Abstract
Favipiravir (FPV) is an antiviral drug used in the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. The main side effects of this drug are teratogenicity and hyperuricemia. Limited information is available on other side effects. Here, we aimed to present our toxic hepatitis case with prolonged jaundice after FPV treatment.
Keywords: COVID-19, favipiravir, jaundice, toxic hepatitis
Introduction
The new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 was first detected in Wuhan, China, and soon spread all over the world. Many aspects of the virus, such as the route of infection, its clinical course after infection, and effective treatment methods, are not fully understood. Research organizations conduct many studies to understand these aspects and rapidly develop therapeutic agents to combat the virus. Favipiravir (FPV), a nucleotide analog, is an antiviral agent approved in Japan for influenza treatment. It has been used effectively in the treatment of influenza and Ebola and is effective in many RNA viruses. It stops viral replication by inhibiting viral RNA polymerase.[1,2] The effectiveness of FPV in the treatment of COVID-19 is not fully known. It has been put into use in an emergency in our country, hoping that it would be beneficial due to its use in other fields and the results of in vitro studies.[3] There are different doses of FPV depending on the purpose of use. It is used in high doses in the treatment of COVID-19. The main known side effects of this drug, which is excreted by the kidneys and is generally well tolerated, are teratogenicity and hyperuricemia.[4,5] Little is known about other potential side effects such as drug-induced liver and kidney damage.
Case Report
Eight weeks ago, a 35-year-old male patient was diagnosed with COVID-19, and acetylsalicylic acid 100 mg/day (5 days), paracetamol 500 mg tb (he used a total of 10 tablets for 5 days), and FPV 200 mg (2×1600 mg on the first day, followed by four 2×600 mg) treatment was given during the day. The patient, whose laboratory tests before COVID-19 were normal, was referred to our outpatient clinic due to the high levels of liver enzymes and bilirubin in the examinations performed in the hospital, where he had complaints of weakness, sleepiness, and yellowing of the eyes 7 weeks after the COVID-19 treatment. The patient, who had no comorbidity, had no history of other drug use. He had no history of alcohol use and liver or biliary tract disease. On physical examination, the whole body appeared to be icteric. Blood pressure was arterial: 100/65 mmHg, pulse: 82 min-1, respiratory rate: 14 min-1, fever: 36.8°C. In the biochemical examination of the patient, alanine aminotransferase (ALT, 2914 IU/L), aspartate aminotransferase (1514 IU/L), gamma-glutamyl transferase (73 IU/L), alkaline phosphatase (ALP, 136 IU/L), serum total bilirubin (22.6 mg/dL), and conjugated bilirubin (12.6 mg/dL) levels were normal. In complete blood count, WBC was 6.83×103 µL-1, hemoglobin was 15.3 g/dL, and platelet was 223×103 µL-1. The prothrombin time is 14.2 s and the International normalized ratio was 1.19 s. Viral (hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, cytomegalovirus, Epstein–Barr virus, rubella virus, and herpes virus) and autoimmune markers were negative. Serum ceruloplasmin and 24-h urine copper levels were normal, and there was no Kayser–Fleischer ring on eye examination. Serum ferritin was 3920 ng/mL, serum iron was 263 µL/dL, total iron binding capacity was 77 µL/dL, and alpha-1 antitrypsin was 370 mg/dL (90–200). No vascular or space-occupying pathology was detected in abdominal ultrasonography and computed tomography. The liver biopsy could not be performed because he did not accept it. At this stage, it was thought that hepatotoxicity developed secondary to FPV in the patient. Ursodeoxycholic acid 750 mg/day and NAC infusion (5 days) were started. Two sessions of plasmapheresis were applied to the patient whose serum total bilirubin level increased up to 44.6 mg/dL and increased pruritus. The patient, whose clinical and laboratory findings improved after plasmapheresis, was discharged on the 36th day of hospitalization and was followed up on an outpatient basis. The patient, who had no complaints during follow-up, returned to normal levels of liver enzymes and bilirubin at the end of the fourth month. Biochemistry results during the clinical follow-up of the patient are shown in Table 1.
Table 1.
Course of laboratory parameters in the clinical follow-up of the patient
| ALT (U/L) | AST (U/L) | ALP (U/L) | GGT (U/L) | Total bilirubin (mg/dL) | Direct bilirubin (mg/dL) | Albumin (g/dL) | INR (s) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| At the time of hospitalization | 2914 | 1514 | 156 | 73 | 22.6 | 12.7 | 4.07 | 1.19 |
| 1st day | 2698 | 1357 | 138 | 60 | 22.2 | 12.2 | 3.68 | 1.14 |
| 3rd day | 2517 | 1264 | 143 | 52 | 23.6 | 13.1 | 3.58 | 1.15 |
| 5th day | 2264 | 1313 | 126 | 43 | 24.5 | 13 | 3.44 | 1.31 |
| 7th day | 2190 | 1331 | 150 | 42 | 28.9 | 14.4 | 3.83 | 1.21 |
| 10th day | 1702 | 1169 | 186 | 45 | 35.4 | 18.1 | 3.93 | 0.97 |
| 13th day | 1153 | 919 | 158 | 41 | 34.9 | 15 | 3.6 | 0.94 |
| 16th day | 1013 | 954 | 188 | 45 | 33.2 | 15.4 | 4.15 | 0.98 |
| 20th day | 456 | 447 | 186 | 43 | 38.3 | 18.5 | 3.43 | 1.04 |
| 25th day | 525 | 495 | 227 | 39 | 36.8 | 17.9 | 3.56 | 1.06 |
| 28th day | 456 | 447 | 114 | 49 | 44.7 | 18.9 | 3.47 | 1.17 |
| After the first session plasmapheresis (29th day) | 175 | 129 | 156 | 26 | 22.6 | 17.9 | 3.74 | 0.92 |
| After the second session plasmapheresis (32nd day) | 94 | 60 | 113 | 26 | 20.2 | 16.3 | 3.2 | 0.87 |
| 60th day | 78 | 49 | 119 | 21 | 3.9 | 3 | 3.3 | 0.85 |
| 90th day | 19 | 23 | 113 | 39 | 1.35 | 0.52 | 4.3 | 0.87 |
ALT: Alanine aminotransferase (normal value 10–40 U/L); AST: Aspartate aminotransferase (normal value 10–35 U/L); ALP: Alkaline phosphatase (normal value 40–150 U/L); GGT: Gamma-glutamyl transferase (normal value 9–64 U/L); INR: International normalized ratio (normal value 0.8–1.2 s).
Discussion
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is classified as hepatocellular, cholestatic, and mixed types according to ALT and ALP levels.[6] Most cases of DILI are asymptomatic. Symptomatic patients may present with the usual symptoms of acute liver damage such as fatigue, nausea, abdominal pain, jaundice, itching, and dark urine. Patients may have signs of acute liver failure, acute hepatitis, chronic hepatitis, cholestatic hepatitis, and granuloma-like hepatitis, and rarely, prolonged use of hepatotoxic drugs may cause cirrhosis.[7] In our case, hepatocellular-type liver damage with prolonged jaundice developed due to FPV use. FPV is structurally very similar to pyrazinamide, an antituberculosis drug. A typical side effect of pyrazinamide is hepatotoxicity.[8] FPV can be considered a potential hepatotoxic drug due to this structural similarity. In our literature reviews, a case report of suspected cholestatic liver damage due to FPV by Yamazaki et al.[9] and Cai et al.[10] We did not find a study on liver damage of FPV, except for the nonrandomized control study reported by Cai et al.[10] There is no information in the literature about hepatocellular liver damage with prolonged jaundice due to FPV use. In this respect, our case will be the first to be reported. In our case, we concluded that FPV-related hepatotoxicity developed on the basis of normal laboratory parameters before FPV treatment, the absence of other drugs and alcohol use, liver and biliary tract disease, the absence of other hepatotoxic agents in the investigations performed for etiology, and due to the complete normalization of liver enzymes and bilirubin values during follow-up. The diagnosis of DILI needs to be confirmed histologically, but a histological examination could not be performed because our patient did not accept a liver biopsy.
As a result, FPV is a potential hepatotoxic agent. Used in high doses in the treatment of COVID-19, this drug can cause liver damage with prolonged jaundice. For this reason, liver enzymes and bilirubin values should be closely monitored during and after FPV use. Physicians should be alert in terms of hepatotoxic side effects of FPV, and it should not be ignored that there is a long-term side effect potential even though the drug is discontinued.
Footnotes
How to cite this article: Yolacan R, Karabulut U, Uzel A, Ucmak F, Kaya M. Toxic hepatitis case with prolonged jaundice due to Favipiravir. Hepatology Forum 2022; 3(3):95–96.
Informed Consent
Written informed consent was obtained from the patient for the publication of the case report and the accompanying images.
Peer-review
Externally peer-reviewed.
Author Contributions
Concept – RY; Design – RY, FU; Supervision – FU, MK; Data Collection and/or Processing – RY, AU; Analysis and/or Interpretation – FU, MK; Literature Search – RY, UK; Writing – RY, FU; Critical Reviews – FU.
Conflict of Interest
The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.
Financial Disclosure
The authors declared that this study has received no financial support.
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