Table 2. Summary of Interventions and Cointerventions in the Primary Analysis Population.
| Variablea | No. (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| Helmet noninvasive ventilation (n = 159) | Usual respiratory support (n = 161) | |
| Helmet NIV use during the 28-d study period | ||
| No. of patients | 152 (95.6) | 4 (2.5) |
| Total duration of helmet use, median (IQR), h | 43 (19.5-70.5) | 0 (0-0) |
| Noninvasive respiratory support in the first 48 h | ||
| Helmet NIV | ||
| No. of patients | 151 (95.0) | 3 (1.9) |
| Duration of use, median (IQR), h | 34 (15-46) | 0 (0-0) |
| Mask NIV | ||
| No. of patients | 43 (27.0) | 111 (68.9) |
| Duration of use, median (IQR), h | 0 (0-5) | 14 (0-26.5) |
| Helmet or mask NIV | ||
| No. of patients | 154 (96.9) | 111 (68.9) |
| Duration of use, median (IQR), h | 40 (24-48) | 14.0 (0-27) |
| High-flow nasal oxygen | ||
| No. of patients | 91 (57.2) | 122 (75.8) |
| Duration of use, median (IQR), h | 3 (0-15) | 23 (4-39) |
| Standard oxygen | ||
| No. of patients | 25 (15.7) | 33 (20.5) |
| Duration of use, median (IQR), h | 0 (0-0) | 0 (0-0) |
| Noninvasive ventilation settings (via helmet or mask), day 1 | ||
| Highest pressure support level, median (IQR) [No.], cm H2O | 8 (8-10) [152] | 8 (0-10) [102] |
| Highest PEEP, median (IQR) [No.], cm H2O | 10 (10-10) [152] | 10 (8-10) [102] |
| Cointerventions during the study period | ||
| Vasopressors/inotropes | 74 (46.5) | 79 (49.1) |
| Dexmedetomidine use during noninvasive respiratory supportb | 69 (43.4) | 41 (25.5) |
| Awake prone positioning | 42 (26.4) | 49 (30.4) |
| Kidney replacement therapy | 21 (13.2) | 20 (12.4) |
| COVID-19 therapeutics | ||
| Corticosteroids | 159 (100.0) | 161 (100.0) |
| Tocilizumab | 104 (65.4) | 80 (49.7) |
Abbreviations: NIV, noninvasive ventilation; PEEP, positive end-expiratory pressure.
a
All calculations are provided for all patients in each group, with the exception of noninvasive ventilation (helmet or mask noninvasive ventilation) settings, which were provided for patients receiving noninvasive ventilation (helmet or mask noninvasive ventilation). Additional details on the interventions and cointerventions are provided in eTable 8 in Supplement 2.
b
Dexmedetomidine was used for comfort and to improve compliance; benzodiazepines and other intravenous sedatives were not used.