (18.2) | 0 | 0 |
| 2 | 4 (28.6) | 9 (81.8) | 15 (100) | 2 (100) |
PA, pleomorphic adenoma; MEC, mucoepidermoid carcinoma; AdCC, adenoid cystic carcinoma; NSG, normal salivary glands.
PA showed significant lower scores of CDC7 mean, in comparison with MEC and also with AdCC groups, using Dunn test (p = 0.000 and p = 0.02, respectively). However, MEC and AdCC groups were statistically similar (Dunn test, p = 0.26).
Final scores were also different among the groups according to the results of Kruskal– Wallis test (p = 0.000) (Table 3). Dunn test showed that finals scores of the PA group was significantly lower than both malignant tumors (p = 0.000); however, MEC and AdCC were not different (p = 1).
Table 3.
Final scores of all study groups (Intensity × Mean scores).
| Scores | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 6 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MEC | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 9 |
| AdCC | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 7 |
| PA | 0 | 7 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| NSG | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Total | 1 | 9 | 3 | 7 | 16 |
PA, pleomorphic adenoma; MEC, mucoepidermoid carcinoma; AdCC, adenoid cystic carcinoma; NSG, normal salivary glands.
High-grade tumors showed a significant increased CDC7 expression in comparison with low and intermediate grades. Spearman's correlation test showed that CDC7 expression was correlated with tumor grades (p = 0.000), but not with tumor stage or patient's age and gender (p > 0.05).
Discussion
In the present study, we described CDC7 expression in PA, MEC and AdCC, and also its overexpression in malignant SGTs in comparison with benign ones and normal glands. Various studies have previously revealed that CDC7 has a basic role in cell proliferation, tumorogenesis and malignant progression6 by activating DNA replication.5, 8 Our findings support previous studies in various human cancer cell lines and tissues. Melling et al. demonstrated overexpression of CDC7 protein in colorectal cancer in association with P53 overexpression and as a favorable prognostic marker.2 Bonte et al. also showed that CDC7 is very low or undetectable in normal tissue, but it was over-expressed in the human breast, colon and lung cancer cell lines.5 One study showed increased CDC7 mRNA level in malignant transformed breast cancer cell line and also in hyper-proliferating cells in a lesser degree in comparison with primary normal cells.6 Increased CDC7 expression has been a marker of OSCC and has contributed to the resistance to DNA-damaging material.9 CDC7 and bf4 subunit form a complex that acts as an active protein kinase in all organisms.14 The main target of that complex activity is the MCM complex. The strong MCM positive cells indicate a high CDC7 activity.11 MCM2-7 have considered as replication initiation factors and, as a novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for several human cancers. MCM expression has been reported in the tumors that showed CDC7 overexpression such as OSCC, breast cancer cell line and tissue and also SGTs.15, 16, 17, 18 MCM2 and MCM3 represented an overexpression in malignant SGTs in comparison with benign ones17, 18 which indirectly support the overexpression of CDC7 in our samples.
It has also been demonstrated that CDC7 overexpression was correlated with TP53 gene mutation. CDC7 inhibition can induce cell death via a P53-dependent pathway.19 Bonte et al. found a correlation between P53 loss, and CDC7 overexpression in some cancer cell line.5 Also, in another study CDC7 expression was linked to P53 positivity in colorectal cancer.2 CDC7 was a therapeutic target for P53 mutant breast cancer.6 Previous studies on SGTs showed a higher expression of P53 in malignant SGTs in comparison with PA, which indirectly support our findings.20
The present study showed a positive correlation between CDC7 expression and tumor grades. However, our data did not show a significant difference between AdCC and MEC in CDC7 expression. Although AdCC is a high-grade tumor with more aggressive behavior in comparison with MEC, in our samples most of the MEC specimens were high-grade tumors. In agreement with our results, increased CDC7 expression was linked to loss of tumor differentiation, genomic instability and development of aggressive phenotype in breast cancer.6 Also, high grade colorectal and ovarian cancers showed higher CDC7 expression.2, 12 This association of CDC7 expression with differentiation makes this protein a potential suitable target for therapeutic and prognostic approaches. However, in contrast to these researches, our limited cases with complete data about clinical stage did not show any significant correlation with protein expression.
The present study revealed nuclear staining of CDC7 in all positive specimens which reinforced CDC7 function in DNA replication. Previous studies have demonstrated protein accumulation in the cell nuclei during G1 phase.21
Conclusion
The present findings showed CDC7 expression in the most common benign and malignant SGTs and its overexpression in malignant ones. Positive correlation of this protein with tumoral differentiation may represent it as a potential prognostic and therapeutic target.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Acknowledgment
The authors would like to thank the Vice-Chancellery of Shiraz University of Medical Science for supporting this research (Grant #10052), the Research Consultation Center (RCC) of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences for their invaluable assistant in editing this article. The authors also would like to thank Dr Salehi from the Dental Research Development Centre, for the statistical analysis. This manuscript is related to undergraduate thesis of Aliasghar Abbaspoorfard.
Footnotes
Please cite this article as: Jaafari-Ashkavandi Z, Ashraf MJ, Abbaspoorfard AA. Overexpression of CDC7 in malignant salivary gland tumors correlates with tumor differentiation. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2019;85:144–9.
Peer Review under the responsibility of Associação Brasileira de Otorrinolaringologia e Cirurgia Cérvico-Facial.
Peer Review under the responsibility of Associação Brasileira de Otorrinolaringologia e Cirurgia Cérvico-Facial.
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