Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of the current study is to analyze whether preoperative hyponatremia affected the short-term outcomes of colorectal cancer (CRC) surgery.
Methods
This retrospective study was conducted in a single clinical center where we enrolled patients who underwent primary CRC surgery from January 2011 to December 2021. The short-term outcomes were compared between the hyponatremia group and the normal sodium group using propensity score matching (PSM) analysis.
Results
A total of 6730 cases of patients who received CRC surgery were finally included in this study. There were 184 patients in the hyponatremia group and 6546 patients in the normal sodium group. After 1 : 1 ratio PSM, 184 patients in the normal sodium group were matched to 184 patients in the hyponatremia group. No significant difference was found in baseline information after PSM (P > 0.05). After PSM, the hyponatremia group had higher patients with overall complications (P = 0.013). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were conducted to find predictors of complications, and we found that older age (P = 0.032, OR = 1.023, 95%CI = 1.002 − 1.044), open surgery (P =0.001, OR = 2.300, 95%CI = 1.420 − 3.727), blood loss (P = 0.015, OR = 1.002, 95%CI = 1.000 − 1.003), and hyponatremia (P = 0.012, OR = 1.856, 95%CI = 1.148 − 3.001) were independent predictors of patients with overall complications.
Conclusion
Hyponatremia was an independent predictor of patients with overall complications after CRC surgery, therefore, the adequate preparation of the patients for surgery remained fundamental.
1. Introduction
According to the Global 2020 statistics released by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, colorectal cancer (CRC) has become the third most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide [1]. The treatment methods of CRC include surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy [2–4]. Surgical resection is still considered to be the first choice for the treatment of CRC. Despite tremendous advances in surgical techniques and medical care strategies, the prognosis of patients with CRC remains to be improved [5–7].
Hyponatremia, which refers to low sodium content in extracellular fluid, is a common electrolyte disturbance in clinical practice [8, 9]. The incidence rate is as high as 15%-30% in acute and chronic hospitalized patients [10, 11]. The clinical manifestations of hyponatremia are mainly related to central nervous system dysfunction, such as headache, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, restlessness, disorientation, and depressive reactions [12]. Complications of severe and rapidly developing hyponatremia include seizures, coma, permanent brain damage, respiratory arrest, brainstem protrusion, and death [13]. Studies have shown that hyponatremia remained an independent predictor of increased mortality risk even mild hyponatremia [14].
Whether preoperative hyponatremia increased the risk of postoperative complications had been studied in orthopedics, cardiac surgery, and head and neck surgery, but there was still a controversy [15–19]. Some studies reported that preoperative hyponatremia was an independent risk factor for complications after cardiac surgery [15], however, other studies reported that it was uncertain whether preoperative correction of hyponatremia was beneficial in reducing complications after total knee arthroplasty [16]. However, it has not been reported whether preoperative hyponatremia affected complications of CRC surgery, therefore, the purpose of the current study was to analyze whether preoperative hyponatremia affected the short-term outcomes of CRC surgery.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Patients
This retrospective study was conducted at a single clinical center where we enrolled patients who underwent primary CRC surgery from January 2011 to December 2021. All relevant procedures were reviewed and approved by the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (2021-536). This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and all patients signed informed consent.
2.2. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
A total of 8152 CRC patients who underwent radical CRC surgery were identified in a single teaching hospital. The exclusion criteria were as follows: (1), Patients with recurrent CRC surgery (n = 47); (2), Patients who underwent non-R0 CRC surgery (n = 22); (3), Incomplete patients' baseline information (n = 148); (4), Incomplete Na+ examination or hypernatremia (n = 1205). Finally, a total of 6730 patients were included.
2.3. Surgery Management
All patients with CRC underwent radical resection according to the guidelines of Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology (CSCO) for colorectal cancer, that is total mesorectal excision or complete mesocolic excision, and the postoperative pathology confirmed R0 resection.
2.4. Definitions
The value of blood sodium was identified by the first blood test after admission. Normal blood sodium concentration is 135-145 mmol/L, and hyponatremia is defined as blood sodium concentration < 135 mmol/L. Tumor node metastasis (TNM) staging was diagnosed according to the 8th edition of the AJCC [20]. Postoperative complications were defined according to the Clavien-Dindo classification [21], and major complications were defined ≥ III classification complications.
2.5. Data Collection
Patients' clinical information, including baseline information and short-term postoperative outcomes, were retrospectively collected from the inpatient system. Baseline information included gender, age, body mass index (BMI), smoking, drinking, underlying diseases (type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hypertension, and coronary heart disease (CHD)), surgical history, surgical methods, preoperative blood sodium concentration, tumor location, tumor size, and tumor stage. Short-term postoperative outcomes included blood loss, blood transfusion, operative time, postoperative hospital stay, overall complications, and major complications.
2.6. Propensity Score Matching (PSM)
To minimize bias in baseline information, PSM was performed between the hyponatremia group and the normal sodium group. Nearest neighbor matching was performed at a 1 : 1 scale without replacement, and a caliper width with 0.01 standard deviation was specified. Baseline information of PSM included gender, age, BMI, smoking, drinking, underlying diseases (T2DM, hypertension, and CHD), surgical history, surgical method, tumor location, tumor size, and tumor stage.
2.7. Statistical Analysis
Continuous variables were expressed as mean ± SD, and the independent samples t-test was used to compare the differences between the hyponatremia group and the normal sodium group. Frequency variables were represented by n (%) and a chi-square test was used. Univariate logistic regression analysis was performed to find potential predictors of complications, and multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify independent predictors of complications (the predictors could be included in the multivariate logistic regression analysis when P value was less than 0.05 in univariate logistic regression analysis). Data were analyzed using SPSS (version 22.0) statistical software. A bilateral P value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
3. Results
3.1. Patients
Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 6730 cases of patients who received CRC surgery were finally included in this study. 184 patients were included in the hyponatremia group and 6546 patients were included in the normal sodium group. Given that the classification of the two groups of patients was nonrandom, unbalanced variables might contribute to selection bias, therefore, PSM analysis was used to reduce potential selection bias. After 1 : 1 ratio PSM, 184 patients in the normal sodium group were matched to 184 patients in the hyponatremia group (Figure 1). The baseline information of the included CRC patients was shown in Table 1.
Figure 1.
Flow chart of patient selection.
Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of CRC patients.
| Characteristics | No. 6730 |
|---|---|
| Age, (year) | 62.8 ± 12.3 |
| Sex | |
| Male | 3971 (59.0%) |
| Female | 2759 (41.0%) |
| BMI, (kg/m2) | 22.6 ± 3.2 |
| Smoking | 2528 (37.6%) |
| Drinking | 2060 (30.6%) |
| Hypertension | 1681 (25.0%) |
| T2DM | 766 (11.4%) |
| CHD | 312 (4.6%) |
| Surgery history | 1646 (24.5%) |
| Laparoscopy | 5837 (86.7%) |
| Na+ | 140.8 ± 2.9 |
| Hyponatremia | 184 (2.7%) |
| Tumor location | |
| Colon | 3213 (47.7%) |
| Rectum | 3517 (52.3%) |
| Tumor size | |
| <5 cm | 4050 (60.2%) |
| ≥5 cm | 2680 (39.8%) |
| TNM stage | |
| I | 1247 (18.5%) |
| II | 2707 (40.2%) |
| III | 2421 (36.0%) |
| IV | 355 (5.3%) |
| Blood loss, (mL) | 106.1 ± 173.2 |
| Blood transfusion | 156 (2.3%) |
| Operation time, (min) | 226.3 ± 83.2 |
| Hospital stay, (day) | 11.3 ± 8.2 |
| Patients with overall complications | 1455 (21.6%) |
| Patients with major complications | 192 (2.9%) |
Note: Variables are expressed as the mean ± SD, n (%). Abbreviations: T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; BMI, body mass index; CHD, coronary heart disease.
3.2. Baseline Information
Comparing the baseline information of the two groups of patients before PSM, the hyponatremia group had an older age (P < 0.01), lower BMI (P < 0.01), higher proportion of T2DM (P < 0.01), higher proportion of open surgery (P < 0.01), larger tumors (P = 0.001), and higher proportion of colon cancer patients (P < 0.01). However, after PSM, there were no significant differences in gender, age, BMI, smoking, drinking, underlying diseases (T2DM, hypertension, and CHD), surgical history, surgical method, tumor location, tumor size, or tumor stage between the two groups (P > 0.05) (Table 2).
Table 2.
Baseline characteristics before and after PSM.
| Characteristics | Before PSM | After PSM | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hyponatremia (184) | Normal sodium (6546) | P value | Hyponatremia (184) | Normal sodium (184) | P value | |
| Na+ | 131.4 ± 5.0 | 141.1 ± 2.3 | <0.01∗ | 131.4 ± 5.0 | 140.6 ± 2.5 | <0.01∗ |
| Age (year) | 67.6 ± 12.8 | 62.7 ± 12.3 | <0.01∗ | 67.6 ± 12.8 | 67.3 ± 12.4 | 0.810 |
| Sex | 0.501 | 0.831 | ||||
| Male | 113 (61.4%) | 3858 (58.9%) | 113 (61.4%) | 111 (60.3%) | ||
| Female | 71 (38.6%) | 2688 (41.1%) | 71 (38.6%) | 73 (39.7%) | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 21.5 ± 3.4 | 22.6 ± 3.2 | <0.01∗ | 21.5 ± 3.4 | 21.7 ± 3.1 | 0.522 |
| Smoking | 66 (35.9%) | 2462 (37.6%) | 0.631 | 66 (35.9%) | 60 (32.6%) | 0.510 |
| Drinking | 50 (27.2%) | 2010 (30.7%) | 0.305 | 50 (27.2%) | 37 (20.1%) | 0.111 |
| Hypertension | 51 (27.7%) | 1630 (24.9%) | 0.384 | 51 (27.7%) | 54 (29.3%) | 0.729 |
| T2DM | 37 (20.1%) | 729 (11.1%) | <0.01∗ | 37 (20.1%) | 44 (23.9%) | 0.378 |
| CHD | 14 (7.6%) | 298 (4.6%) | 0.052 | 14 (7.6%) | 17 (9.2%) | 0.573 |
| Surgical history | 53 (28.8%) | 1593 (24.3%) | 0.164 | 53 (28.8%) | 42 (22.8%) | 0.190 |
| Open surgery | 101 (54.9%) | 810 (12.4%) | <0.01∗ | 83 (45.1%) | 76 (41.3%) | 0.461 |
| Tumor size | 0.001∗ | 0.754 | ||||
| <5 cm | 88 (47.8%) | 3962 (60.5%) | 88 (47.8%) | 91 (49.5%) | ||
| ≥5 cm | 96 (52.2%) | 2584 (39.5%) | 96 (52.2%) | 93 (50.5%) | ||
| Tumor location | <0.01∗ | 0.551 | ||||
| Colon | 134 (72.8%) | 3079 (47.0%) | 134 (72.8%) | 139 (75.5%) | ||
| Rectum | 50 (27.2%) | 3467 (53.0%) | 50 (27.2%) | 45 (24.5%) | ||
| Tumor stage | 0.202 | 0.323 | ||||
| I | 25 (13.6%) | 1222 (18.7%) | 25 (13.6%) | 15 (8.2%) | ||
| II | 77 (41.8%) | 2630 (40.2%) | 77 (41.8%) | 78 (42.4%) | ||
| III | 68 (37.0%) | 2353 (35.9%) | 68 (37.0%) | 79 (42.9%) | ||
| IV | 14 (7.6%) | 341 (5.2%) | 14 (7.6%) | 12 (6.5%) | ||
Note: Variables are expressed as the mean ± SD, n (%), ∗P − value < 0.05. Abbreviations: T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; BMI, body mass index; PSM, propensity score matching; CHD, coronary heart disease.
3.3. Short-Term Outcomes
Postoperative short-term outcomes included blood loss, blood transfusion, operative time, postoperative hospital stay, overall complications, and major complications. Before PSM, the hyponatremia group had longer postoperative hospital stay (P < 0.01) and higher patients with overall complications (P < 0.01). After PSM, the hyponatremia group had higher patients with overall complications (P = 0.013) (Table 3).
Table 3.
Short-term outcomes before and after PSM.
| Characteristics | Before PSM | After PSM | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hyponatremia (184) | Normal sodium (6546) | P value | Hyponatremia (184) | Normal sodium (184) | P value | |
| Operation time (min) | 230.1 ± 82.7 | 226.2 ± 83.2 | 0.538 | 230.1 ± 82.7 | 224.3 ± 72.4 | 0.476 |
| Blood loss (mL) | 130.3 ± 137.0 | 105.4 ± 174.1 | 0.054 | 130.3 ± 137.0 | 133.0 ± 187.0 | 0.877 |
| Hospital stay (day) | 13.7 ± 9.0 | 11.2 ± 8.2 | <0.01∗ | 13.7 ± 9.0 | 12.9 ± 10.2 | 0.426 |
| Patients with overall complications | 68 (37.0%) | 1387 (21.2%) | <0.01∗ | 68 (37.0%) | 46 (25.0%) | 0.013∗ |
| Patients with major complications | 6 (3.3%) | 186 (2.8%) | 0.736 | 6 (3.3%) | 6 (3.3%) | 1.000 |
Note: Variables are expressed as the mean ± SD, n (%), ∗P − value < 0.05. Abbreviations: PSM, propensity score matching.
3.4. Univariate and Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis of Complications
Patients with overall complications in the hyponatremia group were higher than those in the normal sodium group after PSM, therefore, we performed univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis of matched 368 patients to analyze whether hyponatremia was an independent predictor of patients with overall complications.
Through univariate logistic regression analysis, older age (P = 0.007, OR = 1.027, 95%CI = 1.007 − 1.047), open surgery (P < 0.01, OR = 2.258, 95%CI = 1.440 − 3.541), T2DM (P = 0.033, OR = 1.748, 95%CI = 1.047 − 2.919), CHD (P = 0.012, OR = 2.601, 95%CI = 1.238 − 5.466), surgical history (P = 0.003, OR = 2.080, 95%CI = 1.279 − 3.384), blood loss (P = 0.009, OR = 1.002, 95%CI = 1.000 − 1.003), and hyponatremia (P = 0.014, OR = 1.759, 95%CI = 1.123 − 2.753) were predictors of patients with overall complications. In addition, after multivariate logistic regression analysis, we found that older age (P = 0.032, OR = 1.023, 95%CI = 1.002 − 1.044), open surgery (P = 0.001, OR = 2.300, 95%CI = 1.420 − 3.727), blood loss (P = 0.015, OR = 1.002, 95%CI = 1.000 − 1.003), and hyponatremia (P = 0.012, OR = 1.856, 95%CI = 1.148 − 3.001) were independent predictors of patients with overall complications (Table 4).
Table 4.
Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis of the patients with overall complications for matched CRC patients.
| Risk factors | Univariate logistic regression analysis | Multivariate logistic regression analysis | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | |
| Age, (year) | 1.027 (1.007-1.047) | 0.007∗ | 1.023 (1.002-1.044) | 0.032∗ |
| Surgical methods (open/laparoscopic) | 2.258 (1.440-3.541) | <0.01∗ | 2.300 (1.420-3.727) | 0.001∗ |
| Sex (male/female) | 1.135 (0.723-1.782) | 0.581 | ||
| BMI, (kg/m2) | 1.008 (0.941-1.080) | 0.820 | ||
| Hypertension (yes/no) | 1.572 (0.976-2.532) | 0.063 | ||
| T2DM (yes/no) | 1.748 (1.047-2.919) | 0.033∗ | 1.631 (0.935-2.843) | 0.085 |
| Surgical history (yes/no) | 2.080 (1.279-3.384) | 0.003∗ | 1.636 (0.971-2.755) | 0.064 |
| Tumor location (colon/rectum) | 1.178 (0.705-1.968) | 0.532 | ||
| Tumor stage (IV/III/II/I) | 0.995 (0.749-1.322) | 0.970 | ||
| Smoking (yes/no) | 0.748 (0.465-1.204) | 0.233 | ||
| Drinking (yes/no) | 1.234 (0.741-2.057) | 0.419 | ||
| CHD (yes/no) | 2.601 (1.238-5.466) | 0.012∗ | 2.282 (1.007-5.170) | 0.048 |
| Tumor size (≥ 5/<5), (cm) | 1.321 (0.847-2.060) | 0.219 | ||
| Na+ (hyponatremia/normal sodium) | 1.759 (1.123-2.753) | 0.014∗ | 1.856 (1.148-3.001) | 0.012∗ |
| Blood loss, (mL) | 1.002 (1.000-1.003) | 0.009∗ | 1.002 (1.000-1.003) | 0.015∗ |
| Operation time, (min) | 1.003 (1.000-1.005) | 0.077 | ||
Note: ∗P − value < 0.05, ∗∗P − value < 0.01. Abbreviations: CRC, colorectal cancer; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; BMI, body mass index; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; CHD, coronary heart disease.
4. Discussion
The impact of hyponatremia on the short-term outcomes of surgery was still controversial. Crestanello et al. [15] believed that preoperative hyponatremia was an independent risk factor for postoperative complications after cardiac surgery; Abola et al. [16] reported that it was uncertain whether correction of preoperative hyponatremia symptoms was beneficial in reducing complications after total knee arthroplasty; Hefler-Frischmuth et al. [19] suggested that preoperative hyponatremia could not be an independent prognostic parameter in epithelial ovarian cancer. However, the effect of preoperative hyponatremia on the short-term outcomes after CRC surgery was not reported previously, therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of preoperative hyponatremia on short-term outcomes after CRC surgery.
A total of 6730 cases of patients who received CRC surgery were finally included in this study. After 1 : 1 ratio PSM, 184 patients in the normal sodium group were matched to 184 patients in the hyponatremia group, and there were no significant differences in baseline information between the two groups. After multivariate logistic regression analysis, we found that older age, open surgery, blood loss, and hyponatremia were independent predictors of patients with overall complications.
At present, the actual mechanism that preoperative hyponatremia increased postoperative CRC surgery complications was not well understood. We suggested that the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for these effects might involve hyponatremia-related hypoosmolarity, low extracellular sodium concentration itself, and activation of the neurohormonal axis [15, 22–25]. Na+ and their associated anions were the main osmotically active plasma solutes. Decreased blood sodium concentration could directly lead to a decrease in plasma tonicity and induce intracellular transfer of extracellular fluid, thereby altering cell volume and threatening cell viability [15, 22].
Activation of the neurohormonal axis related to sodium concentration mainly included the arginine vasopressin (AVP), the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and the sympathetic nervous system. Patients with hyponatremia states were characterized by inappropriately elevated plasma AVP levels [26, 27]. As long as AVP was secreted, it bound to the AVP V2 receptor subtype (V2R) in the collecting duct of the kidney and activated the signal transduction cascade, leading to antidiuresis. If AVP was continuously secreted, it would cause abnormal water retention and persistent hyponatremia [22–28], which would lead to adverse consequences such as heart failure and edema. Due to the potential effects of AVP on V12 and V2 receptors, these receptors could worsen cardiac function by increasing cardiac preload and afterload which led to increased ventricular wall pressure, dilation, and hypertrophy [24]. Loss of intravascular volume (in hypovolemic hyponatremia) and effective intravascular volume (in hypervolemic hyponatremia) activated the neurohumoral axis, leading to increased secretion of AVP, renin, angiotensin II, aldosterone, and catecholamines. While increasing sodium reabsorption, angiotensin II remodeled cardiomyocytes and aldosterone enhanced myocardial fibrosis [22, 29]. In addition, hypovolemic or hypervolemic hyponatremia might affect pathophysiological mechanisms and ultimately lead to adverse outcomes, so it was necessary to actively identify and correct volume problems before surgery.
To our knowledge, there were no previous studies about hyponatremia on the short-term outcomes after CRC surgery. This is the first study to report hyponatremia on the short-term outcomes after CRC surgery, furthermore, PSM is used to minimize the baseline information selection bias.
However, this study still has some limitations. First, this study was a single-center, retrospective study, which might cause selection bias; Second, this study only focused on the short-term outcomes after CRC surgery, and lacked long-term survival analysis; Third, this study only focused on blood sodium concentration, lacked information of the causes of preoperative hyponatremia (such as pseudohyponatremia, syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion and so on), preoperative correction, postoperative blood sodium concentration, Na+ urine, plasma osmolality, and urine osmolality; Fourth, the hyponatremia was associated with a hypovolemic, euvolemic, or hypervolemic picture was not evaluated, and the possible use of drugs capable of causing hyponatremia was not reported because of the limitation of retrospective study (some information was lacking). Therefore, more comprehensive multicenter and prospective randomized controlled studies were needed in the future.
In conclusion, hyponatremia was an independent predictor of overall complications after CRC surgery. The adequate preparation of the patient for surgery remains fundamental, with the achievement of optimal fluid management and volume status; therefore, the identification of the mechanism underlying the hyponatremia and the correct management remain mandatory.
Acknowledgments
We acknowledge all the authors whose publications are referred in our article. This study was supported by Chongqing key diseases Research and Application Demonstration Program (Colorectal Cancer Prevention and Treatment Technology Research and Application Demonstration [No. 2019ZX003]).
Data Availability
The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are not publicly available but are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Ethical Approval
The study was approved by the ethics committee of our institution (The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 2021-536), and all patients signed informed consent.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Authors' Contributions
All authors contributed to data collection and analysis, drafting, or revising the manuscript. All authors have agreed on the journal to which the manuscript will be submitted, gave final approval of the version to be published, and agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work. Xiao-Yu Liu and Bin Zhang contributed equally to this work.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are not publicly available but are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.