Table 1.

Characterization techniques used in measuring various PM properties.

S.No.	Characterization Method	Property Measured	Reference
1	NMR	Nature of amphiphilic components	[42,43]
2	FTIR	Nature of amphiphilic components	[44]
3	DLS	PM size	[45,46]
4	AFM	PM morphology	[47]
5	Cryo-TEM	PM morphology	[48]
6	Surface tension	CMC of PM	[49]
7	Absorbance (Sudan III, 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH))	CMC of PM	[50]
8	Fluorescence (Pyrene, Coumarin-6, Nile Red, 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH))	CMC of PM	[51]
9	DLS	Surface charge of PM	[14,15]
10	FRET	Drug release, Protein corona formation, Stability in biological fluids	[52]
11	Chromatography Techniques	Drug release, Protein corona formation, Stability in biological fluids, Tissue concentrations	[14,15]
12	Symmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (AF4)	Stability in biological fluids (serum, cerebrospinal fluid, vitreous (eye))	[14,15]
13	X-rays	PM size	[53]