Abstract
Context
Abaloparatide reduced fracture risk in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis in the Abaloparatide Comparator Trial In Vertebral Endpoints (ACTIVE). Its effect in Japanese patients remains unexamined.
Objective
This work aimed to determine the efficacy and safety of abaloparatide in increasing bone mineral density (BMD) in Japanese patients with osteoporosis at high fracture risk.
Methods
This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study conducted in Japan. Postmenopausal women and men with osteoporosis with high fracture risk were given daily subcutaneous 80 µg abaloparatide or placebo for 78 weeks (18 months). The primary end point was percentage change in lumbar spine (LS) BMD from baseline at the last visit. Secondary end points included time-course changes in LS, total hip (TH), and femoral neck (FN) BMDs and bone turnover markers, and cumulative number of fractures.
Results
Abaloparatide increased LS, TH, and FN BMDs (mean [95% CI]) by 12.5% (10.3%-14.8%; P < .001), 4.3% (3.3%-5.3%), and 4.3% (2.9%-5.6%), respectively, vs placebo. Serum procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide increased rapidly to ~ 140% above baseline at 6 weeks and gradually decreased but was approximately 25% higher than baseline at 78 weeks. Serum carboxy-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of type I collagen gradually increased to 50% above baseline at 24 weeks and decreased gradually to the placebo-group level from 60 weeks. Four vertebrae of 3 participants in the placebo group, but none in the abaloparatide group, developed new vertebral fractures. The safety profile was similar to that in the ACTIVE study.
Conclusion
In Japanese patients with postmenopausal and male osteoporosis with high fracture risk, abaloparatide for 78 weeks robustly increased LS, TH, and FN BMDs, suggesting a similar efficacy in Japanese patients vs the ACTIVE study population.
Keywords: abaloparatide, bone formation, bone mineral density, vertebral fracture, fracture risk
Abaloparatide is a synthetic parathyroid hormone–related peptide (PTHrP) analog with amino acid substitutions between positions 22 and 31 of PTHrP(1-34) (1, 2). In vitro studies have shown the existence of at least 2 PTH receptor type 1 (PTH1R) conformations, R0 and RG. On binding of ligands to the RG conformation of PTH1R, Gs protein is recruited, which enhances the release of ligands, causing a transient increase in cellular 3′,5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). In contrast, when ligands bind to the R0 conformation of PTH1R, the cAMP response is prolonged. Abaloparatide binds with a lower affinity to the R0 conformation of PTH1R, while it binds to the RG conformation with a similar affinity as PTH(1-34) (2). Consequently, abaloparatide promotes a more transient signaling, leading to a higher anabolic effect with lesser enhancement of bone resorption compared with PTH(1-34) (2).
Teriparatide has been widely used as an anabolic agent for preventing fractures in patients with severe osteoporosis with imminent fracture risk, which has been an unmet medical need (3, 4). However, teriparatide increases not only bone formation but also bone resorption, and enhanced bone resorption was shown to have a negative effect on bone microarchitecture, especially in long bones with higher proportions of cortical bone. Indeed, cortical bone volume and thickness are reduced and cortical porosity is increased by teriparatide treatment (5).
In the global phase 3 Abaloparatide Comparator Trial In Vertebral Endpoints (ACTIVE), abaloparatide also showed stimulatory effects on bone formation and resorption, with a more pronounced anabolic action on bones compared with placebo and teriparatide (6), but few Asian patients were included. In a phase 2 dose-response study with abaloparatide involving Japanese postmenopausal women with high fracture risk, daily injection of 80 µg abaloparatide was well tolerated and resulted in dose-related increases in bone mineral density (BMD) (submitted for publication). Therefore, the primary objective of the present study was to determine the efficacy and safety of subcutaneous self-injection of abaloparatide vs placebo for increasing BMD in elderly Japanese patients with osteoporosis at high risk of fracture.
Materials and Methods
Study Design
The Abaloparatide Comparator Trial In Vertebral Endpoints in Japan (ACTIVE-J) was a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study conducted at 21 sites in Japan from April 2017 to August 2019. Women with postmenopausal osteoporosis (n = 186) and men with osteoporosis (n = 20) were randomly assigned 2:1 to receive daily subcutaneous injections of abaloparatide 80 μg or a matching placebo for 78 weeks (18 months).
Study Participants
Japanese patients with osteoporosis aged 55 to 85 years at high risk of fracture were enrolled if 3 or more of their lumbar spine (LS) vertebrae 1 to 4 (L1-L4) were suitable for BMD measurement by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Women were required to be postmenopausal for at least 3 years at the time of informed consent. Patients aged 55 years or older who had an LS BMD T score less than –1.8 with one or more fragility vertebral fractures or an LS BMD T score less than –3.0 were eligible. Patients aged 65 years or older with an LS BMD T score –2.5 or lower were also eligible. Other eligibility criteria included normal serum calcium (adjusted serum calcium levels < 10.5 mg/dL), whole PTH, and alkaline phosphatase; a 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) level greater than or equal to 15 ng/mL (37.5 nmol/L); and estimated glomerular filtration rate greater than or equal to 30 mL/min/1.73 m2.
Patients were excluded if they had secondary osteoporosis due to endocrinological, nutritional, drug-induced, immobilization, congenital, or other diseases, including diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, alcohol dependance, chronic kidney disease, or pulmonary diseases. Patients were also excluded if they had evidence of metabolic bone disease or malabsorption; were taking any medications that would interfere with bone metabolism; used bisphosphonates in the past 3 years; or had received denosumab, teriparatide, cathepsin K inhibitor, calcium-sensing receptor antagonist before the screening day, or selective estrogen receptor modulators or anabolic steroids in the past 26 weeks. Patients with a history of osteosarcoma or prior use of abaloparatide or an anti-sclerostin antibody before the screening were also excluded.
Randomization and Blinding
Because this study involved high fracture–risk patients with osteoporosis, the number of participants allocated to the placebo group was kept as small as possible from an ethical perspective. Dynamic allocation was carried out using LS (L1-L4) BMD at the prescreening visit and sex as allocation factors. Participants were randomly assigned 2:1 to receive daily subcutaneous self-injections of abaloparatide 80 μg or matching placebo. Randomized distribution of participants to treatment groups was double blinded. Abaloparatide and placebo were administered using identical electrically operated injection devices under identical storage and dispensing conditions. An administration diary was given to each participant, and the status of abaloparatide treatment as well as daily calcium and vitamin D supplementation were recorded. At each visit to the study site, information such as the date, time, and condition of administration was entered into the medical records and case report forms, and each participant self-injected abaloparatide at the study site. For participants who missed an administration of abaloparatide or calcium/vitamin D supplementation, reinstruction was given to prevent a decline in adherence. All participants underwent self-injection training with the same electrically operated device during the run-in period.
The treatment period was 78 weeks (18 months).
Efficacy End Points
The primary efficacy end point of this study was percentage change from baseline to the last visit in LS (L1-L4) BMD using QDR, DELPHI, Explorer, Discovery, and Horizon systems (Hologic Inc). The secondary efficacy end points were percentage changes in BMD of the total hip (TH) and femoral neck (FN) from baseline at the last visit and the time-course changes in LS (L1-L4), TH, and FN BMDs at 12, 24, 48, and 78 weeks. All evaluations were conducted by independent central review.
The incidence of new vertebral fractures was assessed by anteroposterior and lateral spine radiographs, and nonvertebral fractures were assessed by radiographs as clinically indicated at 24, 48, and 78 weeks and at the last visit. Vertebral fractures were assessed using a semiquantitative technique that defines the severity of vertebral fractures (7). All assessments were performed by independent central review. Nonvertebral fractures were fragility fractures excluding those of the skull, facial bones, cervical spine, thoracic spine, LS, sternum, patella, and phalanges of the fingers and toes and those with high trauma. The nonvertebral fractures were initially self-reported, and if a fracture was suspected, radiographic assessment was performed as needed.
Serum markers of bone turnover were measured at 1, 2, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, and 78 weeks at the laboratory testing site (BML Inc) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. These included procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide (PINP) assessed by radioimmunoassay (AIDIAN, catalog No. 67034, RRID: AB_2910641), carboxy-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Fuji Rebio, catalog No. 290644, RRID: AB_2910642), osteocalcin (OCN) by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (Roche, catalog No. 12149133122, RRID: AB_2915903), and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b (TRACP-5b) by enzyme immunoassay (Sumitomo Bakelite, catalog No. 713200018, RRID: AB_2915904).
Serum 25(OH)D, serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25[OH]2D), serum whole PTH, and corrected serum calcium were measured at 24, 48, and 78 weeks at the laboratory testing site (BML Inc) according to the manufacturer’s instructions as follows: serum 25(OH)D by chemiluminescent immunoassay (DiaSorin, catalog No. 310600, RRID: AB_2811287), serum 1,25(OH)2D by radioimmunoassay (Immunodiagnostic Systems, catalog No. AA-54F1, RRID: AB_2895011), and serum whole PTH by immunoradiometric assay (Scantibodies, catalog No. 3KG056, RRID: AB_2910640). Percentage changes from baseline were calculated for all participants.
Corrected serum calcium was calculated using the following formula if serum albumin was less than 4.0 g/dL: corrected serum calcium = measured total calcium (mg/dL) + [4 – serum albumin (g/dL)].
Safety
Safety was assessed by monitoring physical examinations, assessing vital signs, conducting clinical laboratory tests, and reporting adverse events at each study visit. Adverse events and serious adverse events were coded according to the Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA; ver. 21.1). The protocol specified that the participants would be withdrawn from the study if they had confirmed significant deterioration (≥ 5%) in the LS BMD from the baseline at 24 and 27 or 48 and 51 weeks or were lost to follow-up.
Study Oversight
This study was conducted in compliance with the ethical principles stated in the Declaration of Helsinki and Good Clinical Practice. The study protocol was approved by the institutional review board at each site, and all participants provided written informed consent before enrollment in the study.
Statistical Analysis
The statistical analysis plan included 3 populations for efficacy and safety analyses. The safety population was defined as the group of the enrolled participants who received at least one dose of the investigational medication and had safety assessment data after administration. The full analysis set (FAS) included all participants who were randomly assigned to the study, received at least one dose of the investigational medication, and had efficacy assessment data after administration. The FAS was the primary population used for all efficacy analyses. The per-protocol set, which included a group of participants in the FAS who had no major protocol violations, was used as a supportive population for efficacy analyses not included in this report.
The phase 1 study of abaloparatide (RDU211UC-142112) suggested no apparent difference in the pharmacokinetics of abaloparatide between men and women. From the Japanese phase 2 study, the estimated mean (SD) increase in LS BMD at 18 months was 12% (7%) for abaloparatide and 1% (4%) for placebo. Assuming a statistical significance level of .025 (1-sided) and a statistical power of 90%, a sample size of 10 participants in the abaloparatide group and 5 in the placebo group in patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis could demonstrate the superiority of abaloparatide over placebo using the closed testing procedure.
This study was designed to collect not only efficacy but also safety data after abaloparatide administration for 18 months. According to the notification from the Japanese ministry, results of drug administration for at least 1 year in at least 100 patients are acceptable for the safety analysis (8). Based on these assumptions and the estimated dropout rate of approximately 20%, the target sample size was calculated to be at least 130 participants in the abaloparatide group. For ethical reasons, only 50% of the number of participants in the abaloparatide group (at least 65 participants) were assigned to the placebo group.
The primary efficacy end point of this study was percentage change in BMD of the LS (L1-L4) from baseline at the last visit. The closed testing procedure was used for the primary analysis to adjust for multiple hypothesis tests. The first test compared the abaloparatide group with the placebo group using the FAS. If a statistically significant result was found, the next test compared the abaloparatide group with the placebo group using the subset of participants with postmenopausal osteoporosis. The first test used an analysis of covariance model with treatment group and sex (allocation factor) as factors and LS (L1-L4) BMD at the prescreening test (allocation factor) as a covariate. The next test also used an analysis of covariance model with treatment group as a factor and LS (L1-L4) BMD at the prescreening test (allocation factor) as a covariate.
For the secondary end points, percentage changes in LS, TH, and FN BMDs from baseline were calculated for the abaloparatide and placebo groups. The descriptive statistics for the observed values and the percentage changes from baseline at each evaluation time point in each treatment group were calculated for the FAS, along with the mean differences (and SDs) between the groups. The between-group differences and 95% CIs in percentage changes at 12, 24, 48, and 78 weeks from baseline were calculated. Additionally, comparisons of the mean percentage changes in LS, TH, and FN BMDs from baseline were performed using the Student’s t test. The median percentage changes from baseline in bone turnover markers were also calculated for both groups and compared between the groups using the Wilcoxon rank sum test. These analyses were exploratory, with no adjustments for multiplicity. The cumulative incidence of new vertebral and nonvertebral fractures was calculated for the abaloparatide and placebo groups, along with the 95% CI (Newcombe) for the cumulative proportion of participants with fractures. The P value was calculated by Fisher's exact test without adjusting for multiplicity. All statistical analyses were performed using SAS version 9.3.
Results
A total of 414 participants underwent screening for the trial, of whom 201 failed to meet the eligibility criteria (Fig. 1). After randomization, one participant in the abaloparatide group did not receive the drug. Therefore, a total of 212 participants across 21 study centers in Japan received abaloparatide (n = 140, 66.0%) or placebo (n = 72, 34.0%) for the safety analysis. Among them, 136 (122 postmenopausal women, 14 men,) in the abaloparatide group and 70 (64 postmenopausal women, 6 men) in the placebo group were included in the primary outcome analysis, and 101 (72.1%) in the abaloparatide group and 57 (79.2%) in the placebo group completed all study visits (n = 158, 74.5%). Baseline demographics and clinical characteristics are shown in Table 1. Baseline demographics were similar between the 2 groups. Mean adherence to the study medication was greater than 90% in each group. Mean adherence to the combined tablets of 400 IU vitamin D and 610 mg calcium was also greater than 97% in each group. At the screening examination before entry, 60.2% of participants showed serum 25(OH)D levels at or above 15 and below 20 ng/mL. After screening, all participants received combined tablets of 610 mg/day calcium and 400 IU/day vitamin D3, and the percentage of participants with serum 25(OH)D below 20 ng/mL decreased to 25.2% in the FAS population at the start of the study. As shown in Table 2, serum 25(OH)D decreased slightly and serum 1,25(OH)2D increased after the start of abaloparatide treatment, while 25(OH)D increased and serum 1,25(OH)2D remained almost unchanged in the placebo group. Serum corrected calcium increased gradually after the start of abaloparatide treatment but remained almost unchanged in the placebo group throughout the study. In parallel with the slight increase in serum corrected calcium, serum whole PTH decreased slightly in the abaloparatide group.
Figure 1.
Patient disposition. One participant in the abaloparatide group never received abaloparatide per the physician’s decision and was excluded from the safety analysis. aSafety analysis population was defined as the group of the enrolled participants who received at least one dose of the investigational medication and had safety assessment data after administration. bPrimary analysis population included all participants who were randomized, received at least one dose of the medication, and had efficacy assessment data after administration (FAS). BMD, bone mineral density; FAS, full analysis set.
Table 1.
Baseline demographics and clinical characteristics
| FAS | Postmenopausal women | Mena | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abaloparatide (n = 136) | Placebo (n = 70) | Abaloparatide (n = 122) | Placebo (n = 64) | Abaloparatide (n = 14) | Placebo (n = 6) | |
| Age, mean (SD), y | 68.6 (6.0) | 68.8 (5.6) | 68.2 (6.0) | 68.6 (5.2) | 71.7 (4.4) | 70.8 (9.0) |
| Sex, No. of women (%) | 122 (89.7) | 64 (91.4) | 122 (100.0) | 64 (100.0) | – | – |
| Time since menopause or total hysterectomy, mean (SD), y | 17.3 (7.3) | 17.4 (6.8) | 17.3 (7.3) | 17.4 (6.8) | – | – |
| Height, mean (SD), cm | 153.99 (6.96) | 153.89 (5.77) | 152.78 (6.05) | 152.91 (4.62) | 164.55 (5.41) | 164.32 (6.96) |
| Weight, mean (SD), kg | 51.15 (7.51) | 50.90 (5.86) | 50.70 (7.59) | 50.39 (5.72) | 55.11 (5.54) | 56.32 (4.79) |
| Body mass index, mean (SD), kg/m2 | 21.54 (3.02) | 21.47 (2.46) | 21.68 (3.08) | 21.52 (2.44) | 20.34 (2.21) | 20.93 (2.76) |
| eGFR, mean (SD), mL/min/1.73 m2 | 71.56 (12.60) | 68.69 (11.70) | 71.39 (12.49) | 69.08 (11.54) | 73.06 (13.92) | 64.48 (13.79) |
| Alkaline phosphatase, mean (SD), U/L | 231.0 (58.4) | 237.5 (67.3) | 231.7 (56.5) | 241.8 (67.7) | 224.9 (75.2) | 191.7 (42.9) |
| No history of prior fragility fractures, No. (%) | 73 (53.7) | 49 (70.0) | 67 (54.9) | 48 (75.0) | 6 (42.9) | 1 (16.7) |
| No. of vertebral fractures, No. (%) | ||||||
| 0 | 75 (55.1) | 51 (72.9) | 69 (56.6) | 50 (78.1) | 6 (42.9) | 1 (16.7) |
| 1 | 46 (33.8) | 13 (18.6) | 39 (32.0) | 11 (17.2) | 7 (50.0) | 2 (33.3) |
| ≥ 2 | 15 (11.0) | 6 (8.6) | 14 (11.5) | 3 (4.7) | 1 (7.1) | 3 (50.0) |
| Bone mineral density, mean (SD), g/cm2 | ||||||
| Lumbar spine (L1-L4) | 0.649 (0.073) | 0.646 (0.062) | 0.644 (0.073) | 0.643 (0.063) | 0.691 (0.070) | 0.677 (0.045) |
| Total hip | 0.662 (0.085) | 0.660 (0.074) | 0.654 (0.082) | 0.659 (0.074) | 0.734 (0.084) | 0.674 (0.089) |
| Femoral neck | 0.536 (0.077) | 0.535 (0.058) | 0.527 (0.072) | 0.531 (0.057) | 0.614 (0.079) | 0.569 (0.058) |
| T score, mean (SD) | ||||||
| Lumbar spine (L1-L4) | –3.6 (0.6) | –3.7 (0.6) | –3.7 (0.6) | –3.7 (0.6) | –3.6 (0.6) | –3.6 (0.3) |
| Total hip | –2.3 (0.7) | –2.3 (0.6) | –2.4 (0.7) | –2.3 (0.6) | –2.0 (0.6) | –2.4 (0.6) |
| Femoral neck | –2.8 (0.7) | –2.8 (0.5) | –2.9 (0.6) | –2.9 (0.5) | –2.3 (0.6) | –2.7 (0.4) |
| Procollagen type Ⅰ N-terminal propeptide, mean (SD), ng/mL | 48.54 (14.47) | 56.91 (20.01) | 48.83 (14.44) | 58.71 (19.96) | 46.04 (14.98) | 37.75 (4.71) |
| Osteocalcin, mean (SD), ng/mL | 20.22 (6.08) | 22.05 (5.83) | 20.54 (6.05) | 22.49 (5.76) | 17.45 (5.85) | 17.30 (4.67) |
| Carboxy-terminal cross-linking telopeptide, mean (SD), μg/L | 0.22 (0.09) | 0.28 (0.15) | 0.22 (0.10) | 0.29 (0.16) | 0.21 (0.08) | 0.18 (0.04) |
| Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, mean (SD), mU/dL | 343.8 (99.6) | 391.0 (124.0) | 343.9 (101.3) | 394.1 (122.4) | 343.4 (87.4) | 358.0 (148.1) |
| 25-(OH) vitamin D, mean (SD), ng/mL | 23.55 (4.88) | 23.74 (6.28) | 23.38 (4.93) | 23.14 (4.93) | 25.07 (4.33) | 30.13 (13.59) |
| Whole PTH, mean (SD), pg/mL | 24.9 (5.3) | 25.1 (5.7) | 24.7 (5.3) | 25.1 (5.7) | 26.7 (5.2) | 25.3 (6.0) |
Abbreviations: eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; FAS, full analysis set; PTH, parathyroid hormone.
a Male population included in the FAS.
Table 2.
Changes in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D; 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D; corrected calcium; and parathyroid hormone (full analysis set)
| Baseline | 24 wk | 48 wk | 78 wk | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Serum 25(OH)D, mean (SD), ng/mL | ||||||||
| Abaloparatide | 23.55 | (4.88) | 20.77 | (5.34) | 21.22 | (5.16) | 21.01 | (5.09) |
| Placebo | 23.74 | (6.28) | 28.37 | (7.90) | 28.33 | (8.50) | 27.51 | (8.35) |
| Serum 1,25(OH)2D, mean (SD), pg/mL | ||||||||
| Abaloparatide | 62.9 | (22.6) | 88.2 | (31.6) | 86.7 | (34.3) | 84.0 | (31.8) |
| Placebo | 63.8 | (24.5) | 58.9 | (18.8) | 60.7 | (24.7) | 65.3 | (22.7) |
| Corrected serum calcium, mean (SD), mg/dL | ||||||||
| Abaloparatide | 9.33 | (0.35) | 9.53 | (0.36) | 9.65 | (0.39) | 9.68 | (0.38) |
| Placebo | 9.34 | (0.41) | 9.35 | (0.37) | 9.49 | (0.33) | 9.44 | (0.34) |
| Serum whole PTH, mean (SD), pg/mLa | ||||||||
| Abaloparatide | 24.9 | (5.3) | 21.9 | (4.9) | 20.4 | (4.9) | 21.4 | (7.3) |
| Placebo | 25.1 | (5.7) | 26.4 | (6.2) | 23.2 | (4.5) | 25.4 | (5.6) |
Abbreviations: 25(OH)D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D; 1,25(OH)2D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D; PTH, parathyroid hormone.
a Reference range for serum whole PTH, 9-39 pg/mL.
Primary Outcome
The least square means of percentage changes from baseline in LS BMD at the last visit (primary end point, least square mean ± SE) were 16.3 ± 1.0% in the abaloparatide group and 3.8 ± 1.2% in the placebo group, with a treatment difference of 12.5% (95% CI, 10.3%-14.8%; P < .001). Among postmenopausal women (abaloparatide group, n = 122; placebo group, n = 64), the least square means of percentage changes from baseline in LS BMD were 14.1 ± 0.6% in the abaloparatide group and 1.9 ± 0.9% in the placebo group, with a treatment difference of 12.2% (95% CI, 10.1%-14.4%; P < .001).
Secondary Outcomes
Percentage changes from baseline in TH BMD at the last visit (mean ± SD) were 4.0 ± 3.6% in the abaloparatide group and –0.2 ± 3.0% in the placebo group, with a treatment difference of 4.3% (95% CI, 3.3%-5.3%; P < .001). For FN BMD, percentage changes from baseline at the last visit (mean ± SD) were 4.4 ± 4.9% in the abaloparatide group and 0.2 ± 4.2% in the placebo group, with a treatment difference of 4.3% (95% CI, 2.9%-5.6%; P < .001).
Percentage changes in LS, TH, and FN BMDs at 12, 24, 48, and 78 weeks are shown in Fig. 2. BMDs at all the measured sites increased with the duration of treatment in the abaloparatide group, whereas only a small increase in LS BMD and almost no changes in TH and FN BMDs were observed in the placebo group. There were statistically significant differences between the abaloparatide and placebo groups at all the measured sites after 12 weeks or longer treatment with abaloparatide compared with placebo (see Fig. 2). These results also demonstrate that BMDs at all the measured sites continued to increase steadily with abaloparatide until the end of the study period.
Figure 2.
Percentage changes from baseline in bone mineral density at the lumbar spine, total hip, and femoral neck. Mean percentage changes from baseline in bone mineral density at a, lumbar spine; b, total hip; and c, femoral neck. The descriptive statistics for the observed values and the percentage changes from baseline at each evaluation time point in each treatment group were analyzed without imputation of missing data in the full analysis set. Data are presented as means with SD. Comparisons were performed using Student’s t test. These analyses were exploratory, with no adjustments for multiplicity. *P < .001 for abaloparatide vs placebo. BMD, bone mineral density.
To examine the effect of low serum 25(OH)D on the effect of abaloparatide on BMD, changes in LS, TH, and FN BMDs at the last visit were compared between 35 participants (25.7%) with serum 25(OH)D levels less than 20 ng/mL and 101 participants (74.3%) with serum 25(OH)D levels greater than or equal to 20 ng/mL at week 0 in the abaloparatide group of the FAS. There were no statistically significant differences in the increase in BMD from baseline between these 2 groups (mean ± SD: LS BMD, 13.8 ± 6.3% and 14.9 ± 10.1%; TH BMD, 3.7 ± 2.7% and 4.2 ± 3.9%; and FN BMD, 4.2 ± 4.0% and 4.5 ± 5.2% in participants with serum 25(OH)D < 20 ng/mL and ≥ 20 ng/mL, respectively).
New vertebral fractures occurred in 4 vertebrae of 3 participants (4.3%) in the placebo group, whereas no vertebral fracture was observed in the abaloparatide group during the treatment duration, with a statistically significant absolute risk reduction of –4.3% (P = .038). New nonvertebral fractures occurred in 3 participants (2.2%) in the abaloparatide group and 2 participants (2.9%) in the placebo group (Table 3).
Table 3.
New vertebral and nonvertebral fractures at last visit
| Abaloparatide n/N (%) | Placebo n/N (%) | Absolute risk reductiona (95% CI)b | P c | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| New vertebral fracture | 0/136 (0.0) | 3/70 (4.3) | –4.3 (–11.86 to –0.35) | 0.038 |
| New nonvertebral fracture | 3/136 (2.2) | 2/70 (2.9) | –0.7 (–7.78 to 3.92) | ≥ .999 |
a Absolute risk reduction was calculated by subtracting the values of the placebo group from those of the abaloparatide group.
b Each 95% CI was calculated by the Newcombe method.
c P value was calculated by Fisher’s exact test.
The time-profile median changes from baseline in bone turnover markers are shown in Fig. 3. Bone formation markers rapidly increased during the first 6 weeks in the abaloparatide group (approximately 140% increase in PINP and 90% increase in OCN) and gradually decreased thereafter. These bone formation markers remained elevated compared with baseline until 78 weeks, when serum PINP and OCN were approximately 25% and 15% higher than baseline, respectively. In contrast, both markers remained almost unchanged throughout the study period in the placebo group, and there were statistically significant differences between the abaloparatide and placebo groups throughout the study period. Bone resorption markers transiently decreased slightly after 2 weeks in the abaloparatide group, gradually increased thereafter, and reached their peak between 24 and 48 weeks (with ~ 50% and 10% increases from baseline in CTX and TRACP-5b, respectively). Bone resorption markers then decreased gradually to levels similar to those in the placebo group from 60 to 78 weeks. In the placebo group, both CTX and TRACP-5b remained almost stable throughout the study period.
Figure 3.
Median change from baseline in serum bone metabolism markers over time by treatment group. Median percentage changes from baseline in a, serum procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide; b, serum carboxy-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of type I collagen; c, serum osteocalcin; and d, serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b. Error bars indicate median interquartile ranges. Comparisons were performed using Wilcoxon rank sum test. These analyses were exploratory, with no adjustments for multiplicity. *P < .001 for abaloparatide vs placebo; #P < .05 for abaloparatide vs placebo. CTX, carboxy-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of type I collagen; OCN, osteocalcin; PINP, procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide; TRACP-5b, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b.
Adverse Events
Adverse events were evaluated descriptively and categorized according to MedDRA ver. 21.1. No marked differences were observed between treatment groups in the proportion of participants with one or more treatment-emergent adverse events (Table 4). More participants showed adverse drug reactions in the abaloparatide group (32.1%) than in the placebo group (13.9%). More serious treatment-emergent adverse events were observed in the placebo group (13.9%) than in the abaloparatide group (5.0%). No adverse events leading to death were observed in either group. The number of adverse events leading to study discontinuation was similar between the abaloparatide (2.9%) and placebo groups (5.6%) (see Table 4). Adverse events that led to study discontinuation in the abaloparatide group were palpitation (n = 1, 0.7%), nausea (n = 1, 0.7%), and blood calcium increased (n = 2, 1.4%). These were generally moderate in severity, and the participants recovered shortly after drug discontinuation. Incidence of blood calcium increased was greater in the abaloparatide group (5.0%) than in the placebo group (1.4%). There was no evidence of increased occurrence of serious adverse events associated with hypercalcemia in participants receiving abaloparatide.
Table 4.
Safety profile and adverse events
| Abaloparatide (n = 140) n (%) |
Placebo (n = 72) n (%) |
|
|---|---|---|
| All treatment-emergent adverse events | 128 (91.4) | 58 (80.6) |
| Any treatment-emergent adverse drug reaction | 45 (32.1) | 10 (13.9) |
| Serious treatment-emergent adverse events | 7 (5.0) | 10 (13.9) |
| Deaths | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| Adverse events leading to discontinuation | 4 (2.9) | 4 (5.6) |
| Most frequently observed adverse events (≥ 5% in the abaloparatide treatment arm) | ||
| Nasopharyngitis | 81 (57.9) | 36 (50.0) |
| Headache | 19 (13.6) | 8 (11.1) |
| Injection site bruising | 11 (7.9) | 7 (9.7) |
| Contusion | 11 (7.9) | 4 (5.6) |
| Abdominal discomfort | 9 (6.4) | 3 (4.2) |
| Nausea | 9 (6.4) | 6 (8.3) |
| Blood uric acid increased | 8 (5.7) | 0 (0.0) |
| Blood calcium increased | 7 (5.0) | 1 (1.4) |
| Dizziness | 7 (5.0) | 3 (4.2) |
| Vertigo | 7 (5.0) | 2 (2.8) |
| Back pain | 7 (5.0) | 6 (8.3) |
| Osteoarthritis | 7 (5.0) | 3 (4.2) |
| Adverse events of special interest | ||
| Hypersensitivity | 20 (14.3) | 6 (8.3) |
| Eczemaa | 7 (5.0) | 4 (5.6) |
| Rash | 4 (2.9) | 1 (1.4) |
| Urticaria | 4 (2.9) | 0 (0.0) |
| Cardiovascular events | 23 (16.4) | 7 (9.7) |
| Palpitationa | 7 (5.0) | 1 (1.4) |
| Supraventricular extrasystoles | 4 (2.9) | 1 (1.4) |
| Orthostatic hypotension | 1 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) |
A participant with more than one event within the same level of the Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities terms was counted as one.
a Most frequently observed adverse events (≥ 5%).
Hypersensitivity reactions were observed more frequently in the abaloparatide group than in the placebo group. Within this category, more rash, urticaria, and dermatitis were observed in the abaloparatide group than in the placebo group. However, none of these events were serious, and a causal relationship with the administration of abaloparatide was ruled out, except for a rash in one participant in the abaloparatide group. No anaphylaxis-like events were observed. More adverse cardiovascular events were observed in the abaloparatide group than in the placebo group, including palpitations (5.0% vs 1.4%, respectively), supraventricular extrasystoles (2.9% vs 1.4%, respectively), and orthostatic hypotension (0.7% vs 0.0%, respectively). However, the severity of these events was mild or moderate. No difference was observed in the incidence of serious adverse cardiovascular events such as myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, and atrial fibrillation.
Among clinical laboratory parameters, blood uric acid increased with abaloparatide, but the increase was mild or moderate. Alkaline phosphatase increased transiently in the early stages of abaloparatide administration and gradually decreased to the baseline level. Because other laboratory data related to the hepatobiliary system did not show any changes, the transient increase in the alkaline phosphatase level could be attributed to the stimulation of bone formation by abaloparatide. No problems were found in the safety and dosing accuracy of the electrically operated injector used for drug/placebo administration. Thus, the safety profile of abaloparatide in the present study was similar to that in the global ACTIVE study (6), and no new safety concerns were identified.
Discussion
In the present study involving Japanese patients with postmenopausal and male osteoporosis with high fracture risk, daily subcutaneous self-injection of abaloparatide for 78 weeks (18 months) robustly increased LS, TH, and FN BMDs compared with placebo. The increase in LS BMD in postmenopausal women was similar to that in the overall population. Although the number of participants with incident vertebral fracture was small, all 3 participants with vertebral fracture were in the placebo group. Treatment differences between the abaloparatide and placebo groups in LS BMD were larger than those in the ACTIVE study, while treatment differences in TH and FN BMDs between the abaloparatide and placebo groups were very similar to those in the ACTIVE study (6). The ACTIVE study reported that more participants in the abaloparatide group than the teriparatide group met the definition of responders, defined as those who experienced more than 3% or 6% increases in BMD at all 3 anatomic sites—LS, TH, and FN (9). Taken together, the present results suggest that abaloparatide has a similar efficacy in Japanese patients with osteoporosis to that in the ACTIVE study population (6).
The rapid and robust increase in bone formation markers with a small increase in resorption markers with abaloparatide was consistent with the marked increase in BMD. Notably, the degree of increase in bone formation markers in the present study was larger than that in the ACTIVE study, and they remained elevated until the end of the study (~ 60% and 35% higher than baseline in PINP and OCN, respectively) as in the ACTIVE study (6). In contrast, the increase in bone resorption markers was slower and less prominent and decreased to the level seen in the placebo group from 60 weeks (13.8 months) until the end of the study. As mentioned earlier, abaloparatide preferentially binds to the RG conformation of PTH1R, with a shorter time course of receptor-mediated signaling compared with teriparatide, which is expected to enhance bone formation more than bone resorption signals (2). In the ACTIVE study, although abaloparatide stimulated bone formation less than teriparatide, the stimulation of bone resorption was also lower than that by teriparatide (6), similar to the results in the present study. This could possibly explain the stronger anabolic effect and larger increase in BMD with abaloparatide compared with teriparatide. A later analysis of the ACTIVE study to examine the relationship between serum PINP and BMD changes after abaloparatide and teriparatide treatments demonstrated that early changes in PINP correlated with the percentage change in LS BMD at 18 months, with a greater correlation observed with abaloparatide than teriparatide (10). Because the increase in bone formation markers and BMD was more robust in the present study than in the ACTIVE study, it is plausible that abaloparatide has similar or even greater efficacy in the Japanese population than that seen in the ACTIVE study (6).
Although this study included participants with serum 25(OH)D less than 20 ng/mL, comparison of changes in LS, TH, and FN BMDs between the subgroups with serum 25(OH)D less than 20 ng/mL and 20 ng/mL or greater in the abaloparatide group of the FAS showed no statistically significant differences. Thus, under vitamin D3 and calcium supplementation, low serum 25(OH)D at the start of the study did not appear to influence the effect of abaloparatide on BMD. Nevertheless, because the increase in BMD was slightly smaller at all the measured sites in participants with serum 25(OH)D less than 20 ng/mL at study entry, the effect of abaloparatide is expected to be maximized under sufficient vitamin D levels.
In the present study, no safety concerns other than those reported in the ACTIVE study were identified (6). In a detailed analysis of cardiovascular adverse events associated with abaloparatide, Cosman et al (11) reported that no increased risks of serious cardiac adverse events were observed, while a transient increase in heart rate was observed immediately after injection of abaloparatide compared with placebo and resolved within 4 hours after administration. This increase in heart rate after abaloparatide injection was weakly associated with small but significant decreases in mean supine and standing systolic and diastolic blood pressures. In the present study, although heart rate was not monitored during the observation period after injection, 7 participants had palpitations and 1 participant had orthostatic hypotension in the abaloparatide group compared with 1 participant with palpitations and none with orthostatic hypotension in the placebo group. These symptoms appear to be related to the vasodilator activity of abaloparatide and possibly a direct effect on the sinoatrial node, which is known to be slightly stronger for abaloparatide than teriparatide (11, 12). Nevertheless, none of those events were serious, and as a recent meta-analysis suggested (13), both teriparatide and abaloparatide have no effect on cardiovascular risk and overall mortality.
The present study has some limitations. First, the number of participants was too small to demonstrate the antifracture efficacy of abaloparatide. However, the number of participants was enough to estimate increases in BMD at various target sites, especially LS BMD as a primary outcome, as well as to evaluate the safety of abaloparatide treatment. Second, this study included a small number of men with osteoporosis at high risk of fracture. Although the assessment of the primary outcome in the overall population was positive, further analysis is needed to evaluate the efficacy of abaloparatide in men with osteoporosis.
In conclusion, among Japanese patients with postmenopausal and male osteoporosis with high fracture risk, daily subcutaneous self-injection of abaloparatide for 78 weeks (18 months) led to statistically significant increases in LS, TH, and FN BMDs compared with placebo. The changes in BMD were associated with robust and continuous increases in bone formation markers and with small and transient increases in bone resorption markers. These results suggest that in the Japanese population, abaloparatide has a similar efficacy to that demonstrated in the ACTIVE study.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Dr Tetsuo Nakano for his advice in radiographic assessment. The authors also thank the late Dr Toshitsugu Sugimoto, MD, Eikokai Ono Hospital, for his advice in the development of the manuscript.
Teijin Pharma Ltd, in conjunction with the Clinical Development Administration Department and outside consultants, developed the study protocol and statistical analysis plan and analyzed the data. Data were collected by the investigators at the study sites listed here.
ACTIVE-J Investigators are listed in alphabetic order: Dr Atsuko Abe, Medical Corp SEIKOUKAI New Medical Research System Clinic, Tokyo, Japan; Dr Shinobu Arita, Obase Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan; Dr Shinkichi Himeno, Himeno Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan; Dr Hiroshige Itakura, IHL Shinagawa East One Medical Clinic, Tokyo, Japan; Dr Akimitsu Miyauchi, Miyauchi Medical Center, Osaka, Japan; Dr Masaru Nago, Nago Orthopedic Clinic, Fukuoka, Japan; Dr Kenjiro Nakamura, Tenjin Sogo Clinic, Fukuoka, Japan; Dr Yasuhiro Nemoto, Nemoto Surgery and Orthopedic Surgery, Saitama, Japan; Dr Hiroyuki Obayashi, Tohno Chuo Clinic, Gifu, Japan; Dr Tomoyuki Ohnishi, Ohnishi Medical Clinic, Hyogo, Japan; Dr Masanari Omata, Oimachi Orthopedic Surgery Clinic, Tokyo, Japan; Dr Fumitoshi Omura, Koenji Orthopedic Surgery, Tokyo, Japan; Dr Hiroaki Shimizu, Yokohama Motomachi Clinic, Kanagawa, Japan; Dr Hiroshi Shimomura, Musashino Total Clinics, Tokyo, Japan; Dr Kazuo Suzuki, Suzuki Clinic, Tokyo, Japan; Dr Ken Takada, Takada Orthopedic Hospital, Saitama, Japan; Dr Yoshihiro Takamori, Takamori Orthopedic, Internal Medicine and Dental Clinic, Fukuoka, Japan; Dr Seiji Yamane, Toyooka-Daiichi Hospital, Saitama, Japan; Dr Kiyoshi Yasui, Yotsubashi Clinic, Osaka, Japan; Dr Takashi Yokoyama, Daisan Kitashinagawa Hospital, Tokyo, Japan; Dr Tohru Yoshioka, Shimura Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan.
The authors especially thank Mr Shohei Tateishi, Teijin Pharma Ltd, and Ms Maki Mihoya, formerly at Teijin Pharma Ltd, for their contribution to data management and statistical analysis.
The authors also thank Dr Yoshiaki Azuma, PhD, and Dr Yoshinori Sugimoto, PhD, Teijin Pharma Ltd, for their comments during the development of the manuscript and Dr Bruce Mitlak, MD, Radius Health, Inc, for careful review and editing of the manuscript.
Glossary
Abbreviations
- 1,25(OH)2D
1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D
- 25(OH)D
25-hydroxyvitamin D
- ACTIVE
Abaloparatide Comparator Trial In Vertebral Endpoints; ACTIVE-J, Abaloparatide Comparator Trial In Vertebral Endpoints in Japan
- BMD
bone mineral density
- cAMP
3′,5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate
- CTX
carboxy-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of type I collagen
- FAS
full analysis set
- FN
femoral neck
- LS
lumbar spine
- MedDRA
Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities
- OCN
osteocalcin
- PINP
procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide
- PTH
parathyroid hormone; PTH1R, PTH receptor type 1
- PTHrP
parathyroid hormone–related peptide
- TH
total hip
- TRACP-5b
tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b
Contributor Information
Toshio Matsumoto, Fujii Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan.
Teruki Sone, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama 701-0952, Japan.
Satoshi Soen, Soen Orthopaedics, Osteoporosis and Rheumatology Clinic, Hyogo 658-0072, Japan.
Sakae Tanaka, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
Akiko Yamashita, Division of Pharmaceutical Development and Production, Teijin Pharma Limited, Tokyo 100-8585, Japan.
Tetsuo Inoue, Aoyama General Hospital, Aichi 441-0195, Japan.
Previous Presentations
Data in this article have been presented at the Annual Meeting of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR), a virtual online event, September 11 to 15, 2020.
Financial Support
This work was supported by Teijin Pharma Limited.
Disclosures
T.M. has received consulting fees from Amgen Inc and Teijin Pharma Ltd; T.S. has received research grants from Asahi Kasei Pharma Corp and Teijin Pharma Ltd and consulting fees from Kissei Pharmaceutical Co Ltd and Shimadzu Corp; S.S. has received consulting fees, speaking fees, and/or honoraria from Asahi Kasei Pharma Corp, Astellas Pharma Inc, Amgen Inc, Daiichi-Sankyo Co Ltd, Eli Lilly Japan, Teijin Pharma Ltd, and UCB Japan Co Ltd; S.T. has received speakers’ bureau fees from Daiichi-Sankyo Co Ltd, Asahi Kasei Pharma Corp, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd, Eli Lilly Japan K.K., and Amgen Inc and consulting fees from Asahi Kasei Pharma Corp, Amgen Inc, and Teijin Pharma Ltd; A.Y. is an employee of Teijin Pharma Ltd; and T.I. has received consulting fees from Teijin Pharma Ltd.
Data Availability
Restrictions apply to the availability of some or all data generated or analyzed during this study to preserve patient confidentiality or because they were used under license.
Clinical Trial Information
Trial registration number JAPIC CTI-173575 (registered May 8, 2017).
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
Restrictions apply to the availability of some or all data generated or analyzed during this study to preserve patient confidentiality or because they were used under license.
