Table 1.
Summary of the roles of small GTPases in CoV infection.
| Phase | Virus (Genera) * | Small GTPase (Family) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-entry | PHEV (β) | Rac1 and Cdc42 (Rho GTPase) | [6,7] |
| PEDV (α) | Rac1 and Cdc42 (Rho GTPase) | [6,7,32] | |
| TGEV (α) | Rac1 and Cdc42 (Rho GTPase) | [6,7,32] | |
| Endocytosis (CME) |
MHV (β) | Rac1 and Cdc42 (Rho GTPase) | [35,36,37] |
| PDCoV (δ) | Rac1 and Cdc42 (Rho GTPase) | [39] | |
| MERS-CoV (β) | Rac1 and Cdc42 (Rho GTPase) | [25,34,38] | |
| HCoV-ML63 (α) | Rac1 and Cdc42 (Rho GTPase) | [40,43] | |
| SARS-CoV (β) | Rac1 and Cdc42 (Rho GTPase) | [25,34,41] | |
| SARS-CoV-2 (β) | Rac1 and Cdc42 (Rho GTPase) | [25,34,42] | |
| PHEV (β) | Rac1 and Cdc42 (Rho GTPase) | [6,7] | |
| PEDV (α) | Rac1 and Cdc42 (Rho GTPase) | [8,25,34] | |
| TGEV (α) | Rac1 and Cdc42 (Rho GTPase) | [44,45] | |
| Endocytosis (CavME) |
HCoV-229E (α) | RhoA and Rac1 (Rho GTPase) | [36,52,55] |
| HCoV-OC43 (β) | RhoA and Rac1 (Rho GTPase) | [50,52,55] | |
| PDCoV (δ) | RhoA and Rac1 (Rho GTPase) | [51,52,55] | |
| PEDV (α) | RhoA and Rac1 (Rho GTPase) | [8,52,55] | |
| Endocytosis (Macropinocytosis) |
PDCoV (δ) | Rac1 and Cdc42 (Rho GTPase) | [39] |
| PEDV (α) | Rac1 and Cdc42 (Rho GTPase) | [39,58] | |
| SARS-CoV (β) | Rac1 and Cdc42 (Rho GTPase) | [39,64] | |
| SARS-CoV-2 (β) | Rac1 and Cdc42 (Rho GTPase) | [39,65] | |
| Endocytosis (CLIC/GEEC) |
SARS-CoV-2 (β) | Cdc42 (Rho GTPase) | [66,67] |
| Intracellular Trafficking | IBV (γ) | Rab5 and Rab7 (Rab GTPase) | [68] |
| PEDV (α) | Rab5 and Rab7 (Rab GTPase) | [8,69] | |
| MHV (β) | Rab5, Rab7A and Rab7B (Rab GTPase) | [70] | |
| PDCoV (δ) | Rab5 and Rab7 (Rab GTPase) | [39] | |
| SARS-CoV-2 (β) | Rab5 (Rab GTPase) | [42] | |
| FIPV (α) | Rab7 (Rab GTPase) | [7,70] | |
| MERS-CoV (β) | Rab5 and Rab7 (Rab GTPase) | [7,70] | |
| PHEV (β) | Rab5 and Rab7 (Rab GTPase) | [7] | |
| Replication | PHEV (β) | Rab5 and Rab7 (Rab GTPase) | [7] |
| PDCoV (δ) | Rab5 and Rab7 (Rab GTPase) | [72] | |
| MHV (β) | Sar1 and ARF1 (Arf GTPase) | [11,78] | |
| Egress | IBV (γ) | Rab1 and Rab11 (Rab GTPase) | [9] |
| SARS-CoV (β) | Rab7 (Rab GTPase) | [10] | |
| SARS-CoV-2 (β) | Rab7 (Rab GTPase)/Arl8b (Arf GTPase) | [10,79,80] | |
| MHV (β) | Rab7 (Rab GTPase)/Arl8b (Arf GTPase) | [10,79,80] |
* TGEV: porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus; PEDV: porcine epidemic diarrhea virus; HCoV-NL63: human coronavirus NL63; HCoV-229E: human coronavirus 229E; HCoV-OC43: human coronavirus OC43; SARS-CoV: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus; MERS-CoV: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus; PHEV: hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus; MHV: mouse hepatitis coronavirus; PDCoV: porcine deltacoronavirus; FIPV: feline infectious peritonitis virus; IBV: infectious bronchitis virus.