Table 3.

Prenatal and current specific-gravity adjusted urinary pesticide metabolite concentrations for children from the ISA study at age 5, Matina County, Costa Rica, 2015–2016

Urinary biomarkers of exposure (μg/L)	Minimum	Percentile					Maximum
		10th	25th	50th	75th	90th
Averaged prenatal concentrations (n=303)†
TCP	0.41	0.92	1.31	1.75	2.52	4.19	62.96
ETU	1.03	1.87	2.34	3.32	4.66	6.16	127.38
OHP	<LOD	0.12	0.21	0.56	1.29	3.28	368.55
OHT	<LOD	<LOD	0.03	0.10	0.53	2.35	339.00
2,4-D	0.09	0.17	0.23	0.32	0.54	1.10	79.76
3-PBA	0.10	0.30	0.51	0.83	1.35	2.46	16.96
DCCA	0.15	0.50	0.79	1.32	2.39	3.78	23.56
∑ Pyrethroid*	0.46	0.87	1.28	2.26	3.84	5.95	40.52
Current child’s concentrations (n=293)§
TCP	0.29	0.69	0.98	1.51	2.31	4.04	30.85
ETU	<LOD	0.61	1.16	2.21	3.65	6.82	66.59
OHP	<LOD	0.10	0.23	0.52	1.27	3.39	445.67
OHT	<LOD	<LOD	<LOD	0.07	0.22	1.01	20.26
2,4-D	0.04	0.19	0.24	0.38	0.71	1.49	146.85
3-PBA	0.15	0.52	0.98	2.09	3.78	6.93	35.92
DCCA	0.19	0.83	1.39	2.53	4.52	8.83	44.19
∑ Pyrethroid*	0.41	1.70	2.62	4.60	8.65	14.74	80.12

*∑ Pyrethroid: sum of 3-PBA and DCCA.

†TCPy, ETU, 3-PBA, DCCA, and 2,4-D=100% > limit of detection (LOD), OHP=96%, OHT=80% > LOD.

‡Prenatal intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC): TCP=0.41, ETU=0.14, OHP=0.27, OHT=0.39, 2,4-D=0.28, 3-PBA=0.29, and DCCA=0.28.

§TCP, 3-PBA, DCCA, and 2,4-D=100% > LOD, ETU=99%, OHP=92%, OHT=68% >LOD.

2,4-D, 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid; DCCA, 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)- 2,2-dimethyl-cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid; ETU, ethylenethiourea; ISA, Infants’ Environmental Health Study; LOD, limit of detection; OHP, Hydroxypyrimethanil; OHT, 5-hydroxythiabendazole; 3-PBA, 3-phenoxybenzoic acid; TCP, 3,5,6 trichloro-2-pyridinol.