TABLE 2.
Differences in Symptom Occurrence and Severity Scores Between the Loneliness Groups
| Total Sample (n = 606) |
Nonlonely (47.0% [n = 285]) |
Lonely (53.0% [n = 321]) |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristica | % (No.) | % (No.) | % (No.) | Statistics |
|
| ||||
| Symptom occurrence rates | ||||
| Depressive symptoms | 41.3 (250) | 15.8 (45) | 64.1 (205) | FE, P < .001 |
| Trait anxiety | 58.7 (355) | 32.6 (93) | 81.9 (262) | FE, P < .001 |
| State anxiety | 48.5 (292) | 26.5 (75) | 68.0 (217) | FE, P < .001 |
| Sleep disturbance | 61.8 (373) | 46.7 (133) | 75.2 (240) | FE, P < .001 |
| Morning fatigue | 51.5 (311) | 34.7 (99) | 66.5 (212) | FE, P < .001 |
| Evening fatigue | 49.0 (296) | 35.9 (102) | 60.6 (194) | FE, P < .001 |
| Decrements in morning energy | 69.3 (417) | 54.9 (156) | 82.1 (261) | FE, P < .001 |
| Decrements in evening energy | 67.2 (406) | 60.7 (173) | 73.0 (233) | FE, P = .001 |
| Decrements in cognitive function | 64.7 (391) | 45.4 (129) | 81.9 (262) | FE, P < .001 |
| Pain | 64.5 (386) | 59.7 (166) | 68.8 (220) | FE, P = .026 |
| Symptom severity scores | ||||
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | ||
| Center for Epidemiological Studies–Depression (≥16) | 14.8 (10.4) | 8.7 (6.8) | 20.2 (10.1) | t = −16.48, P < .001 |
| Trait anxiety (≥31.8) | 36.3 (11.3) | 29.6 (7.0) | 42.3 (11.0) | t = −17.16, P < .001 |
| State anxiety (≥32.2) | 34.9 (13.2) | 28.4 (9.5) | 40.7 (13.2) | t = −13.18, P < .001 |
| General Sleep Disturbance Scale (≥43.0) | 50.7 (20.7) | 42.8 (19.0) | 57.8 (19.6) | t = −9.50, P < .001 |
| Morning fatigue (≥3.2) | 3.5 (2.5) | 2.6 (2.2) | 4.3 (2.5) | t = −9.06, P < .001 |
| Evening fatigue (≥5.6) | 5.3 (2.1) | 4.7 (2.1) | 5.8 (2.0) | t = −6.39, P < .030 |
| Morning energy (≤6.2) | 4.8 (2.5) | 5.7 (2.4) | 4.1 (2.2) | t = 8.26, P < .001 |
| Evening energy (≤3.5) | 2.9 (2.0) | 3.2 (2.2) | 2.6 (1.8) | t = 3.47, P = .001 |
| Attentional Function Index (<5 = low cognitive function, 5–7.5 = moderate cognitive function, >7.5 = high cognitive function) |
6.7 (1.9) | 7.5 (1.5) | 5.9 (1.8) | t = 11.91, P < .001 |
| Worst pain intensity score | 6.5 (2.2) | 6.2 (2.1) | 6.7 (2.2) | t = −2.28, P = .023 |
| Mean pain interference score | 3.4 (2.3) | 2.6 (2.0) | 4.0 (2.3) | t = −6.08, P < .001 |
Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation.
a
Clinically meaningful cutoff scores are in parentheses.