Abstract
Background
There are different levels of severity among patients who suffer from chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). In this study, the epidemiology of CRSwNP and severe CRswNP was estimated.
Methods
A retrospective claim data analysis was conducted on adult CRSwNP patients (ICD‐10: J33), and those classified as severe CRSwNP patients with inadequate disease control (based upon combinations of previous and current treatments) between 2015 and 2019. Prevalence and incidence figures were calculated and extrapolated to the German population. In addition, baseline characteristics and treatment outcomes were analysed.
Results
Overall, the 5‐year prevalence of adult CRSwNP cases from 2015 to 2019 in Germany was 374,115 cases (about 5500 per million), with 12,989 (about 200 per million) patients being classified as severe CRSwNP with inadequate disease control, whereas 267,880 (about 3900 per million) patients were identified as having an incident CRSwNP diagnosis between 2016 and 2019. From the incident CRSwNP cohort, 80.55% had received at least one intranasal corticosteroid (INCS), 24.27% received at least 1 systemic corticosteroid (SCS), and 17.33% received at least one functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) within 12 months after their incident diagnosis.
Conclusion
Severe CRSwNP with inadequate disease control affects about 200 per million people in Germany. INCS is the first‐choice treatment for most CRSwNP patients; however, for patients with severe CRSwNP, SCS are prescribed more frequently and long‐term effects of these should be further investigated, especially if despite treatment, adequate disease control cannot be achieved.
Keywords: chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps, claims data, epidemiology, Germany, nasal polyps
A German claims data analysis was conducted on adult CRSwNP patients and severe CRSwNP patients with inadequate disease control. The 5‐year prevalence (2015–2019) of CRSwNP patients was about 5500 per million; 83.00% received INCS, 31.32% systemic corticosteroid SCS, and 19.73% surgery. Severe CRSwNP with inadequate disease control affects about 200 per million.Abbreviations: ATC, anatomical therapeutic chemical classification system; CCI, Charlson comorbidity index; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRSwNP, chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps; ICD‐10‐GM, the international statistical classification of diseases and related health problems, 10th revision, German modification; INCS, intranasal corticosteroids; SCS, systemic corticosteroids
Abbreviations
- ATC
anatomical therapeutic chemical classification system
- CCI
Charlson comorbidity index
- COPD
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- CRSwNP
chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps
- ICD‐10‐GM
the international statistical classification of diseases and related health problems, 10th revision, German modification
- INCS
intranasal corticosteroids
- SCS
systemic corticosteroids
1. BACKGROUND
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a common disease, causing inflammation of the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity associated with nasal obstruction/blockage accompanied by facial pain and sinus pressure. 1 , 2 The two main clinical phenotypes of CRS include CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) and CRS without nasal polyps (CRSsNP). Nasal polyps are defined as endoscopically visualized growths in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, ultimately interfering with a patient's nasal passages and sinuses. 1 , 3 Nasal polyps are believed to affect up to 4% of the general adult population, and of those suffering from CRS, roughly 25–30% experience CRSwNP. 4 , 5 , 6
There are various therapeutical options in place to treat CRSwNP with the goals of reducing inflammation of the paranasal sinuses, draining the nasal cavity and reducing the risk of sinus irritation. 7 These options include topical intranasal corticosteroids (INCS), systemic corticosteroids (SCS), aspirin desensitization and functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) as standard therapy. 1 , 8 However, surgical procedures have shown a short‐term efficacy of around 18 months to 4 years with a 10 – 60% risk for additional surgery due to nasal polyp regrowth and 79% over a 12‐year period. 9 , 10 , 11 , 12
However, there are different levels of severity among patients who suffer from CRSwNP and require adapted disease management. According to the European position paper on rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps (EPOS), SCS and FESS are primarily indicated for severe CRSwNP cases. 1 , 2 , 10 Moreover, patients who have a continued need for secondary therapy despite receiving INCS, SCS or FESS in the last year are considered as difficult to treat. 1 , 13 Patients with severe, uncontrolled forms of CRSwNP may be candidates for biological treatment. 2 , 7 , 9 , 14 , 15
Principles for an optimal adapted disease management refer to broad data on severity grades and categories of disease control. Therefore, there is an important need for gaining population‐based data on the prevalence, incidence, clinical characteristics and medical treatment of CRSwNP patients. This retrospective non‐interventional claims data study aimed to estimate the prevalence and incidence of CRSwNP patients and severe CRSwNP cases with inadequate disease control in Germany and to describe these patients regarding baseline characteristics and treatments.
2. METHODS
2.1. Data Source and study population
This study is a retrospective non‐interventional claims data study, which utilized an anonymized claims data set of approximately 3.4 million insured persons from two German regions, Saxony and Thuringia, provided by a German statutory health insurance fund (AOK PLUS). The database contained anonymized, patient‐level data for the period 1 January 2015 to 31 December 2019 on drug prescriptions, procedures and surgical interventions, diagnoses and associated costs across outpatient and inpatient care facilities. The German statutory health insurance system covers all costs for physician visits, hospitalizations, medical interventions and prescription drugs. Only a minority of services (i.e. individual health services, over‐the‐counter medications) are not covered and cannot therefore not be observed. Due to the anonymization of the data, approval by an ethics committee was not required. However, based on the analysis protocol, the permission of the data provider was obtained before data access was granted.
All patients with continuous enrolment to the sickness fund for the total study period (death as an exception) represented the basis for the analysis. Patients were defined based on diagnoses codes, documented according to the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10. Revision, German Modification ICD‐10‐GM; and based on outpatient medication prescriptions recorded, based upon the Pharmaceutical Central Number (PZN) and the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification system (ATC). Patients were selected for the base cohort of CRSwNP cases if they had either.
At least two confirmed outpatient CRSwNP diagnoses (ICD‐10 J33 ‘Nasal polyp’) from an Ear–Nose–Throat (ENT) specialist in two different quarters within 12 months (M2Q criterion)
At least one inpatient primary CRSwNP diagnosis (ICD‐10 J33)
At least one inpatient secondary CRSwNP diagnosis if CRS (ICD‐10 J32 ‘Chronic sinusitis’) was the primary diagnosis of the same hospital stay, or
At least two inpatient secondary CRSwNP diagnoses, between 1 January 2015 and 31 December 2019.
In addition, patients were required to be at least 18 years old at the time of the first observed diagnosis in above inclusion period.
Based upon the above‐specified base cohort of CRSwNP patients, an additional cohort of incident CRSwNP patients was observed. To be included in this cohort, patients must have had a period of at least 12 months without prior CRSwNP diagnoses to the first observed (incident) CRSwNP diagnosis, which was defined as the index date (=wash‐out period).
Finally, a cohort of patients with severe CRSwNP and inadequate disease control was defined for 2019. For the purpose of this study, ‘inadequately controlled’ refers to patients with severe CRSwNP for whom previous therapy with SCS and/or FESS did not provide sufficient control. Accordingly, those patients have a continued need for secondary therapy. The definition is therefore not equivalent to the criteria of ‘uncontrolled’ therapy listed in EPOS 2020. 1 Therefore, as a proxy, a stepwise patient selection was implemented based on the assumption that a history of FESS or SCS in conjunction with current INCS consumption is associated with inadequately controlled severe CRSwNP if these patients are still in need for subsequent FESS or SCS. Step 1: Patients who fulfil the base cohort and were alive on 1 January 2019
Step 2: Patients received ≥3 INCS prescriptions in 2019 and visited an ENT specialist within the same quarter of prescriptions
Step 3: Patients had a prior treatment experience, defined as either (a) at least one SCS prescription in the same quarter of a CRSwNP diagnosis by an Ear–Nose–Throat (ENT) specialist within 24 months before the first INCS prescription in 2019; or (b) at least one FESS any time before the first INCS prescription in 2019
Step 4: Patients received ≥1 additional SCS prescription in the same quarter of a CRSwNP diagnosis by an Ear–Nose–Throat (ENT) specialist and/or FESS
If a patient fulfilled all four criteria, they were considered to have severe CRSwNP with inadequate disease control. The index date of these patients was defined as the first observed INCS prescription in 2019. To assess the impact of INCS prescriptions on the size of the selected patient population, a sensitivity analysis was conducted wherein Step 2 required only 1 INCS prescription, instead of ≥3 INCS prescriptions. Moreover, three further subgroups according to the presence of specific comorbidities during the year 2019 (asthma, allergic rhinitis and COPD) were identified if the patient had at least 1 inpatient or 2 outpatient diagnosis.
2.2. Outcomes and analyses
For the identified CRSwNP patients, the period prevalence was estimated once for each year of the study period (2015–2019) and once for the total 5‐year period. Moreover, the cumulative incidence was analysed yearly (2016–2019; 2015 as wash‐out period) for CRSwNP patients. For the cohort of severe CRSwNP patients with inadequate disease control, the prevalence was only estimated for the year 2019. All prevalence and incidence numbers were extrapolated to the German statutory health insurance (SHI) population (i.e. about 90% of entire population living in Germany; for example 73,009,237 people in 2019), using the KM6 statistic reported by the Federal Ministry of Health in Germany. 16 Moreover, results were also extrapolated to the entire population living in Germany utilizing data on the German population, as reported by the Federal Statistical Office of Germany based upon the census with 95% confidence intervals. 16 , 17 Age‐ and gender‐specific prevalence and incidence figures from AOK PLUS were weighted using the respective age/gender distribution for the adult SHI and adult German population to account for differences between the dataset and the reference populations.
Baseline characteristics of patients, that is age, sex, Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) and additional comorbidities, were observed during a 12‐month baseline period on or prior to the index date for the respective cohorts. In contrast, treatment (medication prescriptions and surgeries) was measured during the patient individual follow‐up period for newly diagnosed CRSwNP patients and the cohort of severe CRSwNP cases with inadequate disease control. However, to observe the treatments of the latter patient cohort within a period of at least 12 months, the stepwise approach outlined above (step 1 – step 4) was modified by pushing each timeframe back one year respectively. Therefore, in Step 1, patients needed to be alive on 1 January 2018 (instead of 2019), and all INCS prescriptions in Step 2 were observed in 2018 (instead of 2019).
All outcomes were reported descriptively, based on the number and proportion of affected patients. Relevant codes can be found in Table A1. All analyses were carried out using Microsoft SQL Server 2019, Microsoft Excel 2019 (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA) and RStudio (R Studio Team (2020). RStudio: Integrated Development for R. RStudio, PBC, Boston).
3. RESULTS
3.1. Prevalence and Incidence of CRSwNP
In total, the 5‐year prevalence of adult CRSwNP cases between 2015 and 2019 was 0.58% or about 5800 per million in the AOK PLUS database, that is 11,479 diagnosed cases. This resulted in 328,743 adult CRSwNP cases (95% confidence interval (CI): 327,624 – 329,865; about 5500 per million) in the SHI population and 374,115 cases (CI: 372,921– 375,312) in the German population after extrapolation. The prevalence increased during the observational period from about 2100 per million in 2015 to about 3500 per million in 2019, as seen in Table 1. Furthermore, the prevalence was higher among males (about 7200 per million) than females (about 4700 per million) throughout the 5‐year prevalence. Among males, the age group‐specific prevalence was highest between the ages 75 and 80 (about 11,500 per million), and among women, it was highest between the ages 60 and 65 (about 5900 per million) (Table A2).
TABLE 1.
Prevalence and Incidence of CRSwNP
| Prevalence of CRSwNP | Incidence of CRSwNP | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of identified CRSwNP patients; and percentage from all adults in the database, who were alive at the beginning of the respective year | ||||||
| Year | AOK PLUS N (%) | SHI N (%) | Germany N (%) | AOK PLUS N (%) | SHI N (%) | Germany N (%) |
| 2015 | 4409 (0.21%) | 113,817 (0.20%) | 131,423 (0.20%) | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ |
| 2016 | 5260 (0.26%) | 139,421 (0.24%) | 160,348 (0.24%) | 1726 (0.08%) | 48,589 (0.08%) | 60,457 (0.09%) |
| 2017 | 6944 (0.34%) | 190,183 (0.32%) | 217,591 (0.32%) | 2751 (0.14%) | 79,419 (0.13%) | 98,658 (0.15%) |
| 2018 | 7245 (0.36%) | 203,128 (0.34%) | 231,346 (0.34%) | 1769 (0.09%) | 53,069 (0.09%) | 65,960 (0.10%) |
| 2019 | 6939 (0.35%) | 195,157 (0.32%) | 222,192 (0.33%) | 1138 (0.06%) | 34,283 (0.06%) | 42,805 (0.06%) |
| 5‐year period (2015–2019) | 11,479 (0.58%) | 328,743 (0.55%) | 374,115 (0.55%) | 7384 (0.38%) | 215,360 (0.36%) | 267,880 (0.40%) |
Please note that due to a lack of disaggregated data for the age group 15–20 for the reference populations (SHI and German population), only those over the age of 20 were considered in this analysis.
For the cumulative incidence, 7384 patients who were newly diagnosed with CRSwNP were identified during 2016–2019. There was a noticeable increase in CRSwNP cases from 1726 (about 800 per million) in 2016 to 2751 (about 1400 per million) in 2017. It then decreased in 2018 to 1769 (about 900 per million) and further decreased in 2019 to 1138 (about 600 per million), as described in Table 1.
3.2. Prevalence of severe CRSwNP with inadequate disease control
From all CRSwNP patients who were alive on 1 January 2019, a total of 1859 patients were identified within the AOK PLUS database to have received at least three INCS prescriptions in 2019 (Step 2). Of these, 630 patients had records of a previous SCS prescription and/or FESS (Step 3). Ultimately, 395 patients had at least one follow‐up SCS prescription in the same quarter of a CRSwNP diagnosis by an Ear–Nose–Throat (ENT) specialist or FESS and were classified as having severe CRSwNP with inadequate disease control in 2019 (Step 4). Compared with this figure, the sensitivity analysis considered patients with at least one INCS prescription instead of at least three prescriptions revealed a number of 766 severe CRSwNP patients with inadequate disease control. Table 2 outlines how many patients were included for each step.
TABLE 2.
Stepwise patient selection for the cohort of severe CRSwNP with inadequate disease control
| Step | Description | Main Analysis N (% of AOK PLUS) | Sensitivity Analysis N (% of AOK PLUS) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Patients with CRSwNP between 2015–2019, who are at least 18 years old at the time of their first observed diagnosis and alive on 1/1/2019 | 11,495 (0.58%) | 11,495 (0.58%) |
| 2 | CRSwNP patients with ≥3 INCS prescriptions in 2019 (sensitivity: ≥1 one INCS prescription) | 1859 (0.09%) | 4647 (0.23%) |
| 3 | Patients who had a SCS prescription a and/ or FESS prior to the 1st INCS | 630 (0.03%) | 1381 (0.07%) |
| 4 | Patients who had a subsequent SCS a or FESS are described as those with inadequate disease control | 395 (0.02%) | 766 (0.04%) |
The SCS prescription was observed in the same quarter of a CRSwNP diagnosis by an Ear–Nose–Throat (ENT) specialist
After extrapolation of the numbers of severe CRSwNP patients with inadequate disease control, 11,329 patients (CI: 11,122 – 11,539; about 200 per million) in the SHI population and 12,989 patients (CI: 12,768 – 13,215) in the German population can be expected. In contrast, the sensitivity analysis requiring only one INCS prescription led to extrapolated figures of 22,030 (CI: 21,741 – 22,322; about 400 per million) in the SHI population and 25,096 (CI: 24,788 – 25,408) in the German population as seen in Table 3.
TABLE 3.
Severe CRSwNP with inadequate disease control in 2019 extrapolated to SHI and German Population
| Step | Main approach (≥3INCS prescriptions in step 2) | Sensitivity approach (≥1INCS prescription in step 2) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AOK PLUS N (%) | SHI N (%) | Germany N (%) | AOK PLUS N (%) | SHI N (%) | Germany N (%) | |
| 1 | 11,495 (0.58%) | 329,461 (0.54%) | 374,933 (0.54%) | 11,495 (0.58%) | 329,461 (0.54%) | 374,933 (0.54%) |
| 2 | 1859 (0.09%) | 51,856 (0.08%) | 59,302 (0.09%) | 4647 (0.23%) | 131,758 (0.21%) | 150,148 (0.22%) |
| 3 | 630 (0.03%) | 18,085 (0.03%) | 20,706 (0.03%) | 1381 (0.07%) | 40,118 (0.07%) | 45,735 (0.07%) |
| 4 | 395 (0.02%) | 11,329 (0.02%) | 12,989 (0.02%) | 766 (0.04%) | 22,030 (0.04%) | 25,096 (0.04%) |
3.3. Patient characteristics
Approximately 55.93% of incident CRSwNP patients were male, and the average age of this population at the time of the incident diagnosis was 57.80 years. As for the patients with severe CRSwNP with inadequate disease control, 56.88% were male, and the average age was 61.74 years. The second cohort had a higher disease severity as described in Table 4.
TABLE 4.
Baseline characteristics of observed cohorts
| Incident CRSwNP N = 7436 (AOK PLUS) | Severe CRSwNP with inadequate disease control in 2018 N = 269 (AOK PLUS) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Index Date | Incident CRSwNP diagnosis | First INCS prescription in 2018 | |
| Age at Index Date | Mean (SD) | 57.83 (16.63) | 61.74 (14.09) |
| Sex | Female (%) / Male (%) | 44.07% / 55.93% | 43.12% / 56.88% |
| CCI | Mean (SD) | 1.74 (2.19) | 2.22 (2.08) |
| Top Comorbidities (ICD‐10‐GM code) | |||
| Asthma (J45) | N (%) | 1773 (23.84%) | 170 (63.20%) |
| COPD (J44) | N (%) | 933 (12.55%) | 76 (28.25%) |
| Allergic Rhinitis (J30) | N (%) | 1796 (24.15%) | 100 (37.17%) |
| Chronic Bronchitis (J42) | N (%) | 242 (3.25%) | 28 (10.41%) |
| Emphysema (J43) | N (%) | 143 (1.92%) | 26 (9.67%) |
Observed either on the patient specific index date or within 12 months prior.
3.4. Treatment of incident CRSwNP patients
Out of 7436 incident CRSwNP patients1, 83.00% (N = 6172) received at least one INCS prescription over an average period of 803 days of follow‐up after their incident diagnosis; 45.86% (N = 3410) received their first INCS prescription on the day of their initial diagnosis. For the entire follow‐up period, patients received on average 1.86 INCS prescriptions per patient‐year (ppy) and thus medication for an average of 90.47 days (ppy).
Additionally, 31.32% (N = 2329) of patients received a SCS prescription within the follow‐up period, with an average of 0.35 prescriptions ppy, accounting for 16.14 days of coverage, whereas only 0.58% (N = 43) were prescribed biologics, with an average of 0.02 ppy, accounting for 1.12 days of coverage. As the first biologic for the treatment of severe CRSwNP and inadequate disease control was only approved in October 2019, the prescription of biologics in this context is likely due to comorbidities, such as asthma (see Table 4). Furthermore, 19.73% (N = 1467) of patients received at least one FESS in the follow‐up period. Overall, 48.09% received their first INCS or SCS prescription on their original diagnosis date; within the first 12 months, 87.05% have received treatment with either INCS, SCS or FESS. Table 5 outlines the agents most often prescribed to patients.
TABLE 5.
Top agents prescribed from the index date until 31/12/2019 for incident CRSwNP cohort
| Prescription | Top 3 ATC Codes | Number of patients (N = 7436) | Proportion |
|---|---|---|---|
| INCS | Mometasone (R01AD09) | 4173 | 56.12% |
| Budesonide (R01AD05) | 1944 | 26.14% | |
| Budesonide (R03BA02) | 558 | 7.50% | |
| SCS | Prednisolone (H02AB06) | 1649 | 22.18% |
| Methylprednisolone (H02AB04) | 470 | 6.32% | |
| Triamcinolone (H02AB08) | 216 | 2.90% | |
| Targeted Asthma and COPD Therapies | Salbutamol (R03AC02) | 1311 | 17.63% |
| Formoterol and Budesonide (R03AK07) | 493 | 6.63% | |
| Formoterol and Beclometasone (R03AK08) | 469 | 6.31% | |
| Biological therapies | Mepolizumab (R03DX09) | 22 | 0.30% |
| Benralizumab (R03DX10) | 12 | 0.16% | |
| Omalizumab (R03DX05) | 9 | 0.12% | |
| Other non‐respiratory therapies | Cefuroxime (J01DC02) | 1554 | 20.90% |
| Doxycycline (J01AA02) | 816 | 10.97% | |
| Clindamycin (J01FF01) | 710 | 9.55% | |
| FESS | Endonasal Pansinus Operation | 1081 | 14.54% |
| Nasal Polyps Removal | 176 | 2.37% | |
| Ethmoidectomy: Polyp removal | 156 | 2.10% |
Please note that the dataset does not contain information on the underlying cause or condition for the respective prescription, only the date the prescription was filled. Therefore, the treatments outlined above might not be direct treatments of CRSwNP, but with an additional comorbidity.
3.5. Treatment of patients with severe CRSwNP and inadequate disease control
On average, patients with severe CRSwNP and inadequate disease control in 2018 (N = 269) received 5.33 INCS prescriptions ppy, accounting for 267.74 days of coverage during the follow‐up period until 31 December 2019. Moreover, 72.86% (N = 196) of these patients received SCS prescriptions within the follow‐up period (667 days). On average, 1.47 SCS prescriptions ppy with 67.96 days of coverage were identified, whereas only 4.83% (N = 13) patients received biologics, with an average of 0.19 prescriptions ppy and 10.50 days of coverage. In addition, 13.75% (N = 37) of patients underwent surgical intervention. Table 6 outlines the most common agents received by patients during the follow‐up period. Additionally, since it is not possible to identify the disease or indication associated with a medication prescribed to a patient, treatment was also observed for patient subgroups with selected respiratory comorbidities (asthma, allergic rhinitis and COPD) outlined in Table A3.
TABLE 6.
Top agents prescribed from the index date until 31/12/2019 for severe CRSwNP with inadequate disease control cohort
| Prescription | Top 3 ATC Codes | Number of patients (N = 269) | Proportion |
|---|---|---|---|
| INCS | Mometasone (R01AD09) | 197 | 73.23% |
| Budesonide (R01AD05) | 64 | 23.79% | |
| Budesonide (R03BA02) | 46 | 17.10% | |
| SCS | Prednisolone (H02AB06) | 158 | 58.74% |
| Methylprednisolone (H02AB04) | 39 | 14.50% | |
| Prednisone (H02AB07) | 25 | 9.29% | |
| Targeted Asthma and COPD Therapies | Salbutamol (R03AC02) | 115 | 42.75% |
| Formoterol and Budesonide (R03AK07) | 53 | 19.70% | |
| Salmeterol and Fluticasone (R03AK06) | 49 | 18.22% | |
| Biological therapies | Mepolizumab (R03DX09) | 6 | 2.23% |
| Omalizumab (R03DX05) | 3 | 1.12% | |
| Benralizumab (R03DX10) | 3 | 1.12% | |
| Other non‐respiratory therapies | Cefuroxime (J01DC02) | 58 | 21.56% |
| Amoxicillin and beta‐lactamase inhibitor (J01CR02) | 33 | 12.27% | |
| Clindamycin (J01FF01) | 30 | 11.15% | |
| FESS | Multiple paranasal sinuses operation | 32 | 11.90% |
| Ethmoidectomy: Polyp Removal | 3 | 1.12% | |
| Polyp removal | 2 | 0.74% |
Table A3 provides information on the medication of patients, stratified by the top 3 comorbidities.
Please note that the dataset does not contain information on the underlying cause or condition for the respective prescription, only the date the prescription was filled. Therefore, the treatments outlined above might not be direct treatments of CRSwNP, but with an additional comorbidity.
4. DISCUSSION
To the best of our knowledge, there are only a few studies that have described the epidemiology of CRSwNP patients and this is the first study to describe treatment of CRSwNP patients with a subset of patients with severe CRSwNP and inadequate disease control in Germany, utilizing a large real‐world dataset, which represents about 4.4% of the statutory insured population. 18 , 19 , 20
The five‐year prevalence of diagnosed CRSwNP in adults was found to be 5800 per million in the dataset used, corresponding to a proportion of 5500 per million in the total population of adults in Germany. Therefore, the estimation of this study is at the lower limit of prevalence figures reported in other studies, which estimated CRSwNP affects up to 4% or 40,000 per million of the general adult population. 4 , 5 , 6 , 21 , 22 , 23 This result can be explained, among other things, by the fact that the study is based on the accepted approach of counting patients in the outpatient setting only after at least two confirmed diagnoses within 365 days. Furthermore, only diagnoses of ENT specialists were considered in this study. Consequently, the chosen approach could result in a lower estimate than compared with a different methodology or data source. However, to date, there is a noticeable lack of solid and representative data on the prevalence of CRSwNP for Europe but especially for Germany, making it difficult to draw conclusions from the epidemiological figures presented, due to a lack of comparability. 2 , 24 In line with other studies, it was discovered that CRSwNP is more common in males (6500 per million) than in females (4700 per million) and that the highest prevalence was observed within the 65 to 80 age range. 21 , 22 Furthermore, it was found that asthma (23.84%) and allergic rhinitis (24.15%) were the most commonly reported comorbidities, which is consistent with previous studies reporting a proportion of 23–50% of CRSwNP patients to be affected by asthma. 11 , 25 , 26
Importantly, it was found that 0.02% of patients from the database had severe CRSwNP with inadequate disease control, resulting in an extrapolated number of 11,329 total cases (200 per million) in the SHI population and 12,989 total cases in the population living in Germany. However, since the estimation relies on assumptions and proxies applied during the stepwise patient selection, prevalence figures are sensitive to these assumptions. Consequently, within the conducted sensitivity analysis, the estimated numbers increased to 22,030 (400 per million) and 25,096 for SHI and Germany, respectively, if only at least one INCS prescription (rather than at least three) was required for selection. Nevertheless, the estimates are comparable with figures reported in another study conducted in 2017, that used a similar definition for severe CRSwNP patients with inadequate disease control, 19 and concluded that a total of 11,492 patients in the SHI population and 13,393 in the population in Germany are affected. However, there are differences between both studies such as methodology, study period and data source that need to be accounted for when making comparisons.
For the treatment of newly diagnosed CRSwNP patients, it was observed that 83.00% received a prescription of an INCS within the follow‐up period of approximately two years. However, 45.86% received their first prescription already at the time of their first diagnosis. Thus, INCS is often used as a first‐choice treatment in CRSwNP patients, that aligns with national guidelines in Germany. 2 In contrast, the proportion of patients prescribed SCS (31.32%) was lower. Conversely, out of the patients identified to have severe CRSwNP and inadequate disease control, a higher share of patients (72.86%) received SCS treatment, which in turn is also consistent with the European position paper that SCS should be considered as an intermittent treatment option in more severe CRSwNP cases. 1 , 10 Moreover, according to the guideline, FESS can be considered as a treatment option for patients with CRSwNP if conservative pharmacological interventions fail. 2 Within this study, it was observed that 19.73% of the CRSwNP patients received FESS within approximately two years after their first CRSwNP diagnosis. Studies from other European countries reported a higher percentage of patients who had undergone surgery (46–85%). 27 , 28 , 29 However, figures varied across countries, and a comparison of findings seems limited due to the differences in healthcare systems and clinical practices.
4.1. Limitations
The utilized dataset contains data from routine practice, that is primarily collected for billing and reimbursement purposes. Claims datasets are considered a powerful source for pharmacoepidemiology and health services research, as they include complete information on patients’ diagnostics and prescribed treatments across different care settings, both in the inpatient and outpatient care. The use of an extensive real‐world database provided this study with reliable data. However, there are some limitations associated with this study that we acknowledge.
First, the reported epidemiological figures considered only documented diagnosis. Therefore, data could be missing or subject to coding errors. Nonetheless, the coding in the database is considered to be of high quality, 30 , 31 as is the external validity, given the importance of adequate documentation for reimbursement of services. However, since there is no exact ICD‐10‐GM code for CRSwNP, the study relied on the assumption that the ICD‐10 GM code J33 for nasal polyps accurately identified respective patients and that it was correctly used by physicians, which is in line with other claims data studies. 18 , 20 For this reason, prior to the analysis, the number of patients diagnosed with J32 (chronic sinusitis) and/or J33 (nasal polyps) was compared and evaluated in discussion with an expert, with the conclusion to use J33, as J32 could have led to an overestimation. Additionally, the study only considered patients diagnosed with J33 from an ENT specialist, which was also implemented to ensure the diagnosis was correct and avoid overestimation.
Secondly, concerning the medications examined in this study, it should be stated that there may be a lack of reporting of pharmacological interventions applied within the inpatient setting and other interventions which do not qualify for medical claims (i.e. over‐the‐counter medication). Additionally, within the database, there is no direct association between a drug prescription and a diagnosis. Therefore, it is difficult to identify whether medication prescriptions are associated with CRSwNP or other comorbidities such as asthma or analgesic intolerance, which were common comorbidities. Even if diagnoses and prescriptions can be clearly allocated at the quarterly level, limited information is available regarding the exact diagnosis date per quarter (i.e. documented start date of the reimbursement of a physician's provided care per diagnosis). Thus, the reported number of CRSwNP patients with INCS prescription on the same day as their diagnosis may be biased.
Thirdly, another limitation regarding the definition of severe CRSwNP cases with inadequate disease control was that the patient selection relies on proxies to measure the severity of disease and inadequacy of disease control since relevant clinical information were missing in the dataset. Even though the methodology was quite similar to a comparable investigation 19 and definitions derived from literature, the stepwise approach might limit external validity, which was not tested in this study. Consequently, the patient selection might have been biased and may not fully represent the actual population of patients with severe CRSwNP with inadequate disease control. Additionally, the model assumed an SCS prescription that occurs in the same quarter as the CRSwNP diagnosis is attributed to the CRSwNP. This may lead to overestimation, as the SCS administration may also have been prescribed for some other indication. However, to mitigate this limitation, we have consulted with clinical experts, who validated the stepwise approach.
Finally, it must be noted that extrapolation from the AOK PLUS dataset to the SHI population and population in Germany could only be conducted for adults 20 years or older for the observational years due to the lack of detailed data for the age group 15–20 from the representative populations (SHI and German). Therefore, to ensure accurate estimations, 18‐ and 19‐year‐old patients were omitted. However, they only represented a small proportion of the affected patient cohort. In addition, more precise data on the age breakdown were available for the German population in 2019. Thus, the proportion of 18‐ to 19‐year‐olds from this cohort was transferred to the SHI population to enable the most accurate extrapolation possible for this age group for the year 2019.
5. CONCLUSIONS
This analysis based on a large real‐world representative dataset of the statutory insured population demonstrated that CRSwNP affects about 5500 per million of the total population of adults in Germany, with a higher prevalence among males. Severe CRSwNP with inadequate disease control affects about 200 per million within the population. Those patients often suffer from concomitant respiratory disease, that has an impact on the choice of the treatment strategy. In alignment with the current treatment recommendation, INCS is the first‐choice treatment for most patients with CRSwNP, and SCS was only prescribed in the minority of patients. However, for patients with severe CRSwNP, in addition to INCS, SCS are prescribed more frequently, and the long‐term effects of these should be considered, especially if adequate control cannot be achieved despite treatment with INCS and SCS.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
Alexandra Starry and Fraence Hardtstock are employees of Cytel, and Cytel's work was financially supported by GSK. Thomas Wilke is an employee of IPAM and he has received honoraria from several pharmaceutical/consultancy companies (Novo Nordisk, Abbvie; Merck; GSK, BMS, LEO Pharma, Astra Zeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Pharmerit). Julia Weihing, Bernhard Ultsch, Martin Wernitz and Marius Renninger are GSK employees and shareholders. Ulf Maywald has no potential conflict of interest, except those potentially related to his employer, AOK PLUS. Oliver Pfaar works at the University Hospital Marburg and is an associate editor of Allergy—European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. Dr. Pfaar reports personal fees from Ingress‐Health, during the conduct of the study; grants and personal fees from ALK‐Abelló, grants and personal fees from Allergopharma, grants and personal fees from Stallergenes Greer, grants and personal fees from HAL Allergy Holding B.V./HAL Allergie GmbH, grants and personal fees from Bencard Allergie GmbH/Allergy Therapeutics, grants and personal fees from Lofarma, grants from Biomay, grants from Circassia, grants and personal fees from ASIT Biotech Tools S.A., grants and personal fees from Laboratorios LETI/LETI Pharma, personal fees from MEDA Pharma/MYLAN, grants and personal fees from Anergis S.A., personal fees from Mobile Chamber Experts (a GA2LEN Partner), personal fees from Indoor Biotechnologies, grants and personal fees from GlaxoSmithKline, personal fees from Astellas Pharma Global, personal fees from EUFOREA, personal fees from ROXALL Medizin, personal fees from Novartis, personal fees from Sanofi‐Aventis and Sanofi‐Genzyme, personal fees from Med Update Europe GmbH, personal fees from streamedup! GmbH, grants from Pohl‐Boskamp, grants from Inmunotek S.L., personal fees from John Wiley and Sons, AS, personal fees from Paul‐Martini‐Stiftung (PMS), personal fees from Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., personal fees from RG Aerztefortbildung, personal fees from Institut für Disease Management, personal fees from Springer GmbH, personal fees from AstraZeneca, personal fees from IQVIA Commercial, outside the submitted work.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTION
A.S., F.H, J.W., B.U., M.W. and M.R. designed the study design and protocol and T.W., U.W. and O.P. provided constructive feedback and comments from a technical perspective. A.S. and F.H. conducted the data analysis and all authors assisted in interpreted the findings. A.S. took lead in writing the manuscript with the guidance of F.H. All authors provided critical feedback and helped shape the research, analysis and manuscript.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Funding for this study was provided by GSK (GSK Study ID: 214229).
APPENDIX A.
TABLE A1.
List of ATC and OPS codes
| Type | Treatment | ATC Code (outpatient) | OPS Codes (inpatient) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intranasal Corticosteroids | Beclometasone | R01AD01; R03BA01 | ‐ |
| Flunisolide | R01AD04 | ‐ | |
| Budesonide | R01AD05; R03BA02 | ‐ | |
| Betamethasone | R01AD06 | ‐ | |
| Fluticasone | R01AD08; R03BA05 | ‐ | |
| Mometasone | R01AD09 | ‐ | |
| Triamcinolone | R01AD11 | ‐ | |
| Fluticasonfuroat | R01AD12 | ‐ | |
| Fluocortin | R01AD21 | ‐ | |
| Dexamethasone (Combination) | R01AD53 | ‐ | |
| Fluticasone (Combination) | R01AD58 | ‐ | |
| Ciclesonide | R01AD13 | ‐ | |
| Systemic Corticosteroids | Methylprednisolone | H02AB04 | ‐ |
| Paramethasone | H02AB05 | ‐ | |
| Prednisolone | H02AB06 | ‐ | |
| Prednisone | H02AB07 | ‐ | |
| Triamcinolone | H02AB08 | ‐ | |
| Hydrocortisone | H02AB09 | ‐ | |
| Cortisone | H02AB10 | ‐ | |
| Betamethasone‐Depot | H02AB51 | ‐ | |
| Methylprednisolone‐Depot | H02AB54 | ‐ | |
| Prednisolone‐Depot | H02AB56 | ‐ | |
| Triamcinolone‐Depot | H02AB58 | ‐ | |
| FESS | Ethmoidectomy: Polyp removal, sphenoid sinus | ‐ | 5–222.20 |
| Nasal Polypectomy | ‐ | 5–212.2 | |
| Ethmoidectomy, endonasal (With representation of the skull base) | ‐ | 5–222.21 | |
| Multiple paranasal sinuses, endonasal [With representation of the skull base (endonasal pansinus operation)] | ‐ | 5–224.63 | |
| Multiple paranasal sinuses, endonasal [With supply to the skull base] | ‐ | 5–224.64 | |
| Combination of at least two of the following surgeries | ‐ | 5–221.6, 5–222.2, 5–222.4, 5–223.5 | |
| Additional targeted asthma and COPD therapy | Leukotriene receptor antagonists | R03DC‐ | ‐ |
| Tiotropium bromide (LAMA) | R03BB04 | ||
| Selective beta−2‐adrenoreceptor agonists (LABA) | R03AC‐ | ‐ | |
| Adrenergics in combination with corticosteroids or other drugs (LABA+INCS) | R03AK‐ | ‐ | |
| Theophylline | R03DA04 | ‐ | |
| Ipratropium Bromide | R03BB01 | ‐ | |
| Vilanterol and umeclidinium bromide (LABA+LAMA) | R03AL03 | ‐ | |
| Indacaterol and glycopyrronium bromide (LABA+LAMA) | R03AL04 | ‐ | |
| Formoterol and aclidinium bromide (LABA+LAMA) | R03AL05 | ‐ | |
| Olodaterol and tiotropium bromide (LABA+LAMA) | R03AL06 | ‐ | |
| Biologics | Dupilumab | D11AH05 | ‐ |
| Mepolizumab | R03DX09 | ‐ | |
| Reslizumab | R03DX08 | ‐ | |
| Benralizumab | R03DX10 | ‐ | |
| Omalizumab | R03DX05 | ‐ | |
| Other non‐respiratory therapies | Antihistamines for systemic use | R06A‐ | ‐ |
| Decongestants and antiallergics | S01G‐ | ‐ | |
| Antibacterial for systemic use | J01‐ | ‐ |
TABLE A2.
5‐year Prevalence of CRSwNP from 1/1/2015‐31/12/2019 in the German Population by Gender (N, %)
| Age Groups | 2019 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Male (N = 33,147,064) | Female (N = 34,689,145) | Total (N = 67,836,209) | |
| 20 until 25 years | 3870 (0.16%) | 3653 (0.17%) | 7523 (0.16%) |
| 25 until 30 years | 6475 (0.25%) | 6962 (0.29%) | 13,437 (0.26%) |
| 30 until 35 years | 11,080 (0.39%) | 9668 (0.36%) | 20,748 (0.38%) |
| 35 until 40 years | 10,471 (0.39%) | 9794 (0.38%) | 20,265 (0.38%) |
| 40 until 45 years | 13,766 (0.56%) | 12,289 (0.50%) | 26,055 (0.53%) |
| 45 until 50 years | 14,944 (0.56%) | 13,511 (0.51%) | 28,455 (0.54%) |
| 50 until 55 years | 22,886 (0.68%) | 18,091 (0.54%) | 40,978 (0.61%) |
| 55 until 60 years | 25,278 (0.75%) | 18,573 (0.55%) | 43,851 (0.65%) |
| 60 until 65 years | 23,708 (0.85%) | 16,948 (0.59%) | 40,657 (0.72%) |
| 65 until 70 years | 21,563 (0.93%) | 14,365 (0.56%) | 35,927 (0.74%) |
| 70 until 75 years | 17,863 (1.04%) | 11,149 (0.57%) | 29,012 (0.79%) |
| 75 until 80 years | 19,873 (1.15%) | 12,423 (0.58%) | 32,296 (0.83%) |
| 80 and older | 22,411 (1.04%) | 12,499 (0.36%) | 34,911 (0.61%) |
| All age groups | 214,190 (0.65%) | 159,925 (0.46%) | 374,115 (0.55%) |
TABLE A3.
Subgroups of Severe CRSwNP patients with inadequate disease control based on specific comorbidities during the baseline period
| Asthma (J45) N = 170 | Allergic Rhinitis (J30) N = 100 | COPD (J44) N = 76 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| INCS | |||
| Number of patients (%) | 170 (100%) | 100 (100%) | 76 (100%) |
| Number of prescriptions ppy | 5.43 | 5.41 | 5.29 |
| Mean (SD) of prescriptions | 10.02 (4.64) | 9.97 (4.07) | 9.79 (4.44) |
| DDD of prescriptions ppy | 276.93 | 269.25 | 274.21 |
| SCS | |||
| Number of patients (%) | 136 (80.0%) | 77 (77.0%) | 65 (85.53%) |
| Number of prescriptions ppy | 1.71 | 1.54 | 2.09 |
| Mean (SD) of prescriptions | 3.14 (3.21) | 2.82 (3.04) | 3.87 (3.58) |
| DDD of prescriptions ppy | 81.88 | 69.86 | 106.02 |
| FESS | |||
| Number of patients (%) | 17 (10.0%) | 12 (12.0%) | 12 (15.79%) |
| Number of surgeries ppy | 0.07 | 0.09 | 0.12 |
| Mean (SD) of surgeries | 0.13 (0.46) | 0.16 (0.49) | 0.22 (0.61) |
| Biologics | |||
| Number of patients (%) | 13 (7.65%) | 7 (7%) | 4 (5.26%) |
| Number of prescriptions ppy | 0.3 | 0.18 | 51 |
| Mean (SD) of prescriptions | 0.54 (2.61) | 0.34 (1.35) | 0.68 (3.55) |
| DDD of prescriptions ppy | 16.74 | 14.46 | 14.06 |
| Targeted Asthma and COPD Therapy | |||
| Number of patients (%) | 165 (97.06%) | 85 (85%) | 76 (100%) |
| Number of prescriptions ppy | 5.59 | 4.76 | 7.20 |
| Mean (SD) of prescriptions | 10.34 (8.16) | 8.84 (8.26) | 13.32 (8.34) |
| DDD of prescriptions ppy | 379.74 | 323.33 | 491.61 |
| Additional non‐respiratory Therapy | |||
| Number of patients (%) | 131 (77.06%) | 74 (74%) | 49 (64.47%) |
| Number of prescriptions ppy | 1.13 | 1.14 | 0.88 |
| Mean (SD) of prescriptions | 2.07 (2.34) | 2.09 (2.10) | 1.60 (2.25) |
| DDD of prescriptions ppy | 18.27 | 22.35 | 11.60 |
Average follow‐up period for the Asthma cohort was 663 days, Allergic Rhinitis was 665 days and COPD was 664 days. Additionally, these subgroups are not mutually exclusive.
Starry A, Hardtstock F, Wilke T, et al. Epidemiology and treatment of patients with Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps in Germany—A claims data study. Allergy. 2022;77:2725–2736. doi: 10.1111/all.15301
Martin Wernitz Independent consultant of GSK Deutschland.
Footnotes
The patient count within this cohort (N = 7436) is different to the count presented in Table 1 (N = 7384), because the cohort with 7384 patients represents those over the age of 20 (instead of 18) due to the lack of disaggregated data for the age group 15–20 years in the reference populations. However, the cohort with 7436 patients includes patients from the age of 18 years or older.
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