Thermal micropolar and couple stresses effects on peristaltic flow of biviscosity nanofluid through a porous medium

Abstract

The main aim of the current study is to analyze couple stresses effects on MHD peristaltic transport of a micropolar non-Newtonian nanofluid. The fluid flows through a porous media between two horizontal co-axial tubes. The effects of radiation, chemical reaction, viscous and ohmic dissipation are considered. The inner tube is solid and uniform, while the outer tube has a sinusoidal wave traveling down its wall. The governing equations have been simplified using low-Reynolds number and long wave-length approximations, thus a semi-analytical solutions have been obtained using the homotopy perturbation method. Numerical results for the behaviors of the axial velocity, microrotation velocity, temperature and nanoparticles concentration with the physical parameters are depicted graphically through a set of graphs. Furthermore, the values of the skin friction coefficient, Nusselt and nano Sherwood numbers are computed and presented graphically through some draws. Moreover, the trapping phenomenon is discussed throughout a set of figures. The present study is very important in many medical applications, as the gastric juice motion in the small intestine when an endoscope is inserted through it. Further, gold nanoparticles are utilized in the remedy of cancer tumor.

Introduction

The fluid which contain nanometer-sized particles is called nanofluid. These fluids are colloidal suspensions engineered of nanoparticles in a base fluid, which are typically made of oxides, carbides, metals, or carbon nanotubes. Abouzeid¹ discussed the effect of Cattaneo-Christov heat flux of biviscosity nanofluid on MHD flow between two rotating disks through a porous media. The influences of heat generation, chemical reaction and uniform magnetic field on the flow of non-Newtonian nanofluid down a vertical cylinder is studieded by El-Dabe and Abouzeid². El-Dabe and Abouzeid³ analyzed the influences of Joule heating, thermal-diffusion with thermal radiation and internal heat generation of a non-Newtonian fluid on peristaltic flow using Jeffery model. The importance of velocity second slip model on peristaltic pumping of non-Newtonian fluid in existence of induced magnetic field and double-diffusivity convection in nanofluids is explained by Akram et al.⁴. Abouzied⁵ studied analytically the couple stresses influences on MHD peristaltic transport of a non-Newtonian Jeffery nanofluid. Analytically study with heat transfer the motion of power-law nanofluid under the effect radiation, internal heat generation and viscous dissipation are studied by Ismael et al.⁶. Ouaf et al.⁷ studied the influences of slip velocity condition and entropy generation through a porous medium on MHD Jeffery nanofluid flow in a channel with peristalsis. Heat transfer aspects of a heated Newtonian viscous fluid and the flow properties are studied mathematically inside a vertical duct having elliptic cross section and sinusoidally fluctuating walls with single wall carbon nanotubes by Akhtar et al.⁸. Eldabe et al.⁹ studied Dufour effects and Soret on peristaltic flow in a uniform symmetric channel with wall properties of non-Newtonian magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) nanofluid. Recently, there are many papers related to nanofluid over different surfaces^10–17.

Micropolar fluids consider as a special case of classical model established Navier–Stokes, is call polar fluids with microstructure with nonsymmetric stress tensor. Eldabe et al.¹⁸ discussed the influence of the induced magnetic field which contain gyrotactic microorganisms on Eyring-Powell nanofluid Al2O3 motion through the boundary-layer. Mixed convention and uniform inclined magnetic field influences with heat transfer on non-Newtonian micropolar nanofluid Al2O3 flow are discussed by Eldabe et al.¹⁹. Akhtar et al.²⁰ discussed mathematically the physics of peristaltic flow with mass and heat transfer effects in elliptic duct with taking in consideration a non-Newtonian Casson fluid model. Theoretical analysis of combined mass and heat transfer over an oscillatory inclined porous plate in unsteady mixed convection flow of micropolar fluid in a homogenous porous medium with radiation absorption, Joule dissipation and heat source is discussed by Shamshuddin et al.²¹. Eldabe and Abouzeid²² studied the peristaltic transport of non-Newtonian micropolar fluid. Many results of the micropolar are studied in these articles^23–28.

The couple stress is a fluid related to fluids which contain particles randomly oriented and rigid suspended in a viscous medium. The electro-osmotic peristaltic flow is studied of a couple stress fluid bounded in micro-channel asymmetric inclined by Reddy²⁹. Abouzeid³⁰ presented an analytical discussion for couple stresses impacts of a non-Newtonian Jeffery nanofluid on MHD peristaltic transport. Under the suspension of small particles the peristaltic induced motion of couple stress fluid have been explained by Bhatti³¹. Eldabe et al.³² discussed with mass and heat transfer the peristaltic motion of a coupled stress fluid in a channel with compliant walls through a porous medium. In a non-uniform rectangular duct the peristaltic flow of couple stress liquid is studied by Ellahi³³. Recently, there are different papers that studied the couple stress fluid^34–42.

The fundamental target of this study focusses on describing the impacts of couple-stress theories as well as thermal micropolar properties on peristaltic motion of non-Newtonian nanofluid. The fluid is flowing through a porous media between two co-axial horizontal cylinders. In addition, the effects of both viscous and Ohmic dissipation and chemical reaction are also included. Moreover, the mathematical intricacy of our study can be alleviating by applying the long wavelength and low Reynold’s number presumptions. These non-linear equations are analytically disbanded by applying the conventional perturbation method together with homotopy analytical method up to the second order. Numerical results for the behaviors of the axial velocity, microrotation velocity, temperature and nanoparticles concentration with the physical parameters are depicted graphically through a set of graphs. Furthermore, the values of the skin friction coefficient, Nusselt and nano Sherwood numbers are computed and presented graphically through some draws. Moreover, the trapping phenomenon is discussed throughout a set of figures. The influences of diverse physical parameters on the various distributions are analyzed numerically and displayed through a set of graphs. The current study is very significant in several medical applications, like the gastric juice motion in the small intestine when an endoscope is inserted through it. The endoscope has many clinical applications. Hence, it is considered to be a very significant tool used in determining real reasons responsible for many problems in the human organs in which fluid is transported by peristaltic pumping, such as the stomach, small intestine, etc. Also, gold nanoparticles are used in the remedy of cancer tumor.

Mathematical description

A two-dimensional unsteady peristaltic flow of an incompressible non-Newtonian micropolar nanofluid are considered. The fluid flows through a porous media between two co-axial tubes under the effects of radiation, chemical reaction, viscous and ohmic dissipation. The inner tube is solid and uniform, while the outer tube has a sinusoidal wave traveling down its wall with a constant speed $c$. The system is stressed by a magnetic field of a strength $B_0,$ see Fig. 1.

Figure 1.

Diagram of fluid flow.

Fluid model is studied in cylindrical coordinate system $\left(r,,,\theta ,,,z\right)$. Channel wall has a mathematical description as

$$r_1=0.3d,$$ 1

$$r_2=H=d+bsin\frac{2\pi }{\lambda }(z-ct),$$ 2

Let the respective velocity components in the axial and the radial direction in the fixed frame are W and U, respectively. For the unsteady two dimensional flow, the velocity, micro-rotation velocity, temperature and nanoparticles components may be written as

$$\begin{array}{c}\underset{\_}{V}=(U(R,Z),0,W(R,Z)),\underset{\_}{N}=(0,N_{\theta },0)\\ T=T(R,Z)\text{and}f=f(R,Z)\\ \end{array}$$

A wave frame (r, z) moving with velocity c away from the fixed frame (R, Z) by the transformation:

$$\begin{array}{cc}r=R,\hfill & z=Z-ct,\\ u=U,\hfill & w=W-c\end{array}$$ 3

The governing equations of the motion of this model can be represented as[^5,22]:

$$\frac{\partial u}{\partial r}+\frac{u}{r}+\frac{\partial w}{\partial z}=0,$$ 4

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill {\rho }_f\left(u\frac{\partial u}{\partial r}+w\frac{\partial u}{\partial z}\right)=& -\frac{\partial p}{\partial r}+\left({\mu }_f\left(1+{\gamma }^{-1}\right)+k_1\right)\left(\frac{{\partial }^{2}u}{\partial r^2}+\frac{1}{r}\frac{\partial u}{\partial r}-\frac{u}{r^2}+\frac{{\partial }^{2}u}{\partial z^2}\right)-\sigma B_0^{2}u\hfill \\ \hfill & -\frac{{\mu }_f}{k^{\ast }}u-k_1\frac{\partial N_{\theta }}{\partial z}-\eta {\mathrm{\nabla }}^{4}u,\hfill \\ \hfill \end{array}$$ 5

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill {\rho }_f\left(u\frac{\partial w}{\partial r}+w\frac{\partial w}{\partial z}\right)=& -\frac{\partial p}{\partial z}+\left({\mu }_f\left(1+{\gamma }^{-1}\right)+k_1\right)\left(\frac{{\partial }^{2}w}{\partial r^2}+\frac{1}{r}\frac{\partial w}{\partial r}-\frac{{\partial }^{2}w}{\partial z^2}\right)-\sigma B_0^{2}w\hfill \\ \hfill & -\frac{{\mu }_f}{k^{\ast }}w+k_1\frac{1}{r}\frac{\partial (r{N}_{\theta })}{\partial r}-\eta {\mathrm{\nabla }}^{4}w,\hfill \\ \hfill \end{array}$$ 6

$$\rho j\left(u\frac{\partial N_{\theta }}{\partial r}+w\frac{\partial N_{\theta }}{\partial z}\right)=-2k_1{N}_{\theta }+{\gamma }^{\ast }\left(\frac{\partial }{\partial r}\left(\frac{1}{r}\frac{\partial (r{N}_{\theta })}{\partial r}\right)+\frac{{\partial }^2{N}_{\theta }}{\partial z^2}\right)+k_1\left(\frac{\partial u}{\partial z}-\frac{\partial w}{\partial r}\right),$$ 7

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \rho c_p\left(u\frac{\partial T}{\partial r}+w\frac{\partial T}{\partial z}\right)=& k_f\left(\frac{{\partial }^{2}T}{\partial r^2}+\frac{1}{r}\frac{\partial T}{\partial r}+\frac{{\partial }^{2}T}{\partial z^2}\right)+\left({\mu }_f(1+{\gamma }^{-1})+k_1\right)\left[2{\left(\frac{\partial u}{\partial r}\right)}^2+2{\left(\frac{\partial w}{\partial z}\right)}^2+{\left(\frac{\partial u}{\partial z}+\frac{\partial w}{\partial r}\right)}^2\right]\hfill \\ \hfill & +{(\rho c)}_p\left[D_B\left(\frac{\partial T}{\partial r}\frac{\partial f}{\partial r}+\frac{\partial T}{\partial z}\frac{\partial f}{\partial z}\right)+\frac{D_T}{T_0}\left[{\left(\frac{\partial T}{\partial r}\right)}^2+{\left(\frac{\partial T}{\partial z}\right)}^2\right]\right]\hfill \\ \hfill & +2k_1\left[N_{\theta }^2-N_{\theta }\left(\frac{\partial u}{\partial z}-\frac{\partial w}{\partial r}\right)\right]-\frac{1}{r}\frac{\partial (r{q}_r)}{\partial r}+\sigma B_0^2(u^2+{(w+c)}^2)\hfill \\ \hfill \end{array}$$ 8

$$\left(u\frac{\partial f}{\partial r}+w\frac{\partial f}{\partial z}\right)=D_B\left(\frac{{\partial }^{2}f}{\partial r^2}+\frac{1}{r}\frac{\partial f}{\partial r}+\frac{{\partial }^{2}f}{\partial z^2}\right)+\frac{D_T}{T_0}\left(\frac{{\partial }^{2}T}{\partial r^2}+\frac{1}{r}\frac{\partial T}{\partial r}+\frac{{\partial }^{2}T}{\partial z^2}\right)-A(f-f_0),$$ 9

The boundary conditions are given by:

$$u=0,w=0,T=T_0,N_{\theta }=N_{{\theta }_0},f=f_{0}atr=r_1$$ 10

$$u=-c\frac{\partial H}{\partial z},w=-c,T=T_1,N_{\theta }=N_{\theta {}_1},f=f_{1}atr=r_2$$ 11

By using Rosseland approximation⁴³, the radiative heat flux is given by

$$q_r=\frac{-4{\sigma }^{\ast }}{3k_R}\frac{\partial T^4}{\partial r}$$

where $k_R$ is the mean absorption coefficient and ${\sigma }^{\ast }$ is the Stefan Boltzmann constant. The temperature within the flow taking sufficiently small such that $T^4$ may considered as a linear function of temperature. This is accomplished by expanding $T^4$ in a Taylor series about $T_1$ and neglecting the higher-order terms, one gets

$$T^4\approx 4T_1^{3}T-3T_1^4$$

Dimensionless quantities can be written as

$$\begin{array}{cc}& r^{\ast }=\frac{r}{d},z^{\ast }=\frac{z}{\lambda },u^{\ast }=\frac{\lambda }{cd}u,w^{\ast }=\frac{w}{c},\delta =\frac{d}{\lambda },\overline{\gamma }=\frac{{\gamma }^{\ast }}{d^2{\mu }_f},h=\frac{H}{d},\hfill \\ \hfill & T^{\ast }=\frac{T-T_0}{T_1-T_0},f^{\ast }=\frac{f-f_0}{f_1-f_0},p^{\ast }=\frac{d^2}{c{\mu }_f\lambda }p,Nt=\frac{\varpi D_T(T_1-T_0)}{cd{T}_0},\hfill \\ \hfill & Nb=\frac{\varpi D_B(f_1-f_0)}{cd},N_{\theta }^{\ast }=\frac{d}{c}{N}_{\theta },j^{\ast }=\frac{j}{d^2},\epsilon =\frac{b}{d}{t}^{\ast }=\frac{c}{\lambda }t,\beta =\frac{k_1}{{\mu }_f},\hfill \\ \hfill & \varpi =\frac{{(\rho c)}_p}{{(\rho c)}_f},Pr=\frac{{(\rho c)}_{f}cd}{k_f},\frac{1}{\alpha }=\sqrt{\frac{{\mu }_f}{\eta }}d\hfill \\ \hfill \end{array}$$ 12

Here $Da=\frac{k^{\ast }}{d^2}$ is Darcy number, $R_e=\frac{\rho cd}{{\mu }_f}$ is Reynolds number, $Pr=\frac{{\mu }_{f}c{}_p}{k_f}$ is Prandtl number, $Ec=\frac{c^2}{c_p(T_1-T_0)}$ is Eckert number, $M=\frac{\sigma B_0^2{d}^2}{{\mu }_f}$ is the magnetic field parameter and $R=\frac{4{\sigma }^{\ast }{T}_1^3}{k_f{k}_R}$ is the radiation parameter.

In this these transformations, after applying $\delta \ll 1$ and neglecting the star mark, the system of equations takes the form:

$$\frac{\partial u}{\partial r}+\frac{u}{r}+\frac{\partial w}{\partial z}=0$$ 13

$$\frac{\partial p}{\partial r}=0$$ 14

$$\frac{\partial p}{\partial z}=\left((1+{\gamma }^{-1})+\beta \right)\left(\frac{{\partial }^{2}w}{\partial r^2}+\frac{1}{r}\frac{\partial w}{\partial r}\right)+\beta \left(\frac{\partial N_{\theta }}{\partial r}+\frac{N_{\theta }}{r}\right)-\left(M+\frac{1}{\mathit{Da}}\right)w-{\alpha }^2{\mathrm{\nabla }}^{4}w$$ 15

$$2\beta N_{\theta }+\beta \frac{\partial w}{\partial r}=\overline{\gamma }\left[\frac{{\partial }^2{N}_{\theta }}{\partial r^2}+\frac{1}{r}\frac{\partial N_{\theta }}{\partial r}-\frac{N_{\theta }}{r^2}\right]$$ 16

$$\begin{array}{cc}& \left(1+\frac{4}{3}R\right)\left(\frac{{\partial }^{2}T}{\partial r^2}+\frac{1}{r}\frac{\partial T}{\partial r}\right)+EcPr\left((1+{\gamma }^{-1})+\beta \right){\left(\frac{\partial w}{\partial r}\right)}^2+NtPr{\left(\frac{\partial T}{\partial r}\right)}^2+NbPr\left(\frac{\partial f}{\partial r}\right)\left(\frac{\partial T}{\partial r}\right)\hfill \\ \hfill & +2\beta EcPr\left[N_{\theta }^2+N_{\theta }\frac{\partial w}{\partial r}\right]+\sigma B_0^2{(w+1)}^2+EcPrM{w}^2=0\hfill \\ \hfill \end{array}$$ 17

$$\left(\frac{{\partial }^{2}f}{\partial r^2}+\frac{1}{r}\frac{\partial f}{\partial r}\right)+\frac{\mathit{Nt}}{\mathit{Nb}}\left(\frac{{\partial }^{2}T}{\partial r^2}+\frac{1}{r}\frac{\partial T}{\partial r}\right)-{\delta }_{1}f=0$$ 18

At the wall, we will take the components of the couple stress tensor to be zero. Thus, the boundary conditions (10) and (11) in dimensionless will be written as

$$u=0,w=0,\frac{{\partial }^{2}w}{\partial r^2}-\frac{{\eta }^{\prime }}{r}\frac{\partial w}{\partial r}=0T=f=1,N_{\theta }=0,atr=r_1=0.3$$ 19

$$u=-c\frac{\partial h}{\partial z},w=-1,\frac{{\partial }^{2}w}{\partial r^2}-\frac{{\eta }^{\prime }}{r}\frac{\partial w}{\partial r}=0,T=f=0,N_{\theta }=1,atr=r_2=1.2$$ 20

Method of solution

The homotopy perturbation method (HPM) is used to obtain an approximate solutions of the ordinary differential and the nonlinear partial differential equations. It combines between the advantages of the homotopy analysis method and the classical perturbation method. The homotopy Method is employing with an artificial parameter $P\in \left[0,1\right]$, which is known as the homotopy parameter. Consequently, throughout this method, the small parameter can be put as a coefficient of any term of the problem.

Therefore, we use the homotopy perturbation method to solve these equations

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill H(p,w)=& (1-p)[L_1(w)-L_1(w_0)]+p(L_1(w)\hfill \\ \hfill & +\frac{1}{{\alpha }^2}\left(\frac{\partial p}{\partial z}-\left(\left(1+{\gamma }^{-1}\right)+\beta \right)\left(\frac{{\partial }^{2}w}{\partial r^2}+\frac{1}{r}\frac{\partial w}{\partial r}\right)-\beta \left(\frac{\partial N_{\theta }}{\partial r}+\frac{N_{\theta }}{r}\right)+\left(M+\frac{1}{\mathit{Da}}\right)w\right)\hfill \\ \hfill \end{array}$$ 21

$$H(p,N_{\theta })=(1-p)[L_2(N_{\theta })-L_2(N_{{\theta }_0})]+p\left(L_2(N_{\theta })-\frac{1}{\overline{\gamma }}\left(2\beta N_{\theta }+\beta \frac{\partial w}{\partial r}\right)-\frac{N_{\theta }}{r^2}\right)$$ 22

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill H(p,T)=& (1-p)[L_2(T)-L_2(T_0)]+p(L_2(T)+\left(\frac{3}{3+4R}\right)\left(EcPr\left(\left(1+{\gamma }^{-1}\right)+\beta \right){\left(\frac{\partial w}{\partial r}\right)}^2\right)\hfill \\ \hfill & \left(+NtPr{\left(\frac{\partial T}{\partial r}\right)}^2+NbPr\left(\frac{\partial f}{\partial r}\frac{\partial T}{\partial r}\right)+2\beta EcPr\left[N_{\theta }^2+N_{\theta }\frac{\partial w}{\partial r}\right]+\sigma B_0^2{(w+1)}^2+EcPrM{w}^2\right)\hfill \\ \hfill \end{array}$$ 23

$$H(p,f)=(1-p)[L_2(f)-L_2(f_0)]+p\left(L_2(f)+\frac{\mathit{Nt}}{\mathit{Nb}}\left(\frac{{\partial }^{2}T}{\partial r^2}+\frac{1}{r}\frac{\partial T}{\partial r}\right)-{\delta }_{1}f\right)$$ 24

with $L_1=\frac{{\partial }^4}{\partial r^4}+\frac{2}{r}\frac{{\partial }^3}{\partial r^3}-\frac{1}{r^2}\frac{{\partial }^2}{\partial r^2}+\frac{1}{r^3}\frac{\partial }{\partial r}$ and $L_2=\frac{{\partial }^2}{\partial r^2}+\frac{1}{r}\frac{\partial }{\partial r}$ as the linear operator. The initial guess $w_0$,$T_0$, $f_0$ and $N_{\theta {}_0}$ can be written as $w_0=\frac{r^{1+{\eta }^{\prime }}-r_1^{1+{\eta }^{\prime }}}{r_1^{1+{\eta }^{\prime }}-r_2^{1+{\eta }^{\prime }}},T_0=f_0=\frac{Log[r]-Log[r_2]}{Log[r_1]-Log[r_2]},N_{\theta {}_0}=\frac{Log[r]-Log[r_1]}{Log[r_2]-Log[r_1]}$ (25).

Now, it is assumed that:

$$(w,T,N_{\theta },f)=(w_0,T_0,N_{\theta {}_0},f_0)+p(w_1,T_1,N_{\theta {}_1},f_1)+\cdots .$$ 26

The solutions of axial velocity, temperature, the micro-rotation velocity and nanoparticles concentration are:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill w(r,z)=& \frac{r^{1+{\eta }^{\prime }}-r_1^{1+{\eta }^{\prime }}}{r_1^{1+{\eta }^{\prime }}-r_2^{1+{\eta }^{\prime }}}+a_1{r}^4+a_2{r}^{3}Log[r]+a_3{r}^3+r^{{\eta }^{\prime }}\left(a_4{r}^3+a_5{r}^5\right)\hfill \\ \hfill & +a_6{r}^2+a_7{r}^{2}Log[r]+a_{8}Log[r]+a_9\hfill \\ \hfill \end{array}$$ 27

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill T(r,z)=& \frac{Log[r]-Log[r_2]}{Log[r_1]-Log[r_2]}+r^{2+2{\eta }^{\prime }}(a_{10}+a_{11}{r}^2)+r^{2+{\eta }^{\prime }}\left(a_{12}r+a_{13}Log[r]+a_{14}\right)\hfill \\ \hfill & +a_{15}Log{[r]}^2+a_{16}{r}^{2}Log{[r]}^2+a_{17}{r}^{2}Log[r]+a_{18}{r}^2+a_{19}Log[r]+a_{20}\hfill \\ \hfill \end{array}$$ 28

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill N_{\theta }(r,z)=& \frac{Log[r]-Log[r_1]}{Log[r_2]-Log[r_1]}+a_{21}{r}^{2+{\eta }^{\prime }}+a_{22}{r}^{2}Log[r]+a_{23}Log{[r]}^3\hfill \\ \hfill & +a_{24}Log{[r]}^2+a_{25}{r}^2+a_{26}Log[r]+a_{27}\hfill \\ \hfill \end{array}$$ 29

$$f(r,z)=\frac{Log[r]-Log[r_2]}{Log[r_1]-Log[r_2]}+a_{28}{r}^2+a_{29}{r}^{2}Log[r]+a_{30}Log[r]+a_{31}$$ 30

The skin friction coefficient ${\tau }_{\omega }$ may be introduced as:

$${\tau }_{\omega }={\left[\left(\left(1+{\gamma }^{-1}\right)+\beta \right)\frac{\partial w}{\partial r}+\beta N_{\theta }\right]}_{r=r_2},$$ 31

The local Nusselt number $\mathit{Nu}$ may be written as:

$$Nu={\left(\frac{\partial T}{\partial r}\right|}_{r=r_2},$$ 32

The nano-Sherwood number $\mathit{Sh}$ may be defined as:

$$Sh={\left(\frac{\partial f}{\partial r}\right|}_{r=r_2}$$ 33

Result and discussion

In this paper, we assumed that long wavelength and low-Reynolds number approximations to simplify the system of the nonlinear partial differential equations which describe the motion of our problem, i.e., the parameter δ assumed to be very small. Then the equations are solved by using the homotopy perturbation method. The effects of the physical parameter of the problem on the solution are discussed numerically and illustrated graphically.

The default values of problem related parameters are taken as:

$\begin{array}{cc}& Pz=1,\gamma =0.7,\alpha =0.05,\beta =10,M=10,Da=2,R=1,\hfill \\ \hfill & Ec=20,Pr=1.5,Nt=5.5,Nb=2.5,\overline{\gamma }=1.2,\eta \prime =1,r1=0.3,r2=1.2,{\delta }_1=0.4.\hfill \\ \hfill \end{array}$

Figures 2 and 3 explain the couple stress fluid parameter α and the Darcy number Da on the axial velocity w, respectively. As can be seen from these figures that the axial velocity increases as α increases while it decreases as Da increase. Must also be noted that for each value of both α and Da, the axial velocity has a minimum value, i.e., w decreases as r increases till a minimum value, which it increases, and all minimum values occur at r = 0.75.

Figure 2.

The variation of the axial velocity is plotted with r, for the different values of couple stress fluid parameter α and for a system has particular values Pz = 1, γ = 0.7, α = 0.05, $\beta$ = 10, M = 10, Da = 2, R = 1, Ec = 20, Pr = 1.5, Nt = 5.5, Nb = 2.5, $\overline{\gamma }$ = 1.2, ${\eta }^{\prime }$ = 1, $r_1$=0.3, $r_2$=1.2, ${\delta }_1$ = 0.4.

Figure 3.

The variation of the axial velocity is plotted with r, for the different values of Darcy number Da and for a system has particular values Pz = 1, γ = 0.7, α = 0.05, $\beta$ = 10, M = 10, Da = 2, R = 1, Ec = 20, Pr = 1.5, Nt = 5.5, Nb = 2.5, $\overline{\gamma }$ = 1.2, ${\eta }^{\prime }$ = 1, $r_1$=0.3, $r_2$=1.2, ${\delta }_1$ = 0.4.

The effect of the micro-rotation parameter $\overline{\gamma }$, the dimensionless viscosity ratio $\beta$ and the couple stress constant ${\eta }^{\prime }$ on the micro-rotation velocity $N_{\theta }$ are represented in Figs. 4, 5, and 6. It is noted from these figures that the micro-rotation velocity $N_{\theta }$ increases by the increasing of $\overline{\gamma }$ while it decreases as $\beta$ increases. Fig. 6 shows that the micro-rotation velocity $N_{\theta }$ decreases by increasing ${\eta }^{\prime }$ in the interval r ∈ [0, 0.75], otherwise, namely, after r = 0.75, it has an opposite behavior, i.e., the behavior of ${\eta }^{\prime }$ in the interval r ∈ [0, 0.75], is an inversed manner of its behavior in the interval r ∈ [0.75,1.2].

Figure 4.

The variation of the micro-rotation velocity N is plotted with r, for different values of micro-rotation parameter $\overline{\gamma }$ and for a system has particular values Pz = 1, γ = 0.7, α = 0.05, β = 10, M = 10, Da = 2, R = 1, Ec = 20, Pr = 1.5, Nt = 5.5, Nb = 2.5, ${\eta }^{\prime }$ = 1, $r_1$ = 0.3, $r_2$ = 1.2, ${\delta }_1$ = 0.4.

Figure 5.

The variation of the micro-rotation velocity N is plotted with r, for different values of the dimensionless viscosity ratio β and for a system has particular values. Pz = 1, γ = 0.7, α = 0.05, M = 10, Da = 2, R = 1, Ec = 20, Pr = 1.5, Nt = 5.5, Nb = 2.5, $\overline{\gamma }$ = 1.2, ${\eta }^{\prime }$ = 1, $r_1$ = 0.3, $r_2$ = 1.2, ${\delta }_1$ = 0.4.

Figure 6.

The micro-rotation velocity N is plotted with r, for different values of couple stress constant ${\eta }^{\prime }$ and for a system has particular values Pz = 1, γ = 0.7, α = 0.05, $\beta$ = 10, M = 10, Da = 2, R = 1, Ec = 20, Pr = 1.5, Nt = 5.5, Nb = 2.5, $\overline{\gamma }$ = 1.2, ${\eta }^{\prime }$ = 1, $r_1$=0.3, $r_2$=1.2, ${\delta }_1$ = 0.4.

Figures 7 and 8 give the effects of thermophoresis parameter $\mathit{Nt}$ and the upper limit of apparent viscosity coefficient $\gamma$ on the temperature distribution T. It is seen from this figures that the temperature increases as $\mathit{Nt}$ increases while it decreases as $\gamma$ increases. The effects of Eckert number $\mathit{Ec}$ and radiation parameter R on the temperature distribution T are shown in Figs. 9 and 10, respectively. It observed from these figures that the effect of $\mathit{Ec}$ and R is similar to the effect of $\gamma$ and $\mathit{Nt}$ on T in the first interval, respectively. It is clear that the temperature is decreases by increasing $\mathit{Ec}$ and increases by increasing R till a value of r, after which it increases by increasing $\mathit{Ec}$ and decreases by increasing R. The effects of both M and Nb on the temperature distribution are found to be similar to effect of $\mathit{Nt}$ given in Fig. 7 while the effects of β is the same as $\gamma$ given in the Fig. 8.

Figure 7.

The variation of the temperature distribution T is plotted with r, for the different values of thermophoresis parameter Nt and for a system has particular values Pz = 1, γ = 0.7, α = 0.05, β = 10, M = 10, Da = 2, R = 1, Ec = 20, Pr = 1.5, Nb = 2.5, $\overline{\gamma }$ = 1.2, ${\eta }^{\prime }$ = 1, $r_1$ = 0.3, $r_2$ = 1.2, ${\delta }_1$ = 0.4.

Figure 8.

The variation of the temperature distribution T is plotted with r, for the different values of upper limit of apparent viscosity coefficient γ and for a system has particular values Pz = 1, α = 0.05, β = 10, M = 10, Da = 2, R = 1, Ec = 20, Pr = 1.5, Nt = 5.5, Nb = 2.5, $\overline{\gamma }$ = 1.2, ${\eta }^{\prime }$ = 1, $r_1$ = 0.3, $r_2$ = 1.2, ${\delta }_1$ = 0.4.

Figure 9.

The temperature distribution T is plotted with r, for different values of Eckert number Ec and for a system has particular values Pz = 1, γ = 0.7, α = 0.05, $\beta$ = 10, M = 10, Da = 2, R = 1, Ec = 20, Pr = 1.5, Nt = 5.5, Nb = 2.5, $\overline{\gamma }$ = 1.2, ${\eta }^{\prime }$ = 1, $r_1$=0.3, $r_2$=1.2, ${\delta }_1$ = 0.4.

Figure 10.

The variation of the temperature distribution T is plotted with r, for the different values of radiation parameter R and for a system has particular values Pz = 1, γ = 0.7, α = 0.05, β = 10, M = 10, Da = 2, Ec = 20, Pr = 1.5, Nt = 5.5, Nb = 2.5, $\overline{\gamma }$ = 1.2, ${\eta }^{\prime }$ = 1, $r_1$ = 0.3, $r_2$ = 1.2, ${\delta }_1$ = 0.4.

The influence of the amplitude ratio $\epsilon$ and the chemical reaction parameter ${\delta }_1$ on the nanoparticles concentration distribution are given in Figs. 11 and 12. It is obvious that the nanoparticles concentration increases as $\epsilon$ increases while decreases as ${\delta }_1$ increases. This indicates that diffusion rates of nanoparticles are varied due to the effect endothermic chemical reaction. Chemical reaction is said to be endothermic if heat is absorbed. Hence, an increases of chemical reaction variable results in decreases of concentration.

Figure 11.

The variation of the nanoparticle distribution f is plotted with r, for the different values of the amplitude ratio ε and for a system has particular values Pz = 1, γ = 0.7, α = 0.05, β = 10, M = 10, Da = 2, R = 1, Ec = 20, Pr = 1.5, Nt = 5.5, Nb = 2.5, $\overline{\gamma }$ = 1.2, ${\eta }^{\prime }$ = 1, $r_1$ = 0.3, ${\delta }_1$ = 0.4.

Figure 12.

The variation of the nanoparticle distribution f is plotted versus r, different values of the chemical reaction parameter ${\delta }_1$ and for a system has particular values Pz = 1, γ = 0.7, α = 0.05, $\beta$ = 10, M = 10, Da = 2, R = 1, Ec = 20, Pr = 1.5, Nt = 5.5, Nb = 2.5, $\overline{\gamma }$ = 1.2, ${\eta }^{\prime }$ = 1, $r_1$=0.3, $r_2$=1.2, ${\delta }_1$ = 0.4.

Figure 13 illustrates the effect of the couple stress parameter $\alpha$ on the skin friction coefficient ${\tau }_{\omega }\left(z\right).$ It is found that the skin friction coefficient ${\tau }_{\omega }$ has a dual behavior under the influence of the couple stress parameter $\alpha .$ Hence, it decreases with an enrichment in the value of the couple stress parameter $\alpha$ along the interval $\alpha \in$$\left[0,0.6\right]$. Meanwhile, along the interval $\alpha \in$$\left[0.61,0.9\right]$ the inverse behavior occurred. Figure 14 shows the effect of the Darcy number $\mathit{Da}$ on the skin friction coefficient ${\tau }_{\omega }\left(z\right).$ It is noticed that the Darcy number $\mathit{Da}$ has an opposite effect when compared with the couple stress parameter $\alpha .$

Figure 13.

The variation of the skin friction ${\tau }_{\omega }$ is plotted with $z$, for the different values of the couple stress fluid parameter $\alpha$.

Figure 14.

The variation of the skin friction ${\tau }_{\omega }$ is plotted with $z$, for the different values of the Darcy number $\mathit{Da}$.

Moreover, the effect of the radiation parameter $R$ on the Nusselt number $Nu\left(z\right)$ is depicts in Fig. 15. As shown from this figure, the Nusselt number $Nu\left(z\right)$ increases with an increasing in the value of the radiation parameter $R$. Meanwhile, as seen from Fig. 16 the Nusselt number $Nu\left(z\right)$ decreases with an enlargement in the value of the Eckert number $\mathit{Ec}$.

Figure 15.

The variation of Nusselt number $\mathit{Nu}$ is plotted versus $z$, different values of the radiation parameter $R$.

Figure 16.

The variation of Nusselt number $\mathit{Nu}$ is plotted versus $z$, different values of the Eckert number $\mathit{Ec}$.

Finally, the effects of the chemical reaction parameter ${\delta }_1$ and the amplitude ratio parameter $\epsilon$ on the nano Sherwood number $Sh\left(z\right)$ are displayed through Figs. 17 and 18. As noticed from these figures, the nano Sherwood number $Sh\left(z\right)$ has a dual behavior under the influences of both ${\delta }_1$ and $\epsilon$. Thus, it enhances with an enrichment in the value of the chemical reaction parameter ${\delta }_1$ along the interval ${\delta }_1\in$$\left[0,0.6\right]$. However, along the interval ${\delta }_1\in$$\left[0.61,0.9\right]$ the vis versa occurred. Also, the nano Sherwood number $Sh\left(z\right)$ increases with an increasing in the amplitude ratio parameter $\epsilon$ along the interval $\epsilon \in$$\left[0,0.55\right]$. However, along the interval $\epsilon \in$$\left[0.6,1.0\right]$ the vis versa happened.

Figure 17.

The variation of Sherwood number $\mathit{Sh}$ is plotted versus $z$, different values of the chemical reaction parameter ${\delta }_1$.

Figure 18.

The variation of Sherwood number $\mathit{Sh}$ is plotted versus $z$, different values of the amplitude ratio ε.

The effect of the micro-rotation parameter $\overline{\gamma }$ on the micro-rotation velocity N as function of the radial coordinate r is shown in Fig. 4 and for a system has particular values Pz = 1, γ = 0.7, α = 0.05, $\beta$ = 10, M = 10, Da = 2, R = 1, Ec = 20, Pr = 1.5, Nt = 5.5, Nb = 2.5, $\overline{\gamma }$ = 1.2, ${\eta }^{\prime }$ = 1, $r_1$=0.3, $r_2$=1.2, ${\delta }_1$ = 0.4.

The effect of the dimensionless viscosity ratio $\beta$ on the micro-rotation velocity N as a function of the radial coordinate r is shown in Fig. 5 and for a system has particular values Pz = 1, γ = 0.7, α = 0.05, $\beta$ = 10, M = 10, Da = 2, R = 1, Ec = 20, Pr = 1.5, Nt = 5.5, Nb = 2.5, $\overline{\gamma }$ = 1.2, ${\eta }^{\prime }$ = 1, $r_1$=0.3, $r_2$=1.2, ${\delta }_1$ = 0.4.

The effects of thermophoresis parameter Nt on the temperature distribution T is shown in Fig. 7 and for a system has particular values Pz = 1, γ = 0.7, α = 0.05, $\beta$ = 10, M = 10, Da = 2, R = 1, Ec = 20, Pr = 1.5, Nt = 5.5, Nb = 2.5, $\overline{\gamma }$ = 1.2, ${\eta }^{\prime }$ = 1, $r_1$=0.3, $r_2$=1.2, ${\delta }_1$ = 0.4.

The variation the temperature distribution with the radial coordinate r for different values of upper limit of apparent viscosity coefficient $\gamma$ is shown in Fig. 8 and for a system has particular values Pz = 1, γ = 0.7, α = 0.05, $\beta$ = 10, M = 10, Da = 2, R = 1, Ec = 20, Pr = 1.5, Nt = 5.5, Nb = 2.5, $\overline{\gamma }$ = 1.2, ${\eta }^{\prime }$ = 1, $r_1$=0.3, $r_2$=1.2, ${\delta }_1$ = 0.4.

The effect of radiation parameter R on the temperature T as a function of r of radial coordinate is shown in Fig. 10 and for a system has particular values Pz = 1, γ = 0.7, α = 0.05, $\beta$ = 10, M = 10, Da = 2, R = 1, Ec = 20, Pr = 1.5, Nt = 5.5, Nb = 2.5, $\overline{\gamma }$ = 1.2, ${\eta }^{\prime }$ = 1, $r_1$=0.3, $r_2$=1.2, ${\delta }_1$ = 0.4.

The variation the nanoparticle distribution f with the radial coordinate r, for different values of the amplitude ratio $\epsilon$ is shown in Fig. 11 and for a system has particular values Pz = 1, γ = 0.7, α = 0.05, $\beta$ = 10, M = 10, Da = 2, R = 1, Ec = 20, Pr = 1.5, Nt = 5.5, Nb = 2.5, $\overline{\gamma }$ = 1.2, ${\eta }^{\prime }$ = 1, $r_1$=0.3, $r_2$=1.2, ${\delta }_1$ = 0.4.

Trapping phenomenon

As usual in the hydrodynamic theory, for incompressible fluids in two–dimension, we may consider a stream function $\psi \text{(r,z)}$, which is defined as:

$$\text{u =}\frac{1}{\text{r}}\left(\frac{\partial \psi }{\partial \text{z}}\right)\text{and}\text{w =}-\frac{1}{\text{r}}\left(\frac{\partial \psi }{\partial r}\right),$$ 34

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \psi (r,z)=& \frac{a_8{r}^2}{4}+\frac{a_7{r}^4}{16}+\frac{a_2{r}^5}{25}-\frac{a_3{r}^5}{5}-\frac{a_1{r}^6}{6}-\frac{a_4{r}^{5+{\eta }^{\prime }}}{5+{\eta }^{\prime }}-\frac{a_5{r}^{7+{\eta }^{\prime }}}{7+{\eta }^{\prime }}\hfill \\ \hfill & -\frac{r^{3+{\eta }^{\prime }}}{(3+{\eta }^{\prime })\left(r_1^{1+{\eta }^{\prime }}-r_2^{1+{\eta }^{\prime }}\right)}-\frac{1}{5}{a}_2{r}^{5}Log[r]-\frac{1}{4}{r}^4\left(a_6+a_{7}Log[r]\right)\hfill \\ \hfill & +\frac{r^2\left((1-a_9)r_1^{1+{\eta }^{\prime }}+a_9{r}_2^{1+{\eta }^{\prime }}-a_8\left(r_1^{1+{\eta }^{\prime }}-r_2^{1+{\eta }^{\prime }}\right)Log[r]\right)}{2\left(r_1^{1+{\eta }^{\prime }}-r_2^{1+{\eta }^{\prime }}\right)}\hfill \\ \hfill \end{array}$$ 35

Trapping is considered as an interesting phenomenon correlated with peristaltic transport. Trapping happens only in particular circumstances. Which depicted by a large amplitude ratio. In the wave frame of reference, asset of closed streamlines can be recognized in the most stretched region of the tube. The set of streamlines designated as a bolus of fluid. This bolus transports with the wave in the laboratory frame. There is an inner circulation which can recognize inside the bolus.

The circulation and size of the trapped bolus are displayed through Fig. 19. This figure is portrayed to reflects the features of the couple stress parameter $\alpha$ on the streamlines. It is depicted that the bolus increases in size with an enlarge in the value of the couple stress parameter $\alpha$. Also, the number of the circulations is enlarged. Figure 20 displays the circulation and size of the trapped bolus for different values of the magnetic parameter $M$ on the streamlines. It is noticed that the bolus decreases in size with an enhancement in the value of the magnetic parameter M. Also, the number of the circulations is decreased.

Figure 19.

The streamlines contour is plotted for different values of α.

Figure 20.

The streamlines contour is plotted for different values of M.

Conclusion

In this article, the MHD peristaltic flow of a couple stress with heat transfer of micropolar biviscosity nanofluid is studied. We assumed that long wavelength and low-Reynolds number approximations to simplify the system of the nonlinear partial differential equations. The effects of porous medium, chemical reaction and radiation are taken into consideration. This problem is an extension the problem of Eldabe and Abouzeid²² and Abouzeid⁵. Some figures are drawn to show the effect of the different non-dimensional parameters on the axial velocity w, microrotation velocity N, temperature T and nanoparticles concentration distributions f. Furthermore, the values of the skin friction coefficient, Nusselt and nano Sherwood numbers are computed and presented graphically through some draws. Moreover, the trapping phenomenon is discussed throughout a set of figures.

1. The axial velocity w increases with the increase each of α,$\gamma$ and M, whereas it decreases as Da, β, ${\eta }^{\prime }$ and ε increase.

2. As Nb, Nt and M increase, the temperature T increases, while it decreases with the increase of β and $\gamma$

3. The micro-rotation velocity increase as $\overline{\gamma }$ increases, while it decreases as β and ε increases.

4. The nanoparticles phenomena increases as ε increases, whereas it decreases as ${\delta }_1$ increases.

5. The size of the trapped bolus is increased with the elevation in the value of the couple stress parameter α.

6. The size of the trapped bolus is reduced with the increasing in the value of the magnetic parameter M.

Author contributions

I. wrote the main manuscript text E. and A. prepared figures E. reviewed the manuscript.

Funding

Open access funding provided by The Science, Technology & Innovation Funding Authority (STDF) in cooperation with The Egyptian Knowledge Bank (EKB).

Data availability

The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are not publicly available due [All the required data are only with the corresponding author] but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.