Table 1.
Demographic characteristics and prevalence of select respiratory outcomes among 303 children from the ISA Population at children’s age 5, Matina County, Costa Rica 2015–2016
|
|
N | % |
| Child’s characteristics | ||
| Child’s sex | ||
| Female | 147 | 49 |
| Male | 156 | 51 |
| Child current nutritional status | ||
| Underweight or below | 3 | 1 |
| Normal | 228 | 75 |
| Overweight | 46 | 15 |
| Obese | 23 | 8 |
| Missing | 3 | 1 |
| Low birth weight (<2500 grams) | ||
| Yes | 9 | 3 |
| No | 289 | 95 |
| Missing | 5 | 2 |
| Breast feeding duration | ||
| Less than 6 months | 76 | 25 |
| 6 months or more | 227 | 75 |
| Current cotinine detected in urine (>1 µg/L) | ||
| Yes | 55 | 18 |
| No | 238 | 79 |
| Missing | 10 | 3 |
| Mother’s characteristics | ||
| Parity ≥1 | 195 | 64 |
| Maternal smoking during pregnancy | 15 | 5 |
| Cotinine detected in urine during pregnancy (>1 µg/L) | 45 | 15 |
| Maternal smoking history | ||
| Never | 278 | 92 |
| Past | 15 | 5 |
| Current | 10 | 3 |
| Current cotinine detected in urine (maternal) | 45 | 15 |
| Maternal history of asthma | 70 | 23 |
| Current work in agriculture | ||
| Yes | 49* | 14 |
| No | 250 | 83 |
| Missing | 10 | 3 |
| Partner currently works in agriculture | ||
| Yes | 154 | 51 |
| No | 139 | 46 |
| Missing | 10 | 3 |
| Household characteristics | ||
| Current smoking inside house | 32 | 11 |
| Income per capita at enrolment | ||
| Above poverty line | 102 | 34 |
| Poverty | 112 | 37 |
| Extreme poverty | 88 | 29 |
| Missing | 1 | 0 |
| Food security‡ | ||
| Low | 194 | 64 |
| Marginal | 69 | 23 |
| High | 30 | 10 |
| Missing | 10 | 3 |
| Daily exposure to smoke of waste burning | 50 | 17 |
| Vector control by ministry of health during last 12 months | 169 | 56 |
| Pesticide use inside home during last 12 months | 152 | 50 |
| Residential distance to banana plantation (metres) | ||
| <50 | 56 | 19 |
| 50–500 | 170 | 56 |
| ≥500 | 77 | 25 |
*46 out of 49 mothers currently worked on banana plantations.
†138 out of 154 partners currently worked on banana plantations.
‡Defined using the U.S. Department of Agriculture Food Security Scale.
ISA, Infants’ Environmental Health Study.