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. 2022 Sep 22;8(9):e10680. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10680

The impact of globalization and modernization of laws and theories on the modernization of philosophy in Vietnam: mediating role of modern societies

Kien Thi Pham a, Bui Xuan Dung b,∗∗, Thanh Quang Ngo c,∗
PMCID: PMC9520221  PMID: 36185146

Abstract

Globalization of the world needs the modernization of laws, theory, and philosophy, especially since World War II. This could increase researchers' attention towards the modernization of philosophy. The goals also include examining the mediating impact of modern societies among the links of globalization, modernization of laws and theories, and modernization of philosophy in Vietnam. This study has taken the quantitative method and received the data from researchers in philosophy, politics and sociology (university lecturers, researchers and activists in the field of philosophy, politics and sociology) of Vietnam using questionnaires. The smart-PLS was executed to test the relationships between the understudy constructs. The results indicated that globalization, modernization of laws, and theories positively and significantly associated with the modernization of philosophy in Vietnam. The outcomes also revealed that modern societies significantly mediate the links among globalization, modernization of laws and theories, and modernization of philosophy in Vietnam. These results motivate the regulators to focus on the modernization of philosophies in terms of globalization and modernization of laws, theories, and societies.

Keywords: Globalization, Modernization of laws and theories, Modernization of philosophy, Modern societies

Globalization; Modernization of laws and theories; Modernization of philosophy; Modern societies.

1. Introduction

Education philosophy is a branch of implementation or functional philosophy that deals with the essence and function of education and its conceptual problems. As this tradition is all-embracing throughout and beyond human cultures, its societal, personal, and profound impact, the subjects involve ethics and social/political theory, epistemology, metaphysics, mental and linguistic philosophy, and other fields of philosophy. Owing to the way that it looks both within and outside of the parent's discipline and the societal, judiciary, and structural environments, education ideology associates itself on both sides of the gap between common theory and reality. His topics include basic theory questions (e.g., the essence of schooling, the nature of fair education, fairness, etc.) and concerns with particular school policies and practices (Gerald Hughes, 2020; Rosker, 2017). All these is why the educational philosopher rewards intellectual consistency, argumentative rigor, equal recognition of the needs of everyone interested in or influenced by educational efforts and structures, and an educated and well-reasoned evaluation of educational goals and interventions. Education theory has a long background from Socrates' war with the Sophists to now, in the western intellectual tradition. Some of the most renowned leaders in the tradition have integrated schooling into their broader academic agenda. The principles of reasoned investigation advocated by Socrates and his successors have been long informed that schooling should promote, as much as possible, the readiness to search into explanations and the willingness to examine them carefully and to be motivated by their judgments of views, behavior, and judgments amongst all students. The opinion that education centrally requires the propagation of justification or logic has been taken up by most of these historical figures with different articulations and qualifications and is still maintained by modern philosophers of education (Menzhulin, 2018; Naderi et al., 2018).

The development of any sector or section of the country can be evaluated from the facts and figures available regarding that specific sector or section. In the present investigation, the focus is on the modernization of philosophy. To understand the reason for the modernization is necessary to understand some facts from history. We know that the wars and natural disasters throw the country backwards. After both of the incidents, the only focus of any country is to rebuild the society along with its related factors. Similar is the case with the entire world. The world witnessed two major wars are titled World War I and World War II. The reasons stand behind World War I and World War II, but both the wars throw the countries' survival, progress, and development many years back (Fry, 2019; Hanna and Paans, 2020). Like several other areas, the area affected most by the wars in the society and its related factors like the education system, economy, etc. World War I was started in 1939 and ended in 1945. Although World War II was six years, these six years throw the world 20 years back. Immediate after World War II in the first and foremost need was to rebuild the society. After World War II, the world recognized that wars were not the solution to the problems. The countries vide education educate their nations to understand that the ultimate solution of any problem in negotiations. After World War II, the countries try to closer to each other to eliminate the war chances. Now over time, the world has become a global village. This globalization is the result of the close relationship between the countries. However, the nation is associated with each other to attain collective benefits. It's also the core need of globalization. Every country in the world has its own rules and regulations which are under some laws. The government ensures its maximum efforts to enforce these laws and regulations. When the countries get closer, then increase the need to formulate new laws within some parameters. These laws are formulated with the consent of both nations to ensure the safety of the country's people. The ultimate aim that stands behind the creation of these laws is to modernize society. Another factor associated with the modernization of society is the modernization of the theory. When the new laws are created, it also needs to modernize the theories (Dubrovsky, 2018; Tsatsakis et al., 2018). The education development of any society is based on the modernization or expansion of theories. The theories tell the trends of society. To modernize society, the modernization of the theories is necessary. All these efforts are to modernize society. If society does not modernize, then all the efforts are in vain. All the factors like globalization, modern laws (ML), modernization of the theory (MT), and modern societies (MS) affect the modernization of the philosophy (MP). Once the countries get closer to one other, they will also exchange their education system, ultimately affecting the MP. Afterward, as a result of globalization, new laws are formulated. These laws will also affect the country's education system, which will affect the country's educational philosophy. Finally, when the theories are getting modernized by society, it also affects the philosophy as the philosophy of any country belongs to the theories built around the globe (Bolat and Bas, 2018; Guha, 2018).

Vietnam is also from those nations which pay special attention to the MP. Any country's education system gives the idea about the country's focus on education. If we talk about Vietnam, there were 1075.215 researchers per million people in 2000. This number of researchers enhanced to 1204.33 in the year 2005. The number of researchers in one year enhanced with the figure of 129.218 researchers per million people. That means the country produced 25.846 researchers in 365 days. This number enhanced to 1282.492 in the next five years. The overall enhancement was 78.05 researchers per million people in these five years. In these five years, the number of researchers produced in 365 days was 15.6 researchers per million people. The number of researchers produced between 2005 to 2010 was less than that produced in 2000–2005. Further, the number of researchers reached 1410.82 per million people at the end of 2015. In these five years, the number of researchers produced was 128.3 per million people. The enhancement in the number of researchers from 2010 to 2015 was much higher than in 2005–2010. The average number of researchers per year produced from 2010 to 2015 was 25.66 researchers per million people. The number of researchers (per million people) produced from 2000 to 2015 in Vietnam is given in Figure 1.

Figure 1.

Figure 1

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Number of Researchers (per million people) in Vietnam.

The study explored the nexus among globalization, ML, MT, and MP. The study also aimed to examine the influences of MS on the association between globalization, ML, MT, and MP. Studies have discussed the influences of globalization on the nature of philosophy. However, most of the studies have dealt with modernism as a collective term while examining the MP. Thus, the attempt of our study to specify modernization into two categories; ML and modern theories, while examining the MP is an excellent contribution to literature. The introduction of MS as a mediator between globalization, ML, MT, and MP is also a significant theoretical contribution. Similarly, the selection of Vietnam as a setting for the analysis of understudy constructs tends to capture a significant position in the literature.

The second part of this paper described the opinions of previous researchers and practitioners about the relationship of globalization, ML, and MT with the MP. The third part of the study highlighted on the processes or methodology applied to assemble the relevant data and examine its validity. This analysis provided the association between globalization, ML, MT, and MP. Then, the findings were approved through proper discussion, and the appropriate conclusion and future recommendation are given.

2. Literature review

From the past few decades, World War II had an immense impact on societies and the world. This immense impact disrupted the economies of the world and widely disrupted the economy and modernization of Vietnam. The effect of globalization is significantly enumerated over the MP with the perspectives of critical development. Therefore, the tale of concepts positively enumerates the relationship between globalization, imperialism, development, and capitalism (Veltmeyer, 2020). This describes the tale of critiques and overviews of discourse among the corresponding factors in the global world. While stating the historical views and their material impact on globalization extends the further impacts on the MP. This is a transparent image of regionalization and globalization that counters the united effect on the groups of labor effect due to the World War II (Uzgören, 2018). It also questions the impediments that prevail behind the involvement of justice and political violations. The aftershocks of World War II have been significant in most of the world. Therefore, the modernization in Vietnam is limited due to the involvement in the Great War between many countries. With the identification of globalization, the MP is positively influenced with just relevance of the World War II situations. While evaluating the global and national identifications, the impacts of globalization are dominant over the MP (Ariely, 2018). The social interaction due to globalization extends its views upon the philosophy developed after the wave of World War. The developments have also taken many decades in Vietnam due to its involvement. So, globalization cannot be depicted in Vietnam and its neighboring countries, and the resources also became restricted. In sports, the MP has inserted a vital role for the traditional and cultural perspectives to uplift globalization (Lu and Pan, 2018). It is based on the cultures inherited from the past generation that established subjective, spatial, and temporal characteristics among people. Ergashev and Farxodjonova (2020) checked globalization's reciprocal relationship with the modernization of cultural philosophies. This study takes globalization as an objective process. It concludes that globalization positively impacts the MP as globalization makes information access and innovation development easy. These past literary arguments lead to the following hypothesis:

H1

Globalization significantly influences the MP.

The establishment of ML in many countries like Vietnam has endorsed a significant impact on the relationship with neighbors. This establishment is a wide denomination of World War II happening, especially for the developing countries. The myth of ML has exchanged societal influences and encompassed the diversity placed in most countries (Fitzpatrick, 2017). ML have been adapted after the world; the ideas and resources have been exchanged with the changing world. Although ML have opened vast opportunities for businesses, the relevance of ML in Vietnam is linked with the laws of China. The adaptations have been considered similar to the modernization of China due to its influence on its neighbors. It is prevalent in ML and optimization involved for the efficiency of laws schools with changing times (Wittman and Brown, 2020). This exchanging role has also induced the eminence of ML toward Vietnam. ML stated the influences among philosophies of legislative adaptations which are dominant in Vietnam. This induction widely enumerated the philosophy of modernization which has been furnished after the establishment of ML. There is a positive role of courts and communities linked with the MP and religion of various communities (Sethi, 2019). Various improvements have also been asserted due to the ML implementations, which enhanced the scope of MP in Vietnam and many other countries. Usually, the ML have wide interpretations of handling the neighboring countries in Vietnam and the world's economic conditions. It also asserts the MP, which is prevalent in ML due to its international dominance over the world. Even though ML have a definite role in the MP, cultural innovation is also considered a face of modernization (Kobayashi, 2020). This innovation states the rights and claims induced by ML and the values of controls among groups and communities. Komatsu and Rappleye (2020) analyzed the influences of modernity in the nature of the laws on the MP in the concerned field. The study posits that philosophers become more likely to present modern philosophies when newness is brought into social, political, or economic laws by adopting new intellectual techniques and concepts. These arguments suggest the following hypothesis:

H2

ML significantly influence the MP.

After the theories of modernization, the impacts of World War II were prevalent, and the philosophy of modernization has emerged with the prevalence of MT. This inducement of MT is eminently adopted in Vietnam with the due diligence of MP. During the cold war, the MT was apprised as a dominant material for the effect on the MP (Klinger, 2017). It is eminent because the MP is also essential for the significance of promulgation over the institutions. During World War II, the global world hindered the MT and attained importance, especially in Vietnam. Additionally, the significance of MT is linked with the MP as its prevalence in the struggles of material persons. Certain refinements and clarification have been increased with the implementation of MT which stated global impacts on the rates of homicides (Levchak, 2019). It emerges from the World War II impacts, which lasted for many years in Vietnam. Many people were affected due to World War II, and modernization fell in Vietnam while accompanying China. The MT have emerged in both countries, with plenty of philosophies developed by the qualitative individuals of these countries. With the shortcomings and progressive approach of MT, the remedies and reasons have been widely stated with confusion (Fritzsche and Vogler, 2020). It benefited the countries by developing potential relations of democracy and politics without the prevalence of ambiguity. Vietnam is of the communist party, which China influences. Vietnam has adopted various procedures of growth from the Chinese laws and its MT. The adoption helped in the fastest growth of the country economy and has numerous images worldwide. The clear image has been reviewed among the new anthropology of sports, colonialism and modernization (Clevenger, 2019). This image is highlighted with the identification of challenges and problems placed in the MP. According to Vakili (2018) arguments, the MT applicable in social, cultural, political, or economic issues brings modernity in the formation of philosophies. Forming entirely new theories or positive extensions in the existent theories meeting the up-to-date requirements motivates the philosopher to develop modern thoughts, beliefs, values, and behaviors rather than sticking to traditional ones. Hence, it can be hypothesized:

H3

MT significantly impacts the MP.

MS have induced a prominent role in the global world and established the sharing of information among various people living in the global world. It benefited the sharing of resources among neighboring countries, especially in Vietnam after World War II. The dialogues and religions among MS have been sketched after the ambiguous situations in many countries (Clevenger, 2019). This predicted the establishment of MS with mediating role in the MP and globalization. Usually, MS have been prominent due to the proper sharing of information about events in a global world. The proper establishment is also linked with globalizations' effects, which is placed on the MP. The cleavages of socio-political and globalization in many emerging economies have been availed without access (Gledhill et al., 2019). This is a positive indication of mediating MS, which are eminent among the MP and globalization. It emerges from the world's modernity, which has attained significant growth after World War II and in Vietnam, which has positively benefited from it. This modernity in societies has provided numerous opportunities that are prominent for developing countries like Vietnam. The revolution came after the world war and induced modernization and infrastructural decay among certain countries (McCallum, 2019). This enabled new projects like the railroad, which joined many countries and opened diverse opportunities. This significant achievement of Vietnam was possible after World War II, which influenced the global world and has denoted numerous aftershocks. This influence has disrupted the MP also helped in enumerating globalization for the developing countries. While rethinking MS, grass root charities have also been asserted due to the influence of young Muslims (Menski, 2018). This role has anticipated the modernization of projects with the mediating role of MS among MP and globalization. Bialystok (2017) identify the interrelationship among globalization, MS, and MP. The study elaborates that globalization enhances the integration and interaction among different persons, companies, and governments worldwide. It improves the transformation of information, ideas, values, and beliefs that affect societies and keeps them modern according to the development in the overall world culture. The newness or innovation in society culture and its economy affects the minds of philosophers and results in modern philosophies. That is why we put hypothesis:

H4

MS significantly mediate among the globalization and MP.

The clear bifurcation of developing and developed societies has moved the petition in the global world to induce the laws. Therefore, significant laws have been established globally, which dominates over the world and states clearly the philosophies of modernization to the people of Vietnam. The role of MS is remarkably related to ML where the defamatory and indecent images are eliminated in ordinary and reasonable readers (Antoniou and Akrivos, 2017). This is the idealistic view of MS with the clear injunction of ML and philosophies. The developing countries established the ideas, and the developed countries have benefited from these ideas and formulated ML for all societies. This indication of ML was also prevalent in the MP which have a positive role in MS. After the induction of international laws, ML have attained much importance with the political discourse with dominating leaders (Crawford, 2018). This also invokes the violations which are expected to be made among neighboring countries. The familiarity of MS is comprehensive toward the cultural, economic, change, and political forms in the global world. Therefore, the impacts of World War II forced the world to move toward the philosophy of modernization which increased the information toward the people of Vietnam. The governance of modernizations and the initiative of presidential signature is an initiative of some developed countries (Noesselt, 2020). It is illustrated by the leaders of democratic countries where leadership is empowered by public vote. The conjunctions of new frameworks were quite difficult to adapt in numerous countries highlighted in World War II. This is the radical view of ML, which enhanced the MP among MS. Various challenges prevail in the developed societies, which place the cultural-based impact in some tourist countries (Zaidan, 2019). The assessments are indigenous and creative for developing resources through MS and emergent philosophies and legislative procedures with adequate planning. Fadda's (2021) academic article emphasizes the impacts of ML on MS and the MP. The study implies the need for alteration or extension in the laws applied in any country as time passes. The alteration in the laws according to circumstances develops MS, and the modernity in the social behaviors and activities makes the values and beliefs of philosophers modern. Thus, we can say:

H5

MS significantly mediate among the ML and MP.

The powerhouses of MS replace every miscellaneous effect prevalent in the developing countries, particularly in Vietnam. This approach was attained after World War II post-effect on the world and people. The passion is clearly stated as the ritual of public performance in MS (Klomp and van der Meulen, 2017). Therefore, MS are also helpful for the performance by inducing ML and MP. This helped develop new institutions and knowledge factories in Vietnam after World War II, which are usually crucial for the world. The contribution is widely stated by enacting MS, which places its dominant role among the theories and philosophies of modernization. MT are based on the cycles of assessment linked with social life, techno-politics, and ecological modernization (Hobson and Lynch, 2018). It is the intervention and inquiry of human geography established by MS through theories and philosophies of modernization. An increasing effect of MS has been extended with the prevalence of MP and MT. After World War II, this was possible in Vietnam by establishing an industrial society where modernization was beneficial to industrialize. Philosophies are exiled on intellectuals' abilities, which are also based on the concepts of modernization (Rosker, 2017). This is considered as sensible and suitable harmony for the modernity and traditions in MS. The disjunctions among techno-economic order and functional rationality are the impulse of self-fulfillment and self-realization eliminated in World War II. Therefore, establishing a new sensibility is considered more intensive toward the modernization of societies in Vietnam. In many regions, the elements of socioeconomic modernization are helping factors for the developing countries, which are mostly affected due to World War II (Romashkina et al., 2017). In Vietnam, modern societies are established due to the corresponding elements that inserted mediating roles in the relationship between MP and MT. Empirical research by Reichl (2020) investigates how the MT shapes MS and MP formation. When the social, political, or economic theories are improved with the invention of new technology or intellects, society becomes modern, and people have modern beliefs and behaviors represented by their formation of modern philosophies. So, it can be said:

H6

MS significantly mediate among the MT and MP.

3. Research methods

This study investigated the impact of globalization, modernization of laws, and theories on the modernization of philosophy, examining the mediating impact of modern societies among the links of globalization, modernization of laws and theories, and modernization of philosophy in Vietnam (Figure 2). The present study took the quantitative method and received the data from Vietnam's researchers in philosophy, politics and sociology using questionnaires. These researchers, defined as university lecturers, researchers and activists in the field of philosophy, politics and sociology, were selected based on purposive sampling, and surveys were distributed to them by personal visits, emails after on-phone callings. A purposive sample is a non-probability sample that is selected based on the characteristics of a population and the study's objective. Therefore, the data is collected from the lecturers, activists and researchers in the field of philosophy, politics, and sociology who must have enough knowledge of the modernization of philosophy and societal change. A total of 410 surveys were sent, and after three weeks, only 290 were received and used for analysis. These questionnaires represent about a 70.73% rate of response.

Figure 2.

Figure 2

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Research model.

The smart-PLS was executed to test the links between the understudy constructs because the researchers used a complex framework (Hair et al., 2017). This study adopted globalization (GLB) as an independent variable with six items adapted from Suh and Kwon (2002), such as 1) “It is necessary to make an effort to understand other cultural perspectives.” 2) “Living and working in a foreign country may be an influential development experience of my own life.” 3) “I have a real interest in other cultures and nations.” 4) “I enjoy being with people from other countries to learn their approaches.” 5) “I learn unique things from the foreign people culture.” 6) “My experience increased when working together with foreign people.” In addition, (ML) were taken as the another independent variable with four items adapted from Charoenchaikorn (2015) such as 1) “Government policies increased the effectiveness of ML.” (2) “ML rules and regulations are effective for the modernization of philosophy.” 3) “ML are supporting by the relevant supporting agencies.” (4) “Modern laws are supportive for the society to adopt the modernization of philosophy.” Finally, (MT) was also used as the independent variable with four items such as 1) “There has been destruction or containment of hazardous or toxic factors in the society.” 2) “There have been radical changes of the laws to manage destruction or containment of hazardous or toxic factors in the society.” 3) “There have been new forms of societal management to move towards sustainable societies.” 4) “There have been changes toward laws and/or destruction or containment of hazardous or toxic factors prevention.” Besides, (MS) were used as mediating variable that has six items adopted from the Meyer and Jepperson (2000) such as 1) “Societies has an impact on modernization.” 2) “My society accepts modern laws.” 3) “People in my society appreciated modern laws.” 4) “People in my society have gained the benefits of globalization.” 5) “My society demands the moderation of philosophy.” 6) “My society adopted all the aspects of modern society.” However, this study adopted (MP) as a predictive variable with five items adapted Luk et al. (2017), such as 1) “ML for regulating are sufficiently strict to improve the philosophy of the society.” 2) “MS have sufficient regulations to prevent obstacles in the MP.” 3) “Obscenity in societies is adequately sanctioned to adopt MP”. 4) “Globalization has changed the attitude of the people and brings the modernization in their philosophies”. 5) “MT brings the MP in the society”.

4. Findings

Table 1 shows the respondents’ demographics; the results showed that 66.90% of the respondents are male, and 33.10%are female Most of the respondents are between the ages of 36–45 years (53.45%), and the least is between 25 to 55 years (8.62%). The respondents of this study are mainly of master qualifications, followed by PhD and undergraduate.

Table 1.

Demographics of the respondents.

Demographics Total Percentage
Gender
Male 194 66.90
Female 96 33.10
Age
25–35 Years 25 8.62
36–45 Years 155 53.45
46–55 Years 110 37.93
Education Level
Undergraduate 12 4.14
Master 199 68.62
PhD 79 27.24
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This study examined the convergent validity related to the correlation of the items. The results showed that Alpha and composite reliability (CR) values are more than 0.70, and the loadings and the average variance extracted (AVE) values are larger than 0.70 (Table 2). These values highlighted the valid convergent validity and high correlation between items.

Table 2.

Convergent validity.

Constructs Items Loadings Alpha CR AVE
Globalization GLB1 0.912 0.944 0.956 0.782
GLB2 0.824
GLB3 0.903
GLB4 0.902
GLB5 0.912
GLB6 0.849
Modern Laws ML2 0.957 0.966 0.975 0.908
ML3 0.944
ML4 0.953
ML5 0.958
Modernization of Philosophy MP1 0.810 0.889 0.918 0.692
MP2 0.815
MP3 0.855
MP4 0.815
MP5 0.864
Modern Societies MS1 0.955 0.959 0.968 0.835
MS2 0.826
MS3 0.953
MS4 0.956
MS5 0.825
MS6 0.955
Modernization of Theory MT1 0.874 0.909 0.936 0.785
MT2 0.881
MT3 0.887
MT4 0.901
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Note: GLB = globalization; ML = modern laws; MP = modernization of philosophies; MS = modern societies; CR = composite reliability; AVE = average variance extracted.

This study also examined the discriminant validity related to the correlation of the variables. Methods such as Fornell Larcker (Table 3) and cross-loadings (Table 4) were used to test the discriminant validity. The results of both methods showed that the values that exhibit the links with other constructs are lower than those that exhibit the links with themselves. These figures indicated that the discriminant validity is valid and lacks correlation among variables.

Table 3.

Fornell Larcker.

GLB ML MP MS MT
GLB 0.884
ML 0.470 0.953
MP 0.506 0.407 0.832
MS 0.849 0.486 0.498 0.914
MT 0.386 0.385 0.370 0.363 0.886
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Note: GLB = globalization; ML = modern laws; MP = modernization of philosophies; MS = modern societies; MT = modernization of the theory.

Table 4.

Cross-loadings.

GLB ML MP MS MT
GLB1 0.912 0.391 0.447 0.736 0.341
GLB2 0.824 0.434 0.465 0.775 0.329
GLB3 0.903 0.445 0.446 0.723 0.346
GLB4 0.902 0.440 0.452 0.731 0.340
GLB5 0.912 0.381 0.434 0.735 0.338
GLB6 0.849 0.400 0.438 0.794 0.353
ML2 0.448 0.957 0.399 0.468 0.339
ML3 0.444 0.944 0.360 0.450 0.401
ML4 0.448 0.953 0.391 0.462 0.387
ML5 0.453 0.958 0.401 0.471 0.343
MP1 0.473 0.377 0.810 0.493 0.295
MP2 0.455 0.349 0.815 0.403 0.305
MP3 0.369 0.296 0.855 0.397 0.284
MP4 0.392 0.330 0.815 0.359 0.335
MP5 0.402 0.329 0.864 0.403 0.321
MS1 0.772 0.450 0.450 0.955 0.316
MS2 0.776 0.429 0.463 0.826 0.359
MS3 0.770 0.452 0.456 0.953 0.319
MS4 0.776 0.449 0.444 0.956 0.317
MS5 0.776 0.430 0.459 0.825 0.360
MS6 0.773 0.446 0.449 0.955 0.313
MT1 0.307 0.322 0.340 0.291 0.874
MT2 0.351 0.350 0.339 0.342 0.881
MT3 0.341 0.331 0.327 0.305 0.887
MT4 0.369 0.359 0.305 0.345 0.901
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Note: GLB = globalization; ML = modern laws; MP = modernization of philosophies; MS = modern societies; MT = modernization of the theory.

Besides that, the latest method, Heterotrait Monotrait (HTMT) ratio, were also employed to test the discriminant validity. As shown in Table 5, the HTMT values are not larger than 0.85. These results demonstrated that the discriminant validity is valid and lacks correlation among variables.

Table 5.

Heterotrait Monotrait ratio.

GLB ML MP MS MT
GLB
ML 0.492
MP 0.548 0.436
MS 0.890 0.504 0.535
MT 0.416 0.411 0.411 0.388
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The path analysis shows the nexus among understudy variables (Figure 3). The results indicated that globalization, ML, and MT have a positive and significant association with the MP in Vietnam. Thus, H1, H2, and H3 were accepted. Moreover, the outcomes also revealed that MS significantly mediates the links among the globalization, ML, MT, and MP in Vietnam and H4. H5 and H6 were accepted (Table 6) (see Figure 4).

Figure 3.

Figure 3

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Measurement model assessment. GLB = globalization; ML = modern laws; MP = modernization of philosophies; MS = modern societies; MT = modernization of the theory.

Table 6.

A path analysis.

Relationships Beta S.D. T Statistics P Values L.L. U.L.
GLB - > MP 0.223 0.104 2.152 0.017 0.066 0.388
ML - > MP 0.156 0.073 2.139 0.017 0.012 0.259
MT - > MP 0.161 0.063 2.538 0.006 0.073 0.265
GLB - > MS - > MP 0.138 0.081 1.710 0.045 0.014 0.269
ML - > MS - > MP 0.019 0.011 1.697 0.046 0.002 0.036
MT - > MS - > MP 0.023 0.007 3.286 0.009 0.007 1.015
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Note: GLB = globalization; ML = modern laws; MP = modernization of philosophies; MS = modern societies; MT = modernization of the theory; S.D. = Standard Deviation; L.L. = Lower-Limit Confidence Interval; U.L. = Upper-Limit Confidence Interval.

Figure 4.

Figure 4

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Structural model assessment. GLB = globalization; ML = modern laws; MP = modernization of philosophies; MS = modern societies; MT = modernization of the theory.

5. Discussion

Vietnam is a developing economy, and this research paper described modernization and its impact on Vietnam. This research paper explains how globalization and modernization in law and theories affect nations' philosophy and mindset, specifically Vietnam. Globalization is the new and improvised trend of MS. This trend is essential for the economic and social well-being of the nations. Vietnam suffered a lot previously because of World War II and its related hazards (Hoang, 2020). The technological advancements are numerous, and the current study describes the impact of modernization and globalization on the modern philosophy of the nation of Vietnam (Vu and Huang, 2020). MS are the hub of technological advancement. The trend of the establishment of MS has changed the outlook of Vietnam. The research findings are in agreement with the research findings of (Kalsoom et al., 2018).

The results of the study showed a positive association between globalization and the MP. These results are supported by Hojjati et al. (2021), which globalization assists in getting up-to-date information about social, political, and economic activities and advancements, and thus, it brings newness in the philosophers' thinking and ideas. The findings indicated that ML have positive impacts on the MP. These results corroborated with Vu and Huang (2020), where the changes in the laws according to modern advancements throughout the world improve the intellect of any society's philosophers. Furthermore, the results showed that the MT is related to the modernization of philosophy. The results are supported by Nguyen and Le (2020), which state that social activities in Vietnam have transformed with new and innovative technological advancements and modern social, political, and economic theories. In these societies, the people have modern ideas and philosophies.

Globalization is a trend to improve the bilateral communication, trading, and transfer of information with other nations. Vietnam has improved a lot, and this study described and correlated the impacts of globalization on modernized societies and the modern philosophy of the government of Vietnam as approved by (Vu and Huang, 2020). The findings showed that modern societies play a mediating role between ML and MP. The study agreed with Karabykov (2020), which also found how MS are built by modernization in the laws and can further assist in the MP. The results also showed that MS mediate the MT and MP. These results corresponded with (Tri and Thuy, 2021). The authors believed that the modernization of different approaches, processes, and theories affects the people's values, beliefs, and ideas.

6. Conclusions

The present study described Vietnam, its legal, social, technological, and economic aspects. World War II has destroyed Vietnam's economy, but the people have cope-up with all such hurdles wisely. This study clearly stated how the globalization-based efforts, modernization of laws and theories are fruitful in enhanced ecological and economic performance. The current study implicated that the correct and effective modernization and globalization-based efforts are essential to propose new psychological and legal sustainability models—the social protection of the Vietnam nation implicates the emergence of modernized communities and technological advancements. The present study highlighted adverse climatic destruction, negative health effects, and psychological traumas on Vietnam's population. The recent research supports globalization, modernization of laws and theories in the international business communities.

The results were based on the practical analysis of globalization, ML, and MT in shaping the modern philosophies and the role of MS in Vietnam. The findings showed that globalization enables nations to exchange information, ideas, intellect, human resources, and technology. Thus, it provides nations with opportunities to learn or adopt modern thoughts and form modern philosophies. The results also showed that the modernization of national laws also leads to a modern mindset of researchers and philosophers to judge any phenomenon of life. The current study also clarifies that the modernization of social, political, cultural, and economic theories puts the nation toward modernity in philosophy. In addition, the study concluded that globalization, modernization of laws, and theories are useful sources to develop MS, creating modern mindsets, values, and beliefs.

7. Limitation and recommendations

All the research works have some shortcomings because of the unavailability of ample time and resources. The current study also has some limitations. Limitations of the present study are the building blocks for future researchers and their research works. This study relied on research-based evidence from a single community and country that is one of the business world's developing and modernized economies. So, the researchers have faced many hurdles in data collection and overall analysis. The developing economies have many shortcomings and loopholes—the actual limitations in developing the proper entrepreneurial efforts and legally sound modernized communities. Suppose the researchers have supportive evidence-based data from developed economies of the global world. This research-based investigation has great scientific, strategic, and ecological importance as it highlights the theoretical implications and empirical impacts of modernization, globalization, and economic performance of Vietnam's business firms. This research-based study suggested that if the business firm can maintain legal and psychological safety simultaneously, financial performance becomes marvelous in a short period. The current research examined the development of globalization and entrepreneurship-based practices in correlation with modernized communities and social philosophy's modernization.

Future researchers must find new data sets from various nations and other modernized world communities to comprehensively review different versions. The comparative analysis will provide additional information about diverse problems in the adoption of social and psychological entrepreneurship. This study encompassed three independent variables; globalization, modernization, and theoretical modernization. Future researchers should make models that have more explanatory independent variables. The future study should include more moderating and mediating variables to have a deep insight into the MP and their correlation with the MS in Vietnam. Additionally, the future researchers can have more independent variables in terms of trading and technological advancement. The comprehensive debate on the generalizability of research findings can also be improved in future research. The legal and theoretical applicability of modernization and globalization can bring fruitful results in Vietnam's excellent future. The future aspects of modernization of technology can also support the modernized communities' psychological health in Vietnam.

Declarations

Author contribution statement

Kien Thi Pham and Bui Xuan Dung: Conceived and designed the experiments; Analyzed and interpreted the data; Contributed reagents, materials, analysis tools or data; Wrote the paper.

Thanh Quang Ngo: Conceived and designed the experiments; Performed the experiments; Analyzed and interpreted the data; Contributed reagents, materials, analysis tools or data; Wrote the paper.

Funding statement

This work was supported by University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam and Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology and Education, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.

Data availability statement

The authors do not have permission to share data.

Declaration of interests statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Additional information

No additional information is available for this paper.

Acknowledgements

This research is partly funded by University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam and by Ho Chi Minh City, University of Technology and Education, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.

Contributor Information

Bui Xuan Dung, Email: dungbx@hcmute.edu.vn.

Thanh Quang Ngo, Email: thanhnq@ueh.edu.vn.

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