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. 2022 Sep 1;61(37):14742–14751. doi: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02112

Synthesis and Characterization of Methoxylated Oligosilyl Group 4 Metallocenes

Aileen Sauermoser †, Thomas Lainer †, Gabriel Glotz ‡, Frank Czerny §, Bettina Schweda ∥, Roland C Fischer †, Michael Haas †,*
PMCID: PMC9490756  PMID: 36048526

Abstract

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New methoxylated oligosilyl-substituted metallocenes were synthesized by the reaction of two oligosilanides with different metallocene dichlorides (M = Ti, Zr, and Hf). The first investigated tris(trimethoxysilyl)silanide [(MeO)3Si]3SiK (1) underwent a selective monosubstitution to the respective oligosilyl-decorated metallocenes [(MeO)3Si]3SiMClCp2 (2–4). Surprisingly, the attempted disilylation with this silanide was not possible. However, in the case of titanocene dichloride, a stable radical [(MeO)3Si]3SiTiCp2 (5) was formed. The unsuccessful isolation of bisilylated metallocenes encouraged us to investigate the reactivity of another silanide. Therefore, we synthesized a hitherto unknown disilanide K[(MeO)3Si]2Si(SiMe2)2Si[(MeO)3Si]2K (8), which was accessible in good yields. The reaction of compound 8 and different metallocene dichlorides (M = Ti, Zr, and Hf) gave rise to the formation of heterocyclic compounds 9–11 in good yields.

Short abstract

New methoxylated oligosilyl-substituted metallocenes were synthesized by the reaction of two silanides with metallocene dichlorides (M = Ti, Zr, and Hf).

Introduction

The synthesis of silyl-substituted group 4 metallocenes continues to be a comprehensively researched field in contemporary metalorganic chemistry. The reasons for these studies are the multiple applications of these compounds as catalysts or precatalysts for a number of chemical transformations. Among these, the dehydrogenative polymerization of hydrosilanes stands out.1−4 A pioneer in this research field is the group of Harrod, who explored the catalytic reactivity of Cp2TiMe2 in the presence of PhSiH3.5−75−7 Subsequently, Tilley and co-workers showed that zirconocenes and hafnocenes (VII) also have the ability to polymerize phenylsilanes.1,8−10 Here, Tilley proposed a σ-bond metathesis mechanism for the formation of polymers.1,9 Although these metallocenes were heavily investigated as catalysts, so far only a few silyl-substituted titanocenes in the oxidation state +4 have been reported. Rösch et al. synthesized Cp2Ti(Cl)SiMe3 (I) by the reaction of Cp2TiCl2 with Al(SiMe3)3·Et2O.11 Additionally, Cp2Ti(SiPh2)n (n = 4 and 5 (II)) was successfully reported by Holtman et al. and Igonin et al. by the reaction of Cp2TiCl2 with Li(Ph2Si)nLi.12−15 Cp2Ti(SiH3)2 (III) was achieved by Harrod and co-workers by reacting Cp2TiCl2 with H3SiK.16 Also, Marschner and co-workers successfully synthesized a titanocene disilene complex (IV).17 Furthermore, the same group reported on the synthesis of different titanocenes (V and VI) in the oxidation state +3 (Chart 1).18,19 In contrast to this, a wide range of oligosilyl-substituted zircono- and hafnocenes are known. Tilley, as well as Marschner and co-workers, have extensively studied these compounds.8,10,20−33

Chart 1. Reported Silyl-Substituted Titanocenes.

Chart 1

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Some selected examples of different zirconocenes and hafnocenes are shown in Chart 2. Tilley et al. synthesized mono- and disubstituted hafno- and zirconocenes with different silyl substituents (VII and VIII).10,22,25−27 Moreover, Marschner and co-workers successfully published a series of hafno- and zirconocenes with different silyl backbones (VII, VIII, and IX).19,28,30,32 Additionally, they also synthesized two different hafnocenes and one zirconocene in the oxidation state +3 (X and XI).19,31

Chart 2. Reported Silyl-Substituted Zirconocenes and Hafnocenes (M = Zr and Hf).

Chart 2

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On the basis of the limited availability of different substituted silyl anions, many groups focused on the use of simple silyl- or tris(trimethylsilyl)silyl ligands, which gave rise to only a moderate variability of the isolated molecules. Recently, we introduced the straightforward synthesis of tris(trimethoxysilyl)silanides (M = Li, Na, K) 1a–c by reacting dodecamethoxyneopentasilane with equimolar amounts of a suitable base (see Scheme 1).

Scheme 1. Reaction of Dodecamethoxyneopentasilane with Suitable Bases Forming 1a–c.

Scheme 1

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The reactivity of 1a–c toward different carbon and silicon electrophiles has already been successfully demonstrated. Moreover, we were able to show that these permethoxy-substituted silanides react more selectively than other known silanides. Therefore, we want to implement this new silyl substituent as a ligand for group 4 metallocenes. Due to the fact that no significant correlation between the used silanide and the yield of the expected product was observed, only 1c was used as nucleophile.34

Results and Discussion

Synthesis and Characterization

The entry into this chemistry is provided by the selective reaction of 1c with equimolar amounts of Cl2MCp2 (M = Ti, Zr, Hf). The desired product formation to oligosilyl-substituted metallocenes 2–4 with all central atoms in an oxidation state of +4 was observable in good to excellent yields (Scheme 2). Especially, the formation of 2 was surprising to us, as this is in stark contrast to all previously reported reactions of silanides with titanocene dichlorides. Marschner and co-workers reported that oligosilyl anions with alkyl or aryl groups do not react to the silylated titanocene; instead, an ate-complex was formed.18,19 Recently, Scheschkewitz and co-workers reported on zirconocene- and hafnocene-substituted siliconoid derivatives, while titanocene dichloride as an electrophile gave rise to a complex product mixture.35 Therefore, compound 2 can be seen as a new interesting compound for further investigations including its catalytic activity.

Scheme 2. Reaction of 1c with Cl2MCp2 (M = Ti, Zr, Hf) to Synthesize the Oligosilyl-Substituted Metallocenes 2–4.

Scheme 2

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NMR data are consistent with the proposed structures, exhibiting one resonance line in the 29Si NMR spectrum for the three trimethoxysilyl groups and one signal for the quaternary silicon atom (compare Table 1). The quaternary silicon signal for compound 2 shows a significant low-field shift when compared to 3 and 4, whereas the signals for the −Si(OMe)3 groups adopt only a slight change in the shifts. By comparison of the 29Si NMR signals of compounds 1c(34) and 2–4, we found a significant high-field shift for central silicon signals, indicating the deshielding of the silicon atoms based on the formation of a Si–M (M = Ti, Zr, Hf) bond. All other analytical and spectroscopic data that support the structural assignments are given in the Experimental Section together with experimental details.

Table 1. Comparison of 29Si NMR of 1c with 2–4.

  1c 2 3 4
–Si(OMe)3 –4.6 –33.1 –29.3 –27.2
–Si(Si(OMe)3)3 –269.1 –88.1 –128.0 –117.4
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For 2–4, single crystals suitable for X-ray structure analysis could be grown in n-pentane at −30 °C. The structure of 2 is depicted in Figure 1. The X-ray structures of 3 and 4 can be found in the Supporting Information in Figures S30 and S31. Compounds 2–4 crystallized in the monoclinic space group P2(1)c. Table 2 summarizes selected average bond lengths alongside selected angles.

Figure 1.

Figure 1

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Oak Ridge thermal-ellipsoid plot (ORTEP) for compound 2. Thermal ellipsoids are depicted at the 50% probability level. Hydrogen atoms are omitted and carbon atoms are wireframed for clarity. Selected bond lengths (Å) and bond angles (deg) with estimated standard deviations: Ti(1)–Cl(1) 2.3388(7), Ti(1)–Si(1) 2.7037(7), Si(1)–Si(2) 2.3449(9), Si(1)–Si(3) 2.3589(8), Si(1)–Si(4) 2.3485(9), Cl(1)–Ti(1)–Si(1) 94.40(3), Si(2)Si(1)–Si(4) 104.50(3), Si(2)–Si(1)–Si(3) 105.61(3), Si(4)–Si(1)–Si(3) 101.98(3), Si(2)–Si(1)–Ti(1) 109.43(3), Si(4)–Si(1)–Ti(1) 116.42(3), Si(3)–Si(1)–Ti(1) 117.61(3).

Table 2. Selected Average Bond Lengths (Å) and Bond Angles (deg) of 2–4a.

  M–Cl M–Si Si–Si Cl–M–Si Si–Si–M Si–Si–Si
2 2.3388(7) 2.7037(7) 2.3508(7) 94.40(3) 116.42(3) 104.50(3)
3 2.4310(7) 2.8118(7) 2.3413(3) 98.91(2) 114.54(3) 106.33(4)
4 2.4049(14) 2.7770(16) 2.3387(4) 97.94(5) 115.40(7) 105.77(8)
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a

M = Ti, Zr, Hf.

The observed bond lengths of the metal–chlorine (M–Cl) bond for 2–4 are in the same region as the known distances of Cl2MCp2 (Ti–Cl 2.364(3) Å; Zr–Cl 2.441(2) Å; Hf–Cl 2.423(3) Å).36 Compound 2 adopts a Ti(1)–Si(1) bond length of 2.3388(7) Å, which is in the range of other reported Ti–Si bond lengths (2.159(13)–2.8347(18) Å).11,18,37 Compound 3 shows a Zr(1)–Si(1) bond length of 2.8118(7) Å, which is consistent with the distance found in the literature (2.8503(11)–2.8950(10) Å).19 However, the hafnium derivative 4 adopts a bond length of 2.7770(16) Å for Hf(1)–Si(1) that is significantly decreased in comparison to the known values of 2.849(2)–2.863(2) Å.19 The bond lengths of all Si–Si bonds show no deviations from published values (2.385 Å).38 The straightforward synthesis of compounds 2–4 encouraged us to systematically investigate the reactions of our silanides with metallocenes. The next logical synthetic target was the bis-silylation of the respective metallocenes. Therefore, we reacted 1c with 0.5 equiv of Cl2MCp2 (M = Ti, Zr, and Hf). However, in the case of zirconocene dichloride and hafnocene dichloride, no characterizable products were observed via NMR and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopies, whereas the reaction of 1c with titanocene dichloride gave rise to a selective radical formation, which was determined by EPR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography (Scheme 3). Moreover, this radical (compound 5) is persistent at room temperature (RT) and does not show any degradation products over time.

Scheme 3. Reaction of 1c with 0.5 equiv of Cl2TiCp2.

Scheme 3

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Compound 5 was isolable in good yield and single crystals suitable for X-ray structure analysis could be grown in n-pentane at −30 °C (see Figure 2). Compound 5 crystallized in the triclinic space group P1̅ with a unit cell containing two molecules (see the Supporting Information).

Figure 2.

Figure 2

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ORTEP for compound 5. Thermal ellipsoids are depicted at the 50% probability level. Hydrogen atoms are omitted and carbon atoms are wireframed for clarity. Selected bond lengths (Å) and bond angles (deg) with estimated standard deviations: Ti(1)–O(1) 2.2150(17), Ti(1)–Si(1) 2.7432(7), Si(1)–Si(2) 2.3133(10), Si(1)–Si(3) 2.3322(10), Si(1)–Si(4) 2.3319(11), O(1)–Ti(1)–Si(1) 73.61(4), Si(2)–Si(1)–Si(4) 109.21 (4), Si(2)–Si(1)–Si(3) 100.95, Si(4)–Si(1)–Si(3) 104.42(4), Si(2)–Si(1)–Ti(1) 78.75(3), Si(4)–Si(1)–Ti(1) 129.92(4), Si(3)–Si(1)–Ti(1) 122.97(4).

As depicted in Figure 2, one oxygen of a methoxy group donates a lone pair and consequently stabilizes the titanium radical. This donation significantly influences the orientation of one trimethoxysilyl group. Accordingly, the Si(2)–Si(1)–Ti(1) angle with 78.75(3)° of compound 5 is highly decreased in comparison to the respective angle of 109.43(3)° in compound 2. Additionally, the Si(1)–Si(2) bond length is slightly decreased in comparison to compound 2. Moreover, the Ti(1)–Si(1) bond length is significantly increased compared to compound 2. Interestingly, also the Ti(1)–O(1) bond length is increased in comparison to literature values (1.914–2.099 Å).39 The d1 configuration of 5 allows EPR spectroscopy to characterize this compound. The metalate 5 exhibited an isotropic EPR signal presented as one sharp singlet with satellites due to the 47Ti with I = 5/2 and 49Ti with I = 7/2 in their respective natural abundances (Figure 3). The g-factor of 1.9809 was determined using DPPH in C6D6 as an external reference, which is similar to the values found in the literature for Ti(III) complexes.40 Analytical and spectroscopic data that well support the structural assignment are given in the Experimental Section.

Figure 3.

Figure 3

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Experimental (black line) and simulated (red line) X-band EPR spectra of 5 at 280 K in C6D6, and the inset presents the experimental spectrum with increased instrument gain to better visualize small intensity signals.

The formation of 5 intrigued us to further investigate the reactivity of 2. Consequently, we reacted 2 with the moderate reducing reagent [{(MesNacnac)Mg}2] as well as KC8. As expected, the same product was observed, and the yields were increased by 10% (Scheme 4). Following this result, we also tested the reduction of 3 and 4 with the same reaction conditions, but again, no characterizable products were formed.

Scheme 4. Reduction of 2 with KC8 or [{(MesNacnac)Mg}2] (MesNacnac = [(MesNCMe)2CH]−, Mes = Mesityl).

Scheme 4

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To determine the reactivity of the radical, 5 was reacted with two standard radical quenching reagents. Therefore, we reacted 5 with equimolar amounts of (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxyl (TEMPO) or equimolar amounts of (bromomethyl)benzene and found the selective formation of the corresponding trapping products 6 and 7 in good yields (see Scheme 5). NMR data are consistent with the proposed structures and are depicted in the Experimental Section.

Scheme 5. Reaction of 5 with TEMPO or (Bromomethyl)benzene to Form Compounds 6 and 7.

Scheme 5

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The unsuccessful isolation of the bis-silylated metallocenes with the usage of 2 equiv of 1c encouraged us to investigate the reactivity of another silanide. Therefore, 1,1,1,6,6,6-hexamethoxy-3,3,4,4-tetramethyl-2,2,5,5-tetrakis(trimethoxysilyl)-hexasilane was synthesized according to published procedures34 and used for the synthesis of the dianion 8 shown in Scheme 6.

Scheme 6. Reaction of 1,1,1,6,6,6-Hexamethoxy-3,3,4,4-tetramethyl-2,2,5,5-tetrakis-(trimethoxysilyl)hexasilane with 2 equiv of KOtBu to the Respective Dianion 8(34).

Scheme 6

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For 8, single crystals suitable for X-ray structure analysis could be grown in tetrahydrofuran (THF) at −30 °C after the addition of 2 equiv of 18-crown-6. The structure is depicted in Figure 4. Compound 8 crystallized in the triclinic space group P1̅ with a unit cell containing one molecule.

Figure 4.

Figure 4

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ORTEP for compound 8 stabilized by 18-crown-6. Thermal ellipsoids are depicted at the 50% probability level. Hydrogen atoms are omitted and carbon atoms are wireframed for clarity. Selected bond lengths (Å) and bond angles (deg) with estimated standard deviations: K(1)–O(1) 2.941(2), K(1)–O(2) 3.289(2), K(1)–O(3) 3.040(11), O(1)–Si(2) 1.660(3), Si(2)–O(2) 1.670(2), Si(2)–O(3) 1.662(5), Si(1)–Si(2) 2.3023(14), Si(1)–Si(3) 2.3100(12), Si(1)–Si(4) 2.3568(12), O(1)–K(1)–Si(2) 26.87(5), O(2)–K(1)–Si(2) 27.47(4), O(3)–K(1)–Si(2) 27.20(8), O(1)–K(1)–O(2) 47.74(5), O(1)–K(1)–O(3) 43.54(10), O(3)–K(1)–O(2) 48.26(10), Si(2)–Si(1)–Si(3) 102.24(5), Si(2)–Si(1)–Si(4) 105.83(5), Si(3)–Si(1)–Si(4) 103.32(4).

All Si–O bond lengths of compound 8 (1.660(3), 1.670(2), 1.662(5)) are slightly increased when compared to reported values (1.576–1.632 Å).41,42 All Si–Si bonds are comparable to known distances.11,37 The potassium atoms are coordinated by the crown ether ligands. Additionally, the oxygen atoms of three methoxy groups on each site are attached to potassium in a chelating coordination mode. The interesting structural features are the different K–O bond lengths with 2.941(2) Å for K(1)–O(1), 3.040(11) Å for K(1)–O(2), and 3.289(2) Å for K(1)–O(3). Here, only the K(1)–O(1) distance has a bond length of 2.941(2) Å, which is consistent with the already reported distances.43

Subsequently, we systematically investigated the reactions of our new silanides with metallocenes to obtain heterocyclic compounds. Therefore, we reacted 8 with equimolar amounts of Cl2MCp2 (M = Ti, Zr, Hf) and found the selective formation of compounds 9–11 in moderate yields as shown in Scheme 7. Analytical and spectroscopic data that well support the structural assignment are given in the Experimental Section.

Scheme 7. Reaction of 8 with Cl2MCp2 (M = Ti, Zr, Hf) to the Heterocyclic Compounds 9–11.

Scheme 7

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Table 3 compares the 29Si NMR spectra of the dianion 8 and the heterocycles 9–11. Again, the 29Si NMR signals of compounds 8 and 9–11 showed a significant high-field shift for central silicon signals, indicating the deshielding of the silicon atoms based on the formation of Si–M (M = Ti, Zr, Hf) bonds. The quaternary silicon signal for compound 10 shows a significant high-field shift as compared to 9 and 11. Even between 9 and 11, a significant shift was observed. Comparing compounds 9–11 to 2–4, a similar trend of the 29Si NMR shifts could be detected. Further experimental details are depicted in the Experimental Section.

Table 3. 29Si NMR Data for 8–11.

  8 9 10 11
–Si(OMe)3 0.5 –30.7 –26.6 –23.8
–Si(Si(OMe)3)2 –243.4 –57.6 –94.6 –75.7
–Si(CH3)2 –26.1 –7.8 –15.4 –16.4
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Crystals of 9 of sufficient quality for single-crystal X-ray crystallography were obtained by crystallization at −30 °C from an n-pentane solution. The molecular structure is depicted in Figure 5 along with selected bond distances and dihedral angles. Compound 9 crystallized in the triclinic space group P1̅. The unit cell contains six molecules. The average Ti–Si bond length (2.6791(2) Å) of 9 is significantly shorter compared to that of compound 2 (2.7037(7) Å) and moreover in the lower end of similar molecules.18 All Si–Si bonds are comparable to known distances.11,37 In addition, the five-membered ring adopts envelope conformation. The titanium atom (Ti1) lies 1.215(2) Å outside the plane formed by the silicon atoms.

Figure 5.

Figure 5

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ORTEP for compound 9. Thermal ellipsoids are depicted at the 50% probability level. Hydrogen atoms are omitted and carbon atoms are wireframed for clarity. Selected bond lengths (Å) and bond angles (deg) with estimated standard deviations: Ti(1)–Si(1) 2.6697(9), Ti(1)–Si(4) 2.6884(9), Si(1)–Si(2) 2.3624(11), Si(1)–Si(5) 2.3261(11), Si(1)–Si(6) 2.3355(11), Si(2)–Si(3) 2.3531(11), Si(3)–Si(4) 2.3755(10), Si(4)–Si(8) 2.3399(11), Si(4)–Si(7) 2.3282(11), Si(1)–Ti(1)–Si(4) 84.63(3), Si(2)–Si(1)–Ti(1) 111.29(3), Si(5)–Si(1)–Ti(1) 110.85(4), Si(6)–Si(1)–Ti(1) 120.12(4), Si(3)-Si(4)–Ti(1) 112.80(4), Si(8)–Si(4)–Ti(1) 120.90(4), Si(7)–Si(4)–Ti(1) 109.49(4), Si(5), Si(1), Si(2) 109.84(4), Si(5)–Si(1)–Si(6) 103.98(4), Si(6)–Si(1)–Si(2) 99.95(4), Si(3)–Si(2)–Si(1) 103.92(4), Si(2)–Si(3)–Si(4) 106.11(4), Si(8)–Si(4)–Si(3) 108.11(4), Si(7)–Si(4)–Si(3) 107.40(4), Si(7)–Si(4)–Si(8) 96.31(4).

To complete the characterization of the isolable silyl-substituted metallocenes 2–4 and 9–11, we recorded their UV–vis absorption spectra and assigned them computationally. Figure 6a shows compounds 2–4, while Figure 6b depicts compounds 9–11. A qualitative agreement between calculated and experimental absorption maxima could be achieved for all bands (compare Supporting Information). All longest wavelength absorptions are simple highest occupied molecular orbital–lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (HOMO–LUMO) transitions. As shown in Figure 7, the HOMO orbitals for compounds 2–4 are delocalized over the organic as well as inorganic substituents. The LUMO of 2–4 has predominantly d orbital character. Interestingly, the HOMO orbitals for compounds 9–11 are mainly delocalized over the silicon heterocycles, while the LUMO orbitals still have a high d character.

Figure 6.

Figure 6

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UV–vis spectra of compounds 2–4 (a) and 9–11 (b) (c = 1 × 10–3 mol/L; solvent: n-hexane).

Figure 7.

Figure 7

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LUMO (left) and HOMO (right) of compounds 2 (above) and 9 (below).

Conclusions

In conclusion, new methoxylated oligosilyl-substituted metallocenes were synthesized by the reaction of two oligosilanides with metallocene dichlorides (M = Ti, Zr, and Hf) in good to excellent yields. The monosubstituted metallocenes 2–4 were characterized via NMR, UV–vis spectroscopy, and X-ray crystallography. Especially interesting was the radical compound 5, which was obtained by the failed attempt to bis-silylate titanocene dichloride. Compound 5 was characterized via EPR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. By comparing the crystal structure of 2 and 5, changes in bond lengths and angles were observable. Particularly interesting was the coordination of one methoxy group to the metal, which is the reason for the high stability of this radical compound. By investigating the reactivity of 5, two quenching experiments (with TEMPO and (bromomethyl)benzene) were performed. Since the bis-silylation with 1c was unsuccessful, another silanide 8 was synthesized. By the reaction of 8 with the same metallocene dichlorides, the formation of the heterocyclic compounds 9–11 was observed. Compounds 9–11 were fully characterized via NMR and UV–vis spectroscopies. Additionally, for compound 9, crystals of sufficient quality for X-ray crystallography were obtained. Further studies to probe the scope for these molecules as catalysts are currently in progress.

Experimental Section

General Procedures

All experiments were performed under a nitrogen atmosphere using standard Schlenk techniques. Solvents were dried using a column solvent purification system.44 Commercial reagents were used as purchased, unless otherwise noted. 1H (299.95 MHz), 13C (75.43 MHz), and 29Si (59.59 MHz) NMR spectra were recorded on either a Varian INOVA 300 MHz spectrometer, Varian Mercury 300 MHz spectrometer, or a Bruker Avance III 300 MHz with an autosampler. Additionally, 1H (199.97 MHz) and 29Si (39.73 MHz) NMR spectra were also recorded on a 200 MHz Bruker AVANCE DPX spectrometer in C6D6 solution (99.5 atom %, D) using the internal 2H-lock signal of the solvent. (Si(OMe)3)4Si45,46 and 1,1,1,6,6,6-hexamethoxy-3,3,4,4-tetramethyl-2,2,5,5-tetrakis(trimethoxysilyl)hexasilane34 were synthesized according to published procedures. Mass spectra were acquired either with a Q-TOF Premier from Waters, Manchester, England. Therefore, the original ESI source of the instrument was replaced by a standard LIFDI source from Linden CMS, Weyhe, Germany. Infrared spectra were obtained on a Bruker Alpha-P Diamond ATR spectrometer from the solid sample. Elemental analyses were carried out on a Hanau Vario Element EL apparatus. Continuous-wave time-resolved EPR (TR-EPR) experiments were performed on a Bruker ESP 300E X-band spectrometer (unmodulated static magnetic field) equipped with a 125 MHz dual-channel digital oscilloscope (Le Croy 9400). UV absorption spectra were recorded on a PerkinElmer Lambda 5 spectrometer.

X-ray Crystallography

All crystals suitable for single-crystal X-ray diffractometry were removed from a vial or Schlenk flask and immediately covered with a layer of silicone oil. A single crystal was selected, mounted on a glass rod on a copper pin, and placed in a cold N2 stream. X-ray diffraction (XRD) data collections for compounds 2–5, 8, and 9 were performed on a Bruker APEX II diffractometer with the use of an Incoatec microfocus sealed tube of Mo Kα radiation (λ = 0.71073 Å) and a charge-coupled device (CCD) area detector. Empirical absorption corrections were applied using SADABS or TWINABS.47,48 The structures were solved with either the use of direct methods or the intrinsic phasing option in SHELXT and refined by the full-matrix least-squares procedures in SHELXL49−51 or Olex2.52 The space group assignments and structural solutions were evaluated using PLATON.53,54 Nonhydrogen atoms were refined anisotropically. Hydrogen atoms were either located in a difference map or in calculated positions corresponding to standard bond lengths and angles. The disorder was handled by modeling the occupancies of the individual orientations using free variables to refine the respective occupancy of the affected fragments (PART).55Table S1 in the Supporting Information contains crystallographic data and details of measurements and refinement for all compounds. Crystallographic data (excluding structure factors) have been deposited with the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre (CCDC) under the following numbers: 2, 2176007; 3, 2176008; 4, 2176009; 5, 2176010; 8, 2176011; 9, 2176012.

Density Functional Theory (DFT) Computations

The computations were performed in the gas phase with the Gaussian 16 revision C.01 program package at the B3LYP level and LANL2DZ basis set.56

Synthesis of (η5-Dicyclopentadienyl)(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethoxy-2-(trimethoxysilyl)-tri-silan-2-yl)titanium(IV) Chloride (2)

Briefly, 0.23 g of KOtBu (2.1 mmol) was added to a solution of 1.0 g of 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethoxy-2,2-bis(trimethoxysilyl)trisilane (2.0 mmol) in 25 mL of THF at 0 °C. After additional stirring for 45 min at RT, the reaction mixture was slowly added to a −30 °C solution of 0.51 g of [Cl2TiCp2] (2.1 mmol) in 25 mL of THF. The reaction mixture was brought to room temperature and stirred for an hour. Subsequently, the solvent was removed in vacuum. Fifty milliliters of n-pentane was added, and the salts were removed by filtration. A blue solid precipitate formed in n-pentane at −70 °C to obtain 0.80 g of 2 (68%). Anal. Calcd for C19H37ClO9Si4Ti: C, 37.71%; H, 6.16%. Found: C, 37.76%; H, 6.21%. 1H NMR (C6D6, ppm): 6.38 (s, 10H, C5H5); 3.68 (s, 27H, Si(OCH3)3). 29Si NMR (C6D6, ppm): −33.1 (s, Si(OCH3)3); −88.0 (s, Si(Si(OCH3)3)3). 13C NMR (C6D6, ppm): 114.98 (s, C5H5); 50.50 (s, Si(OCH3)3). IR (v [cm–1]): 3116, 2940 (m, C5H5); 2834 (s, OCH3); 774, 711, 693 (m, Si–Si). UV–vis measured in n-hexane with c = 1 × 10–3 mol/L (γ [nm], ε [L mol–1 cm–1]): 3820; 617. High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) (LIFDI+) calcd for [C19H37ClO9Si4Ti]+• (M+): 604.0686. Found: 604.1290.

Synthesis of (η5-Dicyclopentadienyl)(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethoxy-2-(trimethoxysilyl)tri-silan-2-yl)zirconium(IV) Chloride (3)

Briefly, 0.23 g of KOtBu (2.1 mmol) was added to a solution of 1.0 g of 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethoxy-2,2-bis(trimethoxysilyl)trisilane (2.0 mmol) in 25 mL of THF at 0 °C. After additional stirring for 45 min at RT, the reaction mixture was slowly added to a −30 °C solution of 0.60 g of [Cl2ZrCp2] (2.1 mmol) in 25 mL of 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME). The reaction mixture was brought to room temperature and stirred for an hour. The solvent was removed in vacuum. Fifty milliliters of n-pentane was added, and the salts were removed by filtration. A yellow solid precipitate formed in n-pentane at −70 °C to obtain 0.78 g of 3 (62%). Anal. Calcd for C19H37ClO9Si4Zr: C, 35.19%; H, 5.75%, found: C, 35.24%; H, 5.72%. 1H NMR (C6D6, ppm): 6.36 (s, 10H, C5H5); 3.67 (s, 27H, Si(OCH3)3). 29Si NMR (C6D6, ppm): −29.3 (s, Si(OCH3)3); −128.0 (s, Si(Si(OCH3)3)3). 13C NMR (C6D6, ppm): 112.86 (s, C5H5); 50.36 (s, Si(OCH3)3). IR (v [cm–1]) 3109, 2943 (m, C5H5); 2834 (s, OCH3); 792, 711, 683 (m, Si–Si). UV–vis measured in n-hexane with c = 1 × 10–3 mol/L (γ [nm], ε [L mol–1 cm–1]): 12267; 759. HRMS (LIFDI+) calcd for [C18H34ClO9Si4Zr + H]+ (M–CH2): 632.0094. Found: 632.0720.

Synthesis of (η5-Dicyclopentadienyl)(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethoxy-2-(trimethoxysilyl)tri-silan-2-yl)hafnium(IV) Chloride (4)

Briefly, 0.23 g of KOtBu (2.1 mmol) was added to a solution of 1.0 g of 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethoxy-2,2-bis(trimethoxysilyl)trisilane (2.0 mmol) in 25 mL of THF at 0 °C. After additional stirring for 45 min at RT, the reaction mixture was slowly added to a −30 °C solution of 0.78 g of [Cl2HfCp2] (2.1 mmol) in 25 mL of DME. The reaction mixture was brought to room temperature and stirred for an hour. Fifty milliliters of n-pentane was added, and the salts were removed by filtration. An orange solid precipitate formed in n-pentane at −70 °C to obtain 0.92 g of 4 (64%). Anal. Calcd for C19H37ClHfO9Si4: C, 31.02%; H, 5.07%. Found: C, 31.24%; H, 5.24%. 1H NMR (C6D6, ppm): 6.28 (s, 10H, C5H5); 3.70 (s, 27H, Si(OCH3)3). 29Si NMR (C6D6, ppm): −27.2 (s, Si(OCH3)3); −117.4 (s, Si(Si(OCH3)3)3). 13C NMR (C6D6, ppm): 111.76 (s, C5H5); 50.43 (s, Si(OCH3)3). IR (v [cm–1]): 3108, 2939 (m, C5H5); 2836 (s, OCH3); 778, 711, 686 (m, Si–Si). UV–vis measured in n-hexane with c = 1 × 10–3 mol/L (γ [nm], ε [L mol–1 cm–1]): 11737; 1296. HRMS (LIFDI+) calcd for [C18H34ClO9Si4Hf + H]+ (M–CH2): 722.0512. Found: 722.1219.

Synthesis of (η5-Dicyclopentadienyl)(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethoxy-2-(trimethoxysilyl)tri-silan-2-yl)titanium(III) (5)

Method a

Briefly, 0.23 g of KOtBu (2.1 mmol) was added to a solution of 1.0 g of 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethoxy-2,2-bis(trimethoxysilyl)trisilane (2.0 mmol) in 25 mL of THF at 0 °C. After additional stirring for 45 min at RT, the reaction mixture was slowly added to a 0 °C solution of 0.26 g [Cl2TiCp2] (1.0 mmol) in 25 mL of THF. The reaction mixture was brought to room temperature and stirred for an hour. The color changed from blue to green. The solvent was removed in vacuum. Fifty milliliters of n-pentane was added, and the salts were removed by filtration. A green solid precipitate was formed in n-pentane at −30 °C to obtain 0.33 g of 5 (60%).

Method b

Briefly, 0.50 g of (η5-dicyclopentadienyl)(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethoxy-2-(trimethoxysilyl)-tri-silan-2-yl)titanium(IV) chloride (0.83 mmol), 0.12 g of KC8 (0.87 mmol), or 0.33 g of the magnesium(I)dimer [{(MesNacnac)Mg−}2] (0.45 mmol) was stirred in 25 mL of THF overnight. The solvent was removed in vacuum. Thirty milliliters of n-pentane was added, and the salts were removed by filtration. A green solid precipitate formed in n-pentane at −30 °C to obtain 0.18 g of 5 (70%, identical for both reduction agents). Anal. Calcd for C19H37O9Si4Ti•: C, 40.06%; H, 6.55%. Found: C, 39.88%; H, 6.78%. UV–vis measured in n-hexane with c = 1 × 10–4 mol/L (γ [nm], ε [L mol–1 cm–1]): 16 754; 12 945; 357.

Synthesis of (η5-Dicyclopentadienyl)(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethoxy-2-(trimethoxysilyl)tri-silan-2-yl)((2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxy)titanium (6)

Briefly, 1.0 g of 5 (1.8 mmol) and 0.29 g of TEMPO (1.8 mmol) were stirred in 25 mL of THF for 1 h at RT. The solvent was removed in vacuum. The red product precipitates in n-pentane at −30 °C to obtain 1.0 g of 6 (80%). Anal. Calcd for C28H55NO10Si4Ti: C, 46.33%; H, 7.64%. Found: C, 46.44%; H, 7.76%. 1H NMR (C6D6, ppm): 6.33 (s, 10H, C5H5), 3.71 (s, 27H, Si(OCH3)3); 1.46 (s, 6 H; CH2); 1.09 (s, 12 H; CH3). 29Si NMR (C6D6, ppm): −30.3 (s, Si(OCH3)3); −113.7 (s, Si(Si(OCH3)3)3). 13C NMR (C6D6, ppm): 112.11 (s, C5H5); 60.51 (s, C(CH3)2); 50.49 (s, Si(OCH3)3); 41.01 (s, CH2); 32.10 (s, CH3); 17.24 (s, CH2). IR (v [cm–1]): 3116, 2933 (m, C5H5); 2838 (s, OCH3); 1450 (m, CH2); 1373 (m, CH3); 771, 683, 658 (m, Si–Si). UV–vis measured in n-hexane with c = 1 × 10–4 mol/L (γ [nm], ε [L mol–1 cm–1]): 25 206; 18 312; 1545.

Synthesis of (η5-Dicyclopentadienyl)(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethoxy-2-(trimethoxysilyl)tri-silan-2-yl)titanium(IV) Bromide (7)

Briefly, 1.0 g of 5 (1.8 mmol) and 0.22 mL (bromomethyl)benzene (1.8 mmol) were stirred in 25 mL of THF for 15 min at RT. The solvent was removed in vacuum. The blue product precipitates in n-pentane at −30 °C to obtain 0.97 g of 7 (85%). Anal. Calcd for C19H37BrO9Si4Ti: C, 35.13%; H, 5.74%. Found: C, 35.12%; H, 5.75%. 1H NMR (C6D6, ppm): 6.43 (s, 10H, C5H5). 3.67 (s, 27H, Si(OCH3)3). 29Si NMR (C6D6, ppm): −34.2 (s, Si(OCH3)3); −81.2 (s, Si(Si(OCH3)3)3). 13C NMR (C6D6, ppm): 115.05 (s, C5H5); 50.54 (s, Si(OCH3)3). IR (v [cm–1]): 3114, 2941 (m, C5H5); 2832 (s, OCH3); 775, 711, 691 (m, Si–Si). UV–vis measured in n-hexane with c = 1 × 10–4 mol/L (γ [nm], ε [L mol–1 cm–1]): 15 201; 434.

Synthesis of (η5-Dicyclopentadienyl)-2,2,5,5-tetrakis(trimethoxysilyl)tetramethoxy-1-titana-cyclopentasilane (9)

Briefly, 0.13 g of KOtBu (1.1 mmol) was added to a solution of 0.50 g of 1,1,1,6,6,6-hexamethoxy-3,3,4,4-tetramethyl-2,2,5,5-tetrakis(trimethoxysilyl)hexasilane (0.56 mmol) in 20 mL of THF at 0 °C. After additional stirring for 45 min at RT, the reaction mixture was slowly added to a −30 °C solution of 0.15 g of [Cl2TiCp2] (0.58 mmol) in 15 mL of n-pentane. The mixture was stirred for an hour at RT. The solvent was removed in vacuum. Thirty milliliters of n-pentane was added, and the salts were removed by filtration. A dark red solid precipitates in n-pentane at −70 °C to obtain 0.18 g of 9 (44%). Anal. Calcd for C26H58O4Si8Ti: C, 44.15%; H, 8.27%. Found: C, 44.36%; H, 8.35%. 1H NMR (C6D6, ppm): 6.99 (s, 10H, C5H5); 3.59 (s, 36H, Si(OCH3)3); 0.76 (s, 12H, Si(CH3)2). 29Si NMR (C6D6, ppm): −7.8 (s, Si(CH3)2); −30.7 (s, Si(OCH3)3); −57.6 (s, Si(Si(OCH3)3)2). 13C NMR (C6D6, ppm): 114.82 (s, C5H5); 50.21 (s, Si(OCH3)3); 1.29 (s, Si(CH3)2). IR (v [cm–1]): 3116, 2929 (m, C5H5); 2835 (s, OCH3), 1450 (m, CH3); 1059 (s, CH3); 771, 683, 650 (m, Si–Si). UV–vis measured in n-hexane with c = 1 × 10–4 mol/L (γ [nm], ε [L mol–1 cm–1]): 17972; 2486; 2539. HRMS (LIFDI+) calcd for [C26H58O12Si8Ti]+• (M+•): 834.1567. Found: 834.1490.

Synthesis of (η5-Dicyclopentadienyl)-2,2,5,5-tetrakis(trimethoxysilyl)tetramethyl-1-zirconacyclopentasilane (10)

Briefly, 0.13 g of KOtBu (1.1 mmol) was added to a solution of 0.50 g of 1,1,1,6,6,6-hexamethoxy-3,3,4,4-tetramethyl-2,2,5,5-tetrakis(trimethoxysilyl)hexasilane (0.56 mmol) in 20 mL of THF at 0 °C. After additional stirring for 45 min at RT, the reaction mixture was slowly added to a 0 °C solution of 0.17 g of [Cl2ZrCp2] (0.58 mmol) in 15 mL of DME. The mixture was stirred for an hour at RT. The solvent was removed in vacuum. Thirty milliliters of n-pentane was added, and the salts were removed by filtration. A dark orange solid precipitates in n-pentane at −70 °C to obtain 0.17 g of 10 (40%). Anal. Calcd for C26H58O4Si8Zr: C, 41.60%; H, 7.79% Found: C, 41.96%; H, 7.86%. 1H NMR (C6D6, ppm): 6.82 (s, 10H, C5H5); 3.63 (s, 36H, Si(OCH3)3); 0.75 (s, 12H, Si(CH3)2). 29Si NMR (C6D6, ppm): −15.4 (s, Si(CH3)2); −26.6 (s, Si(OCH3)3); −94.6 (s, Si(Si(OCH3)3)2). 13C NMR (C6D6, ppm): 111.16 (s, C5H5); 50.18 (s, Si(OCH3)3); 0.85 (s, Si(CH3)2). IR (v [cm–1]): 3112, 2935 (m, C5H5); 2833 (s, OCH3), 1454 (m, CH3); 1058 (s, CH3); 770, 678, 637 (m, Si–Si). UV–vis measured in n-hexane with c = 1 × 10–4 mol/L (γ [nm], ε [L mol–1 cm–1]): 1091; 1507; 228. HRMS (LIFDI+) calcd for [C26H58O12Si8Zr]+• (M+•): 876.1130. Found: 876.0469.

Synthesis of (η5-Dicyclopentadienyl)-2,2,5,5-tetrakis(trimethoxysilyl)tetramethyl-1-hafna-cyclopentasilane (11)

Briefly, 0.13 g of KOtBu (1.1 mmol) was added to a solution of 0.50 g of 1,1,1,6,6,6-hexamethoxy-3,3,4,4-tetramethyl-2,2,5,5-tetrakis-(trimethoxysilyl)hexasilane (0.56 mmol) in 20 mL of THF at 0 °C. After additional stirring for 45 min at RT, the reaction mixture was slowly added to a −30 °C solution of 0.22 g [Cl2HfCp2] (0.58 mmol) in 15 mL of n-pentane. The mixture was stirred for an hour at RT. The solvent was removed via vacuum. Fifty milliliters of n-pentane was added, and the salts were removed by filtration. An orange-red solid precipitates in n-pentane at −70 °C to obtain 0.17 g of 11 (40%). Anal. Calcd for C26H58HfO4Si8: C, 37.27%; H, 6.98%. Found: C, 37.39%; H, 7.21%. 1H NMR (C6D6, ppm): 6.68 (s, 10H, C5H5); 3.61 (s, 36H, Si(OCH3)3); 0.71 (s, 12H, Si(CH3)2). 29Si NMR (C6D6, ppm): −16.4 (s, Si(CH3)2); −23.8 (s, Si(OCH3)3); −75.7 (s, Si(Si(OCH3)3)2). 13C NMR (C6D6, ppm): 110.34 (s, C5H5); 50.21 (s, Si(OCH3)3); 1.11 (s, Si(CH3)2). IR (v [cm–1]): 3123, 2940 (m, C5H5); 2838 (s, OCH3), 1457 (m, CH3); 1054 (s, CH3); 770, 675, 642 (m, Si–Si). UV–vis measured in n-hexane with c = 1 × 10–4 mol/L (γ [nm], ε [L mol–1 cm–1]): 1316; 1707; 185. HRMS (LIFDI+) calcd for [C26H58O12Si8Hf]+• (M+•): 966.1539. Found: 966.0867.

Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge the FWF (Wien, Austria) for financial support (project number P33470-N). The authors thank Linden CMS GmbH, Germany, for measuring the mass spectra.

Supporting Information Available

The Supporting Information is available free of charge at https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02112.

  • 1H, 13C, and 29Si NMR spectra for all isolated compounds; UV–vis spectra of 5–7; X-ray data of all structural characterized compounds; and density functional theory computations (PDF)

Author Contributions

A.S. equal with T.L. was responsible for experimental investigations, formal analysis, visualization, data presentation, and writing original draft (lead). G.G. measured the EPR spectra, and F.C. was responsible for several NMR spectra (supportive). B.S. calculated the absorption spectra. R.C.F. collected the X-ray data and solved the crystal structures. M.H. was in charge for methodology and conceptualization, review and editing of the manuscript (lead), project administration, and funding acquisition.

FWF (Wien, Austria) project number P33470-N. Open Access is funded by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF).

The authors declare no competing financial interest.

Supplementary Material

ic2c02112_si_001.pdf (1.5MB, pdf)

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