Table 1.
Phenolic compounds and their contents in adzuki beans.
| Location of Extraction | Name of Compound | Analytical Method | Content (μg/g) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Adzuki Bean | Protocatechuic acid [52,55] | UPLC-QTOF-MS and HPLC-QQQ-MS [52], HPLC-PAD [55] |
67.6 ± 4.01 [55], 13.94 ± 0.22 [52] |
| Adzuki Bean | Protocatechuic aldehyde [55] | HPLC-PAD [55] | 7.71 ± 0.62 [55] |
| Adzuki Bean/Adzuki Bean Coat | trans-p-Coumaric acid [52,55,56] | UPLC-QTOF-MS and HPLC-QQQ-MS [52], HPLC-PAD [55], HPLC [56] | 31.3 ± 1.96 [55], 7.16 ± 0.06 [52] |
| Adzuki Bean | trans-p-Coumaroyl malic acid [55] | HPLC-PAD [55] | 4.57 ± 0.69 [55] |
| Adzuki Bean | Epicatechin [55] | HPLC and LC/MS [54], HPLC-PAD [55] | 25.7 ± 2.06 [55] |
| Adzuki Bean | Epigallocatechin gallate [55] | HPLC-PAD [55] | 0.14 ± 0.02 [55] |
| Adzuki Bean | Epicatechin glucoside [55] | HPLC-PAD [55] | 159.0 ± 8.31 [55] |
| Adzuki Bean | Catechin glucoside [55] | HPLC-PAD [55] | 688.0 ± 35.6 [55] |
| Adzuki Bean/Adzuki Bean Coat | Quercetin [52,54,55,56,57] | UPLC-QTOF-MS and HPLC-QQQ-MS [52], HPLC and LC/MS [54], HPLC-PAD [55], HPLC [56,57] | 36.2 ± 1.54 [55], 3.07 ± 0.05 [52] |
| Adzuki Bean | Quercetin rutinoside [55] | HPLC-PAD [55] | 38.2 ± 1.52 [55] |
| Adzuki Bean | Quercetin galactoside [55] | HPLC-PAD [55] | 46.9 ± 5.87 [55] |
| Adzuki Bean | Quercetin glucoside [55] | HPLC-PAD [55] | 181.0 ± 9.14 [55] |
| Adzuki Bean | Quercetin arabinoglucoside [55] | HPLC-PAD [55] | 42.8 ± 4.23 [55] |
| Adzuki Bean | Dihydroquercetin [55] | HPLC-PAD [55] | 1.15 ± 0.07 [55] |
| Adzuki Bean | Dihydroquercetin hexose [55] | HPLC-PAD [55] | 0.54 ± 0.02 [55] |
| Adzuki Bean | Dihydroquercetin derivative [55] | HPLC-PAD [55] | 1.35 ± 0.06 [55] |
| Adzuki Bean | Myricetin rhamnoside [55] | HPLC-PAD [55] | 212.0 ± 9.85 [55] |
| Adzuki Bean | Kaempferol rutinoside [55] | HPLC-PAD [55] | 38.2 ± 1.52 [55] |
| Adzuki Bean | Tetrahydroxydihydrochalcone glycoside [55] | HPLC-PAD [55] | 0.55 ± 0.08 [55] |
| Adzuki Bean | Procyanidin gallate [55] | HPLC-PAD [55] | 12.4 ± 1.06 [55] |
| Adzuki Bean | Procyanidin dimer [55] | HPLC-PAD [55] | 213.0 ± 13.2 [55] |
| Adzuki Bean | Procyanidin trimer [55] | HPLC-PAD [55] | 41.8 ± 1.11 [55] |
| Adzuki Bean | Kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucoside [53] | HPLC-ESI-TOF-MS [53] | 1.6 ± 0.1 [53] |
| Adzuki Bean | Isoquercitrin [53] | HPLC-ESI-TOF-MS [53] | 0.8 ± 0.03 [53] |
| Adzuki Bean/Adzuki Bean Coat | Rutin [50,52,53,54,56,57] | UPLC-QTOF-MS and HPLC-QQQ-MS [52], HPLC-ESI-TOF-MS [53], HPLC and LC/MS [54], HPLC-PAD [55], HPLC [56,57] | 420 ± 0.02 [50], 4.1 ± 0.2 [53], 327.40 ± 5.43 [52] |
| Adzuki Bean | Isovitexin-6′-O-α-L-glucoside [53] | HPLC-ESI-TOF-MS [53] | 1.3 ± 0.03 [53] |
| Adzuki Bean/Adzuki Bean Coat | Chlorogenic acid [52,53,56,57] | UPLC-QTOF-MS and HPLC-QQQ-MS [52], HPLC-ESI-TOF-MS [53], HPLC-PAD [55], HPLC [56,57] | 14.0 ± 1.3 [53], 1.76 ± 0.05 [52] |
| Adzuki Bean | Benzyl-O-β-D-glucopyranoside [53] | HPLC-ESI-TOF-MS [53] | 0.4 ± 0.01 [53] |
| Adzuki Bean Coat | Gallic acid [56,57] | HPLC [56,57], | — |
| Adzuki Bean/Adzuki Bean Coat | Catechin [52,54,56,57] | UPLC-QTOF-MS and HPLC-QQQ-MS [52], HPLC and LC/MS [54], HPLC [56,57] |
210.70 ± 5.58 [52] |
| Adzuki Bean Coat | Epicatechin [56,57] | HPLC [56,57] | — |
| Adzuki Bean Coat | Procyanidin B2 [56,57] | HPLC [56,57] | — |
| Adzuki Bean Coat | Ferulic acid [56,57] | HPLC [56,57] | — |
| Adzuki Bean Coat | Isovitexin [57] | HPLC [57] | — |
| Adzuki Bean Coat | Vitexin [57] | HPLC [57] | — |
| Adzuki Bean Coat | Isorhamnetin [57] | HPLC [57] | — |
| Adzuki Bean/Adzuki Bean Coat | Hyperoside [52,56,57] | UPLC-QTOF-MS and HPLC-QQQ-MS [52], HPLC [56,57] | 2.59 ± 0.05 [52] |
| Adzuki Bean Coat | Kaempferol [56,57] | HPLC [56,57] | — |
| Adzuki Bean Coat | Syringic acid [56] | HPLC [56] | — |
| Adzuki Bean Coat | Caffeic acid [56] | HPLC [56] | — |
| Adzuki Bean | 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid [52] | UPLC-QTOF-MS and HPLC-QQQ-MS [52] | 0.52 ± 0.12 [52] |
| Adzuki Bean | Luteolin [52] | UPLC-QTOF-MS and HPLC-QQQ-MS [52] | 0.16 ± 0.01 [52] |
| Adzuki Bean | Daidzein [52] | UPLC-QTOF-MS and HPLC-QQQ-MS [52] | 3.11 ± 0.19 [52] |
| Adzuki Bean | Glycitein [52] | UPLC-QTOF-MS and HPLC-QQQ-MS [52] | 0.09 ± 0.01 [52] |
| Black Adzuki Bean | Delphinidin-3,5-O-digalactoside [58] | NMR and UPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS/MS [58] | — |
| Black Adzuki Bean | Delphinidin-3,5-O-diglucoside [58] | NMR and UPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS/MS [58] | — |
| Black Adzuki Bean | Delphinidin-3-O-galactoside [58] | NMR and UPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS/MS [58] | — |
| Black Adzuki Bean | Delphinidin-3-O-glucoside [58] | NMR and UPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS/MS [58] | — |
| Black Adzuki Bean | Delphinidin-3-O-rutinoside [58] | NMR and UPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS/MS [58] | — |
| Black Adzuki Bean | Delphinidin-3-O-(p-coumaroyl) glucoside [58] | NMR and UPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS/MS [58] | — |
| Black Adzuki Bean | Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside [58] | NMR and UPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS/MS [58] | — |
| Black Adzuki Bean | Petunidin-3-O-galactoside [58] | NMR and UPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS/MS [58] | — |
| Black Adzuki Bean | Petunidin-3-O-glucoside [58] | NMR and UPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS/MS [58] | — |
| Black Adzuki Bean | Petunidin-3-O-(p-coumaroyl) glucoside [58] | NMR and UPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS/MS [58] | — |