Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Nanomaterials logoLink to Nanomaterials
. 2022 Sep 10;12(18):3143. doi: 10.3390/nano12183143

Lower Ultra-High Frequency Non-Deployable Omnidirectional Antenna for Nanosatellite Communication System

Touhidul Alam 1,2,*, Muntasir M Sheikh 3, Rabah W Aldhaheri 3,*, Mandeep Singh Jit Singh 4, Mengu Cho 5, Mohammad Tariqul Islam 4,*, Khalid H Alharbi 3, Md Shabiul Islam 6,*
Editor: Julian Maria Gonzalez Estevez
PMCID: PMC9506505  PMID: 36144930

Abstract

The concept of the nanosatellite comes into play in launching miniaturized versions of satellites or regarding payloads with minimizing cost and building time. The economic affordability of nanosatellites has been promoted with a view to launching various nanosatellite missions. The communication system is one of the most important aspects of a satellite. The antenna is a key element for establishing a communication link between the earth and the nanosatellite. The antenna and solar panel of the nanosatellite are two of the most vital components that profoundly impact antenna type and design. This paper proposes a non-deployable lower ultra-high frequency (UHF) antenna, strategically mounted on the satellite body, to address the constraints of deployment complexity and solar panel integration. The antenna was fabricated and performances measured with a 1U nanosatellite structure, which achieved resonance frequency at 401 MHz frequency bands with 0.672 dBi realized gain. The overall antenna size is 0.13λ × 0.13λ × 0.006λ. The major challenges addressed by the proposed antenna are to design a nanosatellite-compatible lower UHF antenna and to ensure solar irradiance into the solar panel to minimize input power scarcity.

Keywords: antenna, lower UHF, nanosatellite, omnidirectional

1. Introduction

The development of nanosatellites or CubeSat provides a unique platform to explore space with a single unit structure of 10 × 10 × 10 cm3. Nowadays, numerous nanosatellite missions are launched into space for various applications, such as space education, space tethers, for commercial sectors and for remote sensing like weather forecasting, natural disaster monitoring, maritime tracking, and multispectral Earth imaging. Communication between satellite and earth is crucial for satellite communication, where an antenna plays a key role in the system. The operating frequency of the nanosatellite depends on its requirements and applications, and lower UHF are widely used bands in the nanosatellite communication system [1]. UHF antenna design is a challenging task for antenna researchers due to the inherent relation between antenna size and operating frequency, and nanosatellite standards [2]. Various antenna architectures have been studied and classified under two categories: non-deployable and deployable antennas [3]. Wire antennas, like monopoles and dipoles, are commonly used as the deployable antennas in the nanosatellite communication system. Deployment complexity might have a higher chance of satellite mission failure [4]. A 437 MHz half-wave crossed dipole antenna was developed for NUTS CubeSat [5], where element length was considered to be 172 mm. The antennas were made of measuring tape and wrapped around the satellite structure. A nichrome-wire deployment mechanism was utilized for deploying the antennas. To overcome this complexity, non-deployable antennas, like patch antennas, provide an effective solution with better mission reliability. In the last decade, various types of lower UHF patch antennas have been strategically integrated with the nanosatellite structure, designed with good efficiency and impedance bandwidth [5,6,7,8]. Mathur et al. developed a UHF patch antenna with high dielectric substrate material, which was designed for a 450 MHz USUSAT nanosatellite communication system [9]. In ref. [10], another printed patch antenna was developed for a UHF 433 MHz communication system, where −13 dB of gain was achieved using 51 × 28 mm2 FR-4 substrate material. In ref. [11], a folded shorted patch antenna was demonstrated for UHF 400 MHz microsatellite applications. The developed antenna offered CP performance with 130 mm × 130 mm ground plane.

Consequently, Podilchak et al. developed a multi-layered shorted patch antenna for UHF 400 MHz microsatellite applications [12]. The antenna achieved a gain of 0.4 dBiC with overall antenna dimensions of 150 mm × 150 mm × 37 mm. Metamaterial patch antennas have been explored for lower UHF nanosatellite communication systems [13,14]. However, these antennas occupy the surface space of the nanosatellite structure, constraining solar panel placement. Therefore, the conventional UHF patch antenna comes with larger space acquisition, and it becomes very challenging to mount adequate solar panels.

The transparent antenna is a potential antenna to overcome the complexity of having sufficient solar cells facing patch antennas, where the antenna is placed above the solar panels and integrated with the nanosatellite structure [15,16,17]. In [18], transparent antennas have been developed for ISM band CubeSat applications. However, for lower UHF antenna, the transparent antenna size becomes larger, making the design complex. In this case, the Planar Inverted F Antenna (PIFA) can overcome the problems associated with the antenna and solar panel placement on the limited surface of the nanosatellite structure [19,20,21]. In ref. [21], a modified PIFA antenna was developed for the microsat UHF communication system, where the PIFA structure occupied 85 × 85 × 31 mm3 space of the microsat structure. This paper presents a modified PIFA antenna for the 1U nanosatellite communication system. The metallic surface of the satellite body is considered as an infinite ground plane of the antenna. Moreover, the patch is tactically designed to pass solar irradiance into the solar panel.

2. Antenna Design

The antenna design process started by accumulating the design specification based on the UHF nanosatellite application and the commercially available 1U nanosatellite structure. The proposed antenna was designed considering the inverted F antenna technique to avoid the deployment complexity of the current nanosatellite antenna system [22,23]. The initial inverted F parameters and operating frequency were estimated using Equation (1), where h is the space between ground plane, c represents the velocity of light; and radiator patch, L1 and L2 are the patch length and height, respectively:

f=c4L1+L2+h (1)

The developed antenna addressed the inverse space accommodation relation between antenna and solar panel placement. The concept of the antenna over solar panels was adopted [24], and the antenna patch was modified to penetrate solar irradiance to the solar panel. The geometrical structure of the antenna was comprised of a rectangular-shaped patch with r1 and r2 net holes, two elliptical hollow spaces on the antenna patch, a shorting wall and a 50 Ω coaxial feed. The equivalent inductance introduced by the feeding probe and shorting wall was reduced by etching two elliptical slots and net holes. As a result, maximum uncovered surface area for sufficient solar penetration was achieved to mount the solar panel. Figure 1 depicts the antenna geometry and the final design parameters are tabulated in Table 1. The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) standard was followed to design the 1U nanosatellite structure and the antenna mounted on the z-plane of the structure. A GaAs base solar panel was considered in the simulation.

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Open in a new tab

(a) Antenna geometry and (b) Antenna structure integrated with 1U nanosatellite in simulation environment.

Table 1.

Design parameters of the proposed antenna.

Parameters Value (mm) Parameters Value (mm)
L 100 L4 8.5
W 100 L5 8.5
h 5 a1 36
L1 86 a2 40
L2 78 b1 10
L3 24 b2 7
r1 4 r2 1.5
Open in a new tab

3. Results and Discussions

At first, the reflection coefficient of the proposed antenna was investigated and experimentally verified for an antenna without solar panels and with solar panel integration, as shown in Figure 2. It is shown in Figure 2 that the antenna operated at 420.5 MHz with −20.95 dB reflection coefficient before solar panel integration. The measured result showed −18.12 dB reflection coefficient at 419.8 MHz. The simulated and measured reflection bandwidths were 2.30 MHz (419.2–421.5 MHz) and 3.3 MHz (418.2–421.5 MHz), respectively. Both results were in good agreement. However, a little mismatch occurred due to fabrication tolerance. After that, the reflection coefficient was investigated with solar panel integration. Then the operating frequency shifted to 400.75 MHz due to the lossy material properties of the solar panel. The simulated and measured bandwidths were found to be 3.4 MHz (399.10–402.5 MHz) and 3.3 MHz (399.2–402.5 MHz), respectively.

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Open in a new tab

Reflection coefficient of the proposed antenna.

The surface current distribution of the proposed antenna with and without solar panel integration was analyzed to understand the effective electrical length of the antenna. From Figure 3a, it is seen that the maximum current was observed near the shorting wall and the current flowed towards the elliptical slots. Moreover, some strong current was also observed at circular slots of the radiating patch. Therefore, a larger electric path was formed to miniaturize the antenna structure, and about 60% of the surface was truncated for solar irradiance. Figure 3b also shows a similar pattern after solar panel integration.

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Open in a new tab

Surface current distribution of the proposed antenna—(a) only antenna and (b) antenna with solar panel.

The radiation pattern of the proposed antenna was analyzed with 1U nanosatellite structure. Both 3D and the 2D radiation patterns are presented in Figure 4a,b. The antenna achieved 0.672 dB of realized gain at the 401 MHz frequency band, as seen in Figure 4a. Figure 4b shows that the antenna achieved a nearly omnidirectional radiation pattern in the azimuth plane. The radiation characteristics of the antennas were measured in Satimo’s Star Lab near the field antenna measurement system at Laird Technologies (M) Sdn Bhd, Malaysia, as shown in Figure 4c. The simulation and measured radiation patterns showed a little discrepancy. This discrepancy arose out of the fact that the nanosatellite model used in the simulation and the fabricated model used in measurement were not exactly equivalent, due to differences in material properties of the nanosatellite structure. The antenna showed 70.88% of total efficiency and 0.672 dB realized gain with 1U nanosatellite structure, as shown in Figure 5.

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Figure 4

Open in a new tab

Antenna radiation pattern with satellite structure—(a) simulated 3D radiation pattern, (b) 2D radiation pattern (c) measurement setup and (d) measured radiation pattern.

Figure 5.

Figure 5

Open in a new tab

Antenna radiation efficiency and gain pattern with satellite structure.

The solar panel output power with and without antenna integration was also investigated, shown in Figure 6. Solar simulator SML-2K1MV1 and pyranometer MS-802 were used in this measurement. Initially, the solar panels were placed satellite backplane board and output power was measured. Then, the antenna was placed upon the solar panel and solar panel output power was measured. The structural shadow effects were investigated for 0°, 45° and 60° solar panel positions with respect to the simulator. The results are presented in Table 2.

Figure 6.

Figure 6

Open in a new tab

Solar power output investigation with antenna structure integration.

Table 2.

Solar panel output power investigation of the proposed antenna.

Condition Solar Panel Rotation (Deg) Solar Panel Output Power (W) Effective Power (%)
Normal Solar panel 0° 0.926 100
Solar power integrated with
Antenna structure		 0° 0.885 95.57
45° 0.663 71.60
60° 0.625 67.5
Open in a new tab

A performance comparison with different types of recent UHF antennas is presented in Table 3. Most antennas suffer from different limitations, like larger size, occupied solar panel space and design complexity. Therefore, the proposed antenna facilitates a substantial trade-off between antenna performances and the size of 1U nanosatellite communication constraints.

Table 3.

Comparison between proposed antenna and existing lower UHF antennas.

Antenna Size (mm) Operating Frequency (MHz) Gain (dB) Remarks
Folded Microstrip antenna [12] 150 × 150 × 37 384–410 0.4 Larger size and incompatible with 1U nanosatellite
Patch antenna [14] 80 × 45 × 1.575 391–405.92 1.77 Compatible with 1U nanosatellite but occupied solar panel space
Patch antenna [13] 80 × 40 × 3.35 443.5–455 2.5 Compatible with 1U nanosatellite but occupied solar panel space
Modified PIFA [19] 80 × 90 × 6 447.5–453.5 0.6 Solar panel integrated with 1U nanosatellite
Inverted-F antenna [21] 85 × 85 × 31 401.8 5.37 High gain but incompatible with 1U nanosatellite
Meander line patch [25] 50 × 80 × 1.635 920 1.8 Compatible with 1U nanosatellite but occupied solar panel space
Proposed (Modified PIFA) 78 × 86 × 5 399.2–402.5 0.672 Solar panel integrated with 1U nanosatellite
Open in a new tab

4. Conclusions

This paper presents an omnidirectional lower UHF band antenna for the 1U nanosatellite communication system, which is highly reliable, with a simplified structure of 0.13λ × 0.13λ × 0.006λ. The antenna is free of deployment complexity and facilitates sufficient space for solar panel placement. An omnidirectional radiation pattern, 0.672 dB realized gain and verified measured results are the features of this antenna. Therefore, the proposed antenna is a potential solution for deployment free nanosatellite communication and allows satellite engineers to focus on other design criteria.

Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia and Laboratory of Spacecraft Environment Interaction Engineering (LaSEINE), Kyushu Institute of Technology (Kyutech), Kitakyushu-shi, Fukuoka, Japan.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, T.A. and M.T.I.; formal analysis, T.A., M.S.J.S., M.M.S., M.S.I. and K.H.A.; funding acquisition, M.T.I., M.S.I. and R.W.A.; investigation, T.A., M.M.S. and M.C.; methodology, T.A. and M.S.J.S.; supervision, M.T.I.; writing—original draft, T.A.; writing—review and editing, T.A., M.S.I., R.W.A., K.H.A., M.C. and M.T.I. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Data Availability Statement

The data presented in this study are presented in this article.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Funding Statement

This research was funded by King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, grant number RG-48-135-42.

Footnotes

Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

References

  • 1.Kulu E. Nanosats Database|Constellations, Companies, Technologies and More. [(accessed on 1 April 2021)]. Available online: https://www.nanosats.eu/
  • 2.Rahmat-Samii Y., Manohar V., Kovitz J.M. For Satellites, Think Small, Dream Big: A review of recent antenna developments for CubeSats. IEEE Antennas Propag. Mag. 2017;59:22–30. doi: 10.1109/MAP.2017.2655582. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 3.Gao S., Rahmat-Samii Y., Hodges R.E., Yang X.-X. Advanced Antennas for Small Satellites. Proc. IEEE. 2018;106:391–403. doi: 10.1109/JPROC.2018.2804664. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 4.Ernest A.J., Tawk Y., Costantine J., Christodoulou C.G. A Bottom Fed Deployable Conical Log Spiral Antenna Design for CubeSat. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 2014;63:41–47. doi: 10.1109/TAP.2014.2367539. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 5.Fujishige T., Ohta A., Tamamoto M., Goshi D., Murakami B., Akagi J., Shiroma W. Active antennas for cubesat applications; Proceedings of the 16th AIAA/USU Annual Small Satellites Conference; Logan, UT, USA. 20 October 2002; p. SSC02-V-2. [Google Scholar]
  • 6.Kakoyiannis C., Constantinou P. Microstrip Antennas. InTech Open Access Publisher; London, UK: 2011. Electrically small microstrip antennas targeting miniaturized satellites: The cubesat paradigm; pp. 273–316. [Google Scholar]
  • 7.Islam M.T., Cho M., Samsuzzaman M., Kibria S. Compact Antenna for Small Satellite Applications [Antenna Applications Corner] IEEE Antennas Propag. Mag. 2015;57:30–36. doi: 10.1109/MAP.2015.2420471. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 8.Samsuzzaman M., Islam M.T., Kibria S., Cho M. BIRDS-1 CubeSat Constellation Using Compact UHF Patch Antenna. IEEE Access. 2018;6:54282–54294. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2871209. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 9.Mathur R., Haupt R., Swenson C. Student antenna design for a nanosatellite; Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings (Cat. No. 01TH8542); Big Sky, MT, USA. 10–17 March 2001; pp. 7–3688. [Google Scholar]
  • 10.Buckley J., Gaetano D., McCarthy K., Loizou L., O’Flynn B., O’Mathuna C. Compact 433 MHz antenna for wireless smart system applications. Electron. Lett. 2014;50:572–574. doi: 10.1049/el.2013.4312. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 11.Podilchak S.K., Caillet M., Lee D., Antar Y.M.M., Chu L., Cain J., Hammar M., Caldwell D., Barron E. Compact antenna for microsatellite using folded shorted patches and an integrated feeding network; Proceedings of the 2012 6th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EUCAP); Prague, Czech Republic. 26–30 March 2012; pp. 1819–1823. [Google Scholar]
  • 12.Podilchak S.K., Murdoch A.P., Antar Y.M. Compact, Microstrip-Based Folded-Shorted Patches: PCB antennas for use on microsatellites. IEEE Antennas Propag. Mag. 2017;59:88–95. doi: 10.1109/MAP.2017.2655581. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 13.Alam T., Almutairi A.F., Samsuzzaman M., Cho M., Islam M.T. Metamaterial array based meander line planar antenna for cube satellite communication. Sci. Rep. 2021;11:14087. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-93537-6. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 14.Alam T., Islam M.T., Cho M. Near-zero metamaterial inspired UHF antenna for nanosatellite communication system. Sci. Rep. 2019;9:3441. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-40207-3. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 15.Nashad F., Foti S., Smith D., Elsdon M., Yurduseven O. Development of transparent patch antenna element integrated with solar cells for Ku-band satellite applications; Proceedings of the 2016 Loughborough Antennas & Propagation Conference (LAPC); Loughborough, UK. 14–15 November 2016; pp. 1–5. [Google Scholar]
  • 16.Selamat A., Misran N., Mansor M.F., Islam M.T., Zaidi S.H. Scattering Microwave Signal Analysis from Triangular Loop Element of Different Transparent Conductive Thin Films at Ku-band (Analisis Penyerakan Isyarat Gelombang Mikro Elemen Gelung Segi Tiga dari Pelbagai Jenis Filem Pengalir Lutsinar pada Jalur-Ku) J. Kejuruter. 2014;26:83–88. doi: 10.17576/jkukm-2014-26-12. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 17.Paul L.C., Pramanik R.K., Rashid M.U., Sarker S., Mahmud Z., Islam M.T. An ITO Based High Gain Optically Transparent Wide Band Microstrip Antenna for K Band Satellite Communication; Proceedings of the 2019 International Conference on Robotics, Electrical and Signal Processing Techniques (ICREST); Dhaka, Bangladesh. 10–12 January 2019; pp. 638–642. [Google Scholar]
  • 18.Liu X., Jackson D.R., Chen J., Liu J., Fink P.W., Lin G.Y., Neveu N. Transparent and Nontransparent Microstrip Antennas on a CubeSat: Novel low-profile antennas for CubeSats improve mission reliability. IEEE Antennas Propag. Mag. 2017;59:59–68. doi: 10.1109/MAP.2017.2655529. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 19.Alam T., Islam M.T., Ullah M.A., Cho M. A Solar Panel-Integrated Modified Planner Inverted F Antenna for Low Earth Orbit Remote Sensing Nanosatellite Communication System. Sensors. 2018;18:2480. doi: 10.3390/s18082480. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 20.Alam T., Islam M.T., Ullah A., Rahmatillah R., Aheieva K., Lap C.C., Cho M. Design and compatibility analysis of a solar panel integrated UHF antenna for nanosatellite space mission. PLoS ONE. 2018;13:e0205587. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205587. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 21.Hu H., Liao W., Hou L., Sun F., Zhang G., Ren C., Zhang X. Compact Planar Inverted-F Antenna for MicroSats Omnidirectional Communications. IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett. 2020;20:160–164. doi: 10.1109/LAWP.2020.3042215. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 22.Haruki H. The inverted-F antenna for portable radio units. Conv. Rec. IECE Japan Mar. 1982;1982:10022296062. [Google Scholar]
  • 23.Tsunoda K., Taga T. Analysis of planar inverted F antenna using spatial network method; Proceedings of the International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation Society, Merging Technologies for the 90’s; Dallas, TX, USA. 7–11 May 1990; pp. 664–667. [Google Scholar]
  • 24.Yekan T., Baktur R. Conformal Integrated Solar Panel Antennas: Two effective integration methods of antennas with solar cells. IEEE Antennas Propag. Mag. 2017;59:69–78. doi: 10.1109/MAP.2017.2655577. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 25.Zalfani N., Beldi S., Lahouar S., Besbes K. Miniaturized Planar Meander Line Antenna for UHF CubeSat Communication. Adv. Space Res. 2021;69:2240–2247. doi: 10.1016/j.asr.2021.11.043. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Data Availability Statement

The data presented in this study are presented in this article.

Articles from Nanomaterials are provided here courtesy of Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)

RESOURCES