Table 4.
ORs, adjusted for maternal smoking during pregnancy and child’s sex, of high (≥P75) specific pesticide exposures and childhood respiratory outcomes during last 12 months
| Current wheeze (N=62) | Ever doctor-diagnosed asthma (N=37) | Current dry cough (N=118) | Current LRTI (N=15) | |||||
| OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
| Prenatal metabolites* (n=303) | ||||||||
| TCP | 1.52 | 0.81 to 2.79 | 0.88 | 0.37 to 1.92 | 1.11 | 0.65 to 1.89 | 1.09 | 0.29 to 3.31 |
| ETU | 1.22 | 0.63 to 2.28 | 0.86 | 0.35 to 1.9 | 0.91 | 0.52 to 1.55 | 1.11 | 0.3 to 3.39 |
| OHP | 0.58 | 0.27 to 1.15 | 0.79 | 0.32 to 1.77 | 1.04 | 0.6 to 1.77 | 0.74 | 0.17 to 2.42 |
| OHT | 0.65 | 0.31 to 1.27 | 0.65 | 0.25 to 1.49 | 1.08 | 0.63 to 1.83 | 0.43 | 0.07 to 1.61 |
| 2,4-D | 1.21 | 0.63 to 2.25 | 0.46 | 0.16 to 1.11 | 0.86 | 0.5 to 1.48 | 1.5 | 0.45 to 4.42 |
| 3PBA | 1.22 | 0.64 to 2.27 | 0.6 | 0.23 to 1.38 | 1.15 | 0.67 to 1.96 | 0.7 | 0.16 to 2.31 |
| DCCA | 0.81 | 0.4 to 1.55 | 0.21 | 0.05 to 0.62 | 0.74 | 0.42 to 1.27 | 1.06 | 0.29 to 3.23 |
| ∑ Pyrethroid† | 1.12 | 0.58 to 2.09 | 0.39 | 0.13 to 0.98 | 0.91 | 0.52 to 1.55 | 1.04 | 0.28 to 3.17 |
| Child metabolites* (n=293) | ||||||||
| TCP | 0.94 | 0.48 to 1.79 | 1.14 | 0.5 to 2.46 | 0.78 | 0.45 to 1.35 | 2.05 | 0.66 to 5.89 |
| ETU | 0.58 | 0.27 to 1.15 | 0.66 | 0.25 to 1.53 | 0.94 | 0.54 to 1.61 | 2.09 | 0.68 to 6.02 |
| OHP | 1.21 | 0.63 to 2.26 | 1.4 | 0.62 to 2.97 | 1.29 | 0.75 to 2.2 | 2.1 | 0.68 to 6.07 |
| OHT | 1.17 | 0.61 to 2.2 | 1.82 | 0.84 to 3.8 | 0.91 | 0.52 to 1.56 | 2.03 | 0.66 to 5.85 |
| 2,4-D | 0.84 | 0.42 to 1.61 | 0.54 | 0.19 to 1.28 | 0.76 | 0.43 to 1.31 | 1.47 | 0.45 to 4.32 |
| 3PBA | 1.72 | 0.92 to 3.17 | 1.75 | 0.81 to 3.66 | 1.41 | 0.82 to 2.41 | 2.7 | 0.91 to 7.82 |
| DCCA | 1.95 | 1.05 to 3.58 | 2.09 | 0.98 to 4.36 | 1.35 | 0.79 to 2.31 | 2.06 | 0.67 to 5.93 |
| ∑ Pyrethroid† | 2.37 | 1.28 to 4.34 | 2.09 | 0.98 to 4.36 | 1.58 | 0.92 to 2.71 | 2.78 | 0.94 to 8.04 |
ISA study at 5 years of age, Matina County, Costa Rica 2015–2016.
*Variables dichotomised at 75th percentile; reference: below 75th percentile.
†∑ Pyrethroid: sum of PBA and DCCA.
2,4-D, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid; ETU, ethylenethiourea; OHP, hydroxypyrimethanil; OHT, 5-hydroxythiabendazole; 3-PBA, 3-phenoxybenzoic acid, DCCA: 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethyl-cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid; TCP, 3,5,6 trichloro-2-pyridinol.