Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Molecular Genetics & Genomic Medicine logoLink to Molecular Genetics & Genomic Medicine
. 2022 Aug 16;10(10):e2040. doi: 10.1002/mgg3.2040

A novel heterozygous ERCC6 variant identified in a Chinese family with non‐syndromic primary ovarian insufficiency

Lele Kuang 1, Bin Liu 1, Di Xi 1, Yuping Gao 1,✉
PMCID: PMC9544206  PMID: 35975393

Abstract

Background

Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is a clinical syndrome occurring in women before 40 with decreased ovarian function. Up to 25% of POI cases result from genetic factors that remain largely unknown. The Excision repair cross‐complementing, group 6 (ERCC6) variant has been found to cause POI, which is hardly ever diagnosed in adolescents.

Methods

Whole‐exome sequencing was performed on a 19‐year‐old proband with non‐syndromic POI and her parents. Sanger sequencing was used to confirm the identified variant. The effect of the variant on the protein was analyzed in silico and Swiss‐MODEL.

Results

A novel heterozygous missense variant, c.2444G > A (p. GLy815Asp) of ERCC6 was identified in the proband who inherited the variant from her father. The variant was confirmed in another POI patient from the pedigree and was absent in the proband's mother and sister who presented normally. In silico analysis predicted this variant was deleterious. Swiss‐Model revealed that the mutant amino acid formed multiple H‐bonds with adjacent residues, which may lead to a dysfunction of ERCC6 protein.

Conclusion

We firstly diagnosed an adolescent POI case associated with a novel heterozygous ERCC6 variant. The results expanded the variants spectrum of ERCC6 and provided guidance for POI diagnosis and genetic counselling.

Keywords: adolescents, ERCC6, heterozygous variant, premature ovarian insufficiency

Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is a clinical syndrome occurring in women before 40 with decreased ovarian function. Up to 25% POI cases result from genetic factors that remain largely unknown. The ERCC6 variant has been found to cause POI, which is hardly ever diagnosed in adolescents. We firstly diagnosed an adolescent POI case caused by a novel heterozygous ERCC6 variant. The results expanded the variants spectrum of ERCC6 and provided guidance for POI diagnosis and genetic counseling.

graphic file with name MGG3-10-e2040-g001.jpg

1. INTRODUCTION

Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is featured by abnormal menstruation (amenorrhea or oligomenorrhea) and an elevated serum follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH > 25 U/L) on two occasions separated by 4 weeks or more in women before the age of 40. The prevalence of POI is about 1% in the general population and only 0.01% in people under the age of 20, which increases the challenge of POI diagnosis in adolescents (Webber et al., 2016). POI is highly clinical heterogeneous with variable manifestations. It can be divided into syndromic and non‐syndromic categories depending on whether there are other complications such as mental retardation or cardiovascular diseases. According to the absence or presence of spontaneous menstruation, POI falls into two groups: primary and secondary.

The aetiology of POI is complex and genetic, immune, metabolic and infectious factors all contribute to the occurrence of POI. Genetic factors including chromosomal abnormalities and single‐gene variations may account for up to 25% of POI cases (Qin, Jiao, et al., 2015; Shen et al., 2021), however, a large proportion of cases remain unexplained. In the early stage, chromosomal analysis has been recommended for POI diagnosis because chromosomal abnormalities which mainly include numerical and structural defects were considered to cause approximately 10 ~ 13% cases (Baronchelli et al., 2011; Kalantari et al., 2013). More recently, whole‐exome sequencing (WES) has been proved to be a powerful approach to identify pathogenic gene variants that contribute to POI (Jolly et al., 2019). Over 100 genes involved in various pathways and biologic processes have been found to cause POI and largely expanded the genetic aetiology of POI (Franca & Mendonca, 2022). Amongst them, about 20 monogenic variants have been considered to be associated with non‐syndromic POI, such as BMP15 (Di Pasquale et al., 2006), NR5A1 (Jaillard, Sreenivasan, et al., 2020), NOTCH2 (Li et al., 2020), WT1 (Wang et al., 2022) and ERCC6 (Qin, Guo, et al., 2015).

ERCC6 (Excision repair cross‐complementing, group 6, OMIM#609413#) gene is located on chromosome 10q11 region and encodes a member of the SWI2/SNF2 DNA‐dependent ATPase superfamily. The encoded protein, which can interact with a variety of transcription factors and excision repair proteins, is essential for transcription‐coupled DNA double‐strand break repair (Batenburg et al., 2017; Sin et al., 2016). Variants in ERCC6 have newly been found to be related to non‐syndromic POI and were first described in a Chinese cohort by Qin et al. They identified three novel heterozygous variants in ERCC6 including c.643G > T (p. Glu215X), c.2237G > A (p. Gly746Asp) and c.3166G > A (p. Val1056Ile) (Qin, Guo, et al., 2015), followed by another two studies in which three ERCC6 variants, including c.2510G > T (p. Arg837His), c.1389G > T (p. Gln463His) and c.2027 T > G (p. Val676Gly), were reported (Jaillard, Bell, et al., 2020; Jin et al., 2020). In a recent study, another heterozygous ERCC6 variant, c.1769C > T (p. Pro590Leu) was identified by next‐generation sequencing in 74 sporadic POI patients (Shen et al., 2021). So far, only these four studies mentioned above have reported ERCC6 variants in POI.

In this study, we performed whole exome sequencing on a non‐syndromic POI family. A novel missense variant of ERCC6, c.2444G > A (p. GLy815Asp) was identified in the proband and was recurrent in her relative from the pedigree, suggesting that this variant may be responsible for the genetic aetiology of POI for this family.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

2.1. Patients

The proband was a 19‐year‐old girl coming from a non‐consanguineous Chinese Han family. She was enrolled in our reproductive medicine centre because of irregular menstruation for more than half a year. Her menstruation began at the age of 13. She encountered menstrual irregularity and developed into amenorrhea at the age of 17. She had no history of marriage or childbirth. During her visit to our centre, detailed physical, clinical and laboratory examinations, including sex hormones and AMH (Anti‐Mullerian hormone) levels, were performed, as well as karyotype analysis. An inquiry on familial history was also made. Additional 100 matched controls were recruited. The diagnosis of POI was made according to European Society for Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHER) guidelines. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Xinhua Hospital affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine. Informed consent was obtained for clinical information collection and publication.

2.2. Genomic DNA extraction

Genomic DNAs were extracted from peripheral blood samples following the standard procedures of the QIAamp DNA Blood Mini Kit (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany). The concentration and quality of DNA were determined by Nanodrop 2000 (Thermo) and agarose gel electrophoresis.

2.3. Whole‐exome sequencing

Whole‐exome sequencing was performed on the proband and her parents on the MGISEQ 2000 platform (BGI) for variants detection. DNA reads were mapped against the human genome reference from UCSC (hg19/GRCh37) utilizing the BWA (Burrows‐Wheeler Alignment) tool. Variants calling was carried out as previously (McKenna et al., 2010). Variants located in exons and adjacent splicing regions were chosen for further annotation. Candidate variants were screened according to the following criteria: (1) the minor allele frequency (MAF) of the variant was lower than 0.1% in public databases including 1000 Genomes (http://www.1000genomes.org/variation‐pattern‐finder), Exome Aggregation Consortium (ExAC, http://exac.broadinstitute.org) and Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD); (2) the variant wasn't synonymous; (3) the variant was related to phenotype based on previous studies or animal models.

2.4. Sanger sequencing

The potential pathogenic variant identified by whole exome sequencing was confirmed in the proband and other family members except I‐1 and I‐2 whose DNA samples were unavailable by Sanger sequencing. Validation of the variant in 100 healthy controls was also performed. Primers used for Sanger sequencing were designed on Primer3 (version 0.4.0) and listed as follows: Forward primer 5’‐CCTCCTTGCCTAGGGAATCT‐3′; Reversed primer 5’‐CACTCACCTGCCTTGACTGA‐3′. The reference sequence NM_000124.4 of ERCC6 was used and raw sequence data were analyzed with Lasergene DNA Star (Madison. WI, USA).

2.5. In silico and pathogenicity analysis on identified variant

The ClustalW2 program was utilized to evaluate the conservation of amino acid residue where the identified variant occurred on ERCC6 protein amongst species. To analyze the effect of variant amino acid residue on the three‐dimensional structure of the protein, the wild type and mutant protein structures were modelled in the Swiss PDB viewer based on the credible template structure obtained by SWISS‐MODEL (https://swissmodel.expasy.org). SIFT (http://sift.jcvi.org/), Polyphen2 (http://genetics.bwh.harvard.edu/pph2/), PROVEAN (http://provean.jcvi.org/index.php) and Mutation Taster (http://www.mutationtaster.org) were used to predict the effect of the identified variant on ERCC6 protein function. We finally categorized the identified variant into pathogenic, likely pathogenic, uncertain significance (VUS), likely benign, and benign groups according to the guideline of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) (Richards et al., 2015).

2.6. Review of ERCC6 variants in the aetiology of POI

We conducted an overall review of the literature that reported POI cases associated with ERCC6 variants through searching the NCBI PubMed database. The collected information was re‐analyzed and summarized.

3. RESULTS

3.1. Clinical diagnosis

A 19‐year‐old girl from a Chinese non‐consanguineous family was defined as the proband (III‐1) (Figure 1a). She had menarche at the age of 13. Menstrual irregularity began and amenorrhea was found at the age of 17. Laboratory sex hormone testing showed evaluated FSH level (>25 IU/L) on two occasions more than 4 weeks apart and extremely low AMH level (<0.01 ng/ml), indicating a loss of ovarian function (Table 1). Physical examination indicated a normal stature and weight. Her intelligence and karyotype were normal. No obvious abnormality was found in her uterus and bilateral ovaries. Histories of radiotherapy, chemotherapy and ovarian surgery were excluded. Other complications were not found. According to the diagnostic criteria of POI mentioned in the ESHER guideline, the proband was diagnosed as non‐syndromic POI. The investigation of familial members revealed that there is another female (II‐1) with POI, who suffered secondary amenorrhea and was diagnosed outside the hospital at the age of 27 years and 30 years, respectively. Other family members presented with normal phenotypes.

FIGURE 1.

FIGURE 1

Open in a new tab

Identification of a heterozygous ERCC6 variant in a Chinese family with non‐syndromic POI. (a) Pedigree of the POI family. The proband was represented with a black arrow. (b) Sanger sequencing validation of the identified heterozygous ERCC6 variant in the family. NA, DNA samples were not available; W, wild type; M, mutant. The red arrow indicated the position of the ERCC6 variant

TABLE 1.

Clinical features of the proband with non‐syndromic POI

Features First visit Second visit
Age (years) 17 years and 5 months 18 years
Menarche (years) 13 years /
Amenorrhea (years) 17 years /
FSH (IU/L) 119.32 a 176.99 a
LH (IU/L) 43.04 59.55
E2 (pmol/L) 229.41 102.76
PRL (mlU/L) 173.10 171.90
P (nmol/L) 0.89 0.6
T (nmol/L) 1.39 1.29
AMH (ng/ml) <0.01 a <0.01 a
Karyotype 46, XX /
Open in a new tab

Abbreviations: AMH, Anti‐Mullerian hormone; E2, Estradiol; FSH, Follicle‐Stimulating Hormone; LH, Luteinizing Hormone; P, Progesterone; PRL, Prolactin; T, Testosterone.

a

Abnormal results according to reference values.

3.2. Identification of a novel heterozygous ERCC6 variant

Whole‐exome sequencing was performed on the proband and her parents. Based on the filtration criteria mentioned above, a heterozygous variant, c.2444G > A (p. GLy815Asp) in ERCC6 (NM_000124.4) was identified as the potential pathogenic variant for this family. It was located in exon 13 of ERCC6 cDNA and led to a replacement of Gly by Asp at amino acid 815 in the ATPase domain of ERCC6 protein (Figure 2a,c). This variant was absent in 1000 Genomes, ExAC or gnomAD databases, indicating it's a novel variant (Table 2). Sanger sequencing suggested that the proband's father harboured the identified heterozygous variant, whilst her mother and younger sister who present normal did not carry this variant, consistent with the autosomal dominant inheritance pattern of POI caused by ERCC6 variants (Figure 1). The variant was recurrent in another family member (II‐1) with POI and was not found in 100 healthy controls, furtherly strengthening that the identified variant was highly correlated with the POI phenotype in this family.

FIGURE 2.

FIGURE 2

Open in a new tab

Analysis of the identified ERCC6 variant. (a) Schematic diagram of ERCC6 transcript NM_000124.4. Exons of ERCC6 were represented with rectangles. The blue and blank regions indicated the coding and non‐coding regions of exons, respectively. The variant lay in exon 13 of ERCC6 indicated by the red arrow. (b) Alignment of ERCC6 amino acid sequence amongst species. The variant G815D was highly conserved across different species. Sequences used were as follows: Homo sapiens, NP_000115.1; Pan troglodytes, XP_009438633.3; Bos taurus, NP_001178272.1; Mus musculus, NP_001074690.1; Rattus norvegicus, NP_001100766.1; Gallus gallus, XP_004942197.2; Danio rerio, XP_688972.2. (c) Schematic illustration of ERCC6 protein. The yellow and blue rectangles represented ATPase domain and Ubiquitin‐binding domain (UBD) of ERCC6 protein (NP_000115.1), respectively. Green and grey rectangles in an ERCC6‐PGBD3 fusion protein (NP_001263988.1) represented the exons 1–5 of ERCC6 and PGBD3, respectively. Numbers refer to amino acid positions. The red and black arrows indicated the position of the ERCC6 variant identified in this study and previously reported, respectively

TABLE 2.

In silico analysis of the identified variant in ERCC6

Nucleotide changea Amino acid changeb charged change ExACc gnomADd 1000 Genomese SIFTf PolyPhen2g PROVEANh Mutation Tasteri
c.2444G > A p. G815D

None→

negatively

 0 0 0 Tolerated Probably damaging Deleterious Disease causing
Open in a new tab

Notes: Minor allele frequencies in public databases including cExAC, dgnomAD and e1000 Genomes; acDNA and bprotein reference sequences were NM_000124.4 and NP_000115.1, respectively; fSIFT, gPolyPhen2, hPROVEAN and iMutation Taster were used to predict the impact of identified variant on ERCC6 function.

3.3. In silico and pathogenetic analysis of the ERCC6 variant

Multiple sequences alignment in ClustalW2 showed that the Gly residue at 815 was strictly conserved amongst different species (Figure 2b), suggesting that Gly815 was located in a critical functional domain and variant at this locus may be harmful. Further analysis revealed that the mutant amino acid residue Asp815 was negatively charged, and had a longer side chain compared to the uncharged wild type, which may change the structure of ERCC6 protein. To clarify this, we modelled and analysed the 3D structure of ERCC6 in a Swiss PDB viewer. As results show, the mutant Asp815 was predicted to form multiple H‐bonds with adjacent Pro816 and Lys817, which was not found in wild type and may affect the folding and formation of ERCC6 protein (Figure 3). This variant was predicted to be deleterious by PolyPhen2, PROVEAN and Mutation Taster (Table 2). According to the variant interpretation guidelines of ACMG (2015), variant c.2444G > A (p. GLy815Asp) of ERCC6 was defined as likely pathogenic (PM1 + PM2 + PP1 + PP3).

FIGURE 3.

FIGURE 3

Open in a new tab

3D structure modelling of wild type and mutant ERCC6 protein. (a) In the wild type ERCC6 protein, G815 had no H‐bond with adjacent P816 and K817 residues. (c) In the mutant ERCC6 protein, the amino acid residue at 815 was supposed to form H‐bonds with P816 and K817 when substituted by Asp. (b) and (d) displayed magnification of the region within red dashed boxes in (a) and (c), respectively. The H‐bond was indicated by green dotted lines

3.4. Review of ERCC6 variants in the aetiology of POI

It's well‐known that heterozygous variants of ERCC6 are correlated with non‐syndromic POI. About 43 million years ago, the PiggyBac transposable element derived 3 (PGBD3) integrated into the intron 5 of ERCC6 and generated an evolutionally conserved fusion gene known as ERCC6‐PGBD3. As a result of alternative splicing, two products were generated. One was the original transcript encoding the full‐length ERCC6. The other one encoded a fusion protein comprised the first 5 exons of ERCC6 and the entire PGBD3 transposase (Newman et al., 2008). Here, we reviewed the PubMed database and summarized all POI cases caused by ERCC6 or ERCC6‐PGBD3 variants in the literature (Table 3; Figure 2c). Amongst the all reported variants, one was frameshift, and the others were missense, indicating that missense variants of ERCC6 were the major causes of non‐syndromic POI. The variant identified in our study further emphasized the role of missense variants of ERCC6 in the aetiology of non‐syndromic POI and expanded the variants spectrum of ERCC6.

TABLE 3.

Summary of previously reported ERCC6 variants in POI patients

ERCC6 variants (cDNA, protein) Zygosity Mutation type Age (years) Menarche (years) Amenorrhea (years) Age at diagnosis Reproductive history ACMG classification
c.2237G > A p. G746D a Het c missense 66 14 18 29 No Likely Pathogenic
c.2237G > A p. G746D Het missense 58 14 27 30 No Likely Pathogenic
c.2237G > A p. G746D Het missense 36 14 37 37 SV f :1 Likely Pathogenic
c.2237G > A p. G746D Het missense 28 13 23 28 No Likely Pathogenic
c.643G > T p. E215X a Het nonsense 25 14 24 25 No Pathogenic
c.3166G > A p. V1056I a Het missense 27 15 25 26 No Likely Pathogenic
c.1769G > T p. P590L b Het missense 35 15 29 35 No Likely Pathogenic
c.2027 T > G p. V676G a Het missense NA d – e – 20 No Likely Benign
c.1389G > T p. Q463H a Het missense NA 11 NA 29 No Uncertain Significance
c.2510G > T p. R837H b Het missense NA NA NA NA NA Likely Pathogenic
c.2444G > A p. G815D b Het missense 32 14 27 30 No Likely Pathogenic
c.2444G > A p. G815D Het missense 19 13 17 18 No Likely Pathogenic
Open in a new tab
a

Variants found in ERCC6‐PGBD3 chimeric transcript. The cDNA and protein reference sequences for them were NM_001277059.1 and NP_001263988.1, respectively;

b

Variants found in original ERCC6 transcript. Reference sequences of cDNA and protein for these variants, including the c.2444G > A reported in our study, were NM_000124.4 and NP_000115.1, respectively;

c

Het, Heterozygous;

d

NA, not available;

e

no records since this patient was primary amenorrhea;

f

SV, spontaneous vaginal birth.

4. DISCUSSION

POI refers to the disease found in women under the age of 40 and is a major threat to reproductive health. The prevalence of POI varies amongst races and populations, which is considered to be about 1% in the general population and 0.01% or less in people younger than 20 (Webber et al., 2016). Even though POI affected less in people under 20, it severely impacted the patient's quality of life and reproduction and it deserved more attention. In this study, we reported a 19‐year‐old patient with non‐syndromic POI and performed whole exome sequencing on her family. A novel heterozygous variant, c.2444G > A (p. Gly815Asp) in ERCC6 was identified to be probably responsible for the POI phenotype of this family. To our knowledge, ERCC6 variants were seldom diagnosed in adolescents, and the patient we reported was the youngest ever in POI cases associated with ERCC6 variants (Table 3), which broadened our understanding of POI and provided help for the clinical diagnosis of POI patients.

ERCC6, also known as Cockayne syndrome (CSB) protein, consists of 1493 amino acids. The functional regions of ERCC6 protein including the ATPase domain, ubiquitin‐binding domain (UBD) and winged helix domain (WHD) make it critical to DNA excision repair (Batenburg et al., 2017). Genetic variants in ERCC6 have been found to be in connection with multiple human diseases. In the early time, homozygous or compound heterozygous variants in ECRR6 have been widely known to cause Cockayne syndrome and UV‐sensitive syndrome (Calmels et al., 2018; Horibata et al., 2004). Additionally, other studies have reported that single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of ERCC6 was associated with the susceptibility to age‐related macular degeneration and lung cancer (Baas et al., 2010; Lin et al., 2008). As for heterozygous variants of ERCC6, they have been newly identified to cause non‐syndromic in recent studies (Qin, Guo, et al., 2015; Shen et al., 2021). Up to now, only seven variants of ERCC6 have been reported in non‐syndromic POI patients. Therefore, the detection of more ERCC6 variants not only enriched the genetic variants spectrum of POI but also furtherly emphasized the important role of DNA damage repair in ovarian function and the pathogenesis of POI. This may provide clues for future pathogenic variants screening in POI patients.

POI is highly clinical heterogenous that affected individuals often manifested variances in severity and the age of onset. The proband in our study was early onset. She presented with menopause at the age of 17. However, the other POI patient in the same family was less serious and late‐onset that her mense stopped at the age of 28. There might be intergenic interactions, and epigenetic or environmental factors that modified the clinical presentation of POI (Bouilly et al., 2016). Due to the low incidence and high heterogeneity of POI, it brings uncertainty to clinical diagnosis. Hence, genetic testing is of great significance to provide diagnostic certainty and genetic counselling. The ERCC6 variant identified in the proband was inherited from her father, who had a normal phenotype and was absent in her mother and sister who were phenotypically normal. This supported a female‐specific autosomal dominant inherence pattern of non‐syndromic POI caused by the ERCC6 variant. It is well known that homozygous or compound heterozygous variants in ERCC6 are related to Cockayne syndrome (CS), which is an autosomal recessive disease. A large collection of homozygous or compound heterozygous variants in ERCC6 have been found to cause CS (Laugel, 2013). Amongst these CS‐affected families, there existed number of women with heterozygous ERCC6 variants (Jaakkola et al., 2010). However, no POI was observed in any of these CS families. It seems that heterozygous ERCC6 variants may contribute to the aetiology of non‐syndromic POI in a dominant‐negative or gain‐of‐function manner. More efforts are needed to confirm the pathogenic mechanism in the future. Considering the patient's desire for childbearing, our findings could provide guidance for genetic counselling and fertility management.

In conclusion, we identified a novel heterozygous variant, c.2444G > A (p. Gly815Asp) of ERCC6 in a non‐syndromic POI family. The results highlighted the role of ERCC6 variants in the aetiology of POI and provided instruction for clinical diagnosis and genetic counselling.

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS

Lele Kuang and Yuping Gao designed the study, Lele Kuang analyzed the data and wrote the manuscript; Bin Liu and Di Xi collected data and reviewed the manuscript.

FUNDING INFORMATION

This work was supported by Xinhua Hospital affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine (2021XHYYJJ03).

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

None.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We are grateful for the participation of the patients in this study. We also appreciate the doctors' help on clinical examination. This work was supported by Xinhua Hospital affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine (2021XHYYJJ03).

Kuang, L. , Liu, B. , Xi, D. , & Gao, Y. (2022). A novel heterozygous ERCC6 variant identified in a Chinese family with non‐syndromic primary ovarian insufficiency. Molecular Genetics & Genomic Medicine, 10, e2040. 10.1002/mgg3.2040

REFERENCES

  1. Baas, D. C. , Despriet, D. D. , Gorgels, T. G. , Bergeron‐Sawitzke, J. , Uitterlinden, A. G. , Hofman, A. , & Bergen, A. A. (2010). The ERCC6 gene and age‐related macular degeneration. PLoS One, 5(11), e13786. 10.1371/journal.pone.0013786 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Baronchelli, S. , Conconi, D. , Panzeri, E. , Bentivegna, A. , Redaelli, S. , Lissoni, S. , & Dalpra, L. (2011). Cytogenetics of premature ovarian failure: an investigation on 269 affected women. Journal of Biomedicine & Biotechnology, 2011, 370195. 10.1155/2011/370195 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Batenburg, N. L. , Walker, J. R. , Noordermeer, S. M. , Moatti, N. , Durocher, D. , & Zhu, X. D. (2017). ATM and CDK2 control chromatin remodeler CSB to inhibit RIF1 in DSB repair pathway choice. Nature Communications, 8(1), 1921. 10.1038/s41467-017-02114-x [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Bouilly, J. , Beau, I. , Barraud, S. , Bernard, V. , Azibi, K. , Fagart, J. , & Binart, N. (2016). Identification of multiple gene mutations accounts for a new genetic architecture of primary ovarian insufficiency. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 101(12), 4541–4550. 10.1210/jc.2016-2152 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Calmels, N. , Botta, E. , Jia, N. , Fawcett, H. , Nardo, T. , Nakazawa, Y. , & Lehmann, A. R. (2018). Functional and clinical relevance of novel mutations in a large cohort of patients with Cockayne syndrome. Journal of Medical Genetics, 55(5), 329–343. 10.1136/jmedgenet-2017-104877 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Di Pasquale, E. , Rossetti, R. , Marozzi, A. , Bodega, B. , Borgato, S. , Cavallo, L. , & Persani, L. (2006). Identification of new variants of human BMP15 gene in a large cohort of women with premature ovarian failure. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 91(5), 1976–1979. 10.1210/jc.2005-2650 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Franca, M. M. , & Mendonca, B. B. (2022). Genetics of ovarian insufficiency and defects of folliculogenesis. Best Practice & Research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 36(1), 101594. 10.1016/j.beem.2021.101594 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Horibata, K. , Iwamoto, Y. , Kuraoka, I. , Jaspers, N. G. , Kurimasa, A. , Oshimura, M. , & Tanaka, K. (2004). Complete absence of Cockayne syndrome group B gene product gives rise to UV‐sensitive syndrome but not Cockayne syndrome. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101(43), 15410–15415. 10.1073/pnas.0404587101 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Jaakkola, E. , Mustonen, A. , Olsen, P. , Miettinen, S. , Savuoja, T. , Raams, A. , & Ignatius, J. (2010). ERCC6 founder mutation identified in Finnish patients with COFS syndrome. Clinical Genetics, 78(6), 541–547. 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2010.01424.x [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Jaillard, S. , Bell, K. , Akloul, L. , Walton, K. , McElreavy, K. , Stocker, W. A. , & Sinclair, A. H. (2020). New insights into the genetic basis of premature ovarian insufficiency: Novel causative variants and candidate genes revealed by genomic sequencing. Maturitas, 141, 9–19. 10.1016/j.maturitas.2020.06.004 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Jaillard, S. , Sreenivasan, R. , Beaumont, M. , Robevska, G. , Dubourg, C. , Knarston, I. M. , & Sinclair, A. H. (2020). Analysis of NR5A1 in 142 patients with premature ovarian insufficiency, diminished ovarian reserve, or unexplained infertility. Maturitas, 131, 78–86. 10.1016/j.maturitas.2019.10.011 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Jin, H. , Ahn, J. , Park, Y. , Sim, J. , Park, H. S. , Ryu, C. S. , & Kwack, K. (2020). Identification of potential causal variants for premature ovarian failure by whole exome sequencing. BMC Medical Genomics, 13(1), 159. 10.1186/s12920-020-00813-x [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Jolly, A. , Bayram, Y. , Turan, S. , Aycan, Z. , Tos, T. , Abali, Z. Y. , & Lupski, J. R. (2019). Exome sequencing of a primary ovarian insufficiency cohort reveals common molecular etiologies for a spectrum of disease. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 104(8), 3049–3067. 10.1210/jc.2019-00248 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Kalantari, H. , Madani, T. , Zari Moradi, S. , Mansouri, Z. , Almadani, N. , Gourabi, H. , & Mohseni Meybodi, A. (2013). Cytogenetic analysis of 179 Iranian women with premature ovarian failure. Gynecological Endocrinology, 29(6), 588–591. 10.3109/09513590.2013.788625 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Laugel, V. (2013). Cockayne syndrome: The expanding clinical and mutational spectrum. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development, 134(5–6), 161–170. 10.1016/j.mad.2013.02.006 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Li, L. , Feng, F. , Zhao, M. , Li, T. , Yue, W. , Ma, X. , & Yin, C. (2020). NOTCH2 variant D1853H is mutated in two non‐syndromic premature ovarian insufficiency patients from a Chinese pedigree. Journal of Ovarian Research, 13(1), 41. 10.1186/s13048-020-00645-4 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Lin, Z. , Zhang, X. , Tuo, J. , Guo, Y. , Green, B. , Chan, C. C. , & Ning, B. (2008). A variant of the Cockayne syndrome B gene ERCC6 confers risk of lung cancer. Human Mutation, 29(1), 113–122. 10.1002/humu.20610 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. McKenna, A. , Hanna, M. , Banks, E. , Sivachenko, A. , Cibulskis, K. , Kernytsky, A. , & DePristo, M. A. (2010). The genome analysis toolkit: A MapReduce framework for analyzing next‐generation DNA sequencing data. Genome Research, 20(9), 1297–1303. 10.1101/gr.107524.110 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Newman, J. C. , Bailey, A. D. , Fan, H. Y. , Pavelitz, T. , & Weiner, A. M. (2008). An abundant evolutionarily conserved CSB‐PiggyBac fusion protein expressed in Cockayne syndrome. PLoS Genetics, 4(3), e1000031. 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000031 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Qin, Y. , Guo, T. , Li, G. , Tang, T. S. , Zhao, S. , Jiao, X. , & Chen, Z. J. (2015). CSB‐PGBD3 mutations cause premature ovarian failure. PLoS Genetics, 11(7), e1005419. 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005419 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Qin, Y. , Jiao, X. , Simpson, J. L. , & Chen, Z. J. (2015). Genetics of primary ovarian insufficiency: New developments and opportunities. Human Reproduction Update, 21(6), 787–808. 10.1093/humupd/dmv036 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Richards, S. , Aziz, N. , Bale, S. , Bick, D. , Das, S. , Gastier‐Foster, J. , & Committee, A. L. Q. A. (2015). Standards and guidelines for the interpretation of sequence variants: A joint consensus recommendation of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics and the Association for Molecular Pathology. Genetics in Medicine, 17(5), 405–424. 10.1038/gim.2015.30 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Shen, J. , Qu, D. , Gao, Y. , Sun, F. , Xie, J. , Sun, X. , & Diao, F. (2021). Genetic etiologic analysis in 74 Chinese Han women with idiopathic premature ovarian insufficiency by combined molecular genetic testing. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics, 38(4), 965–978. 10.1007/s10815-021-02083-7 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Sin, Y. , Tanaka, K. , & Saijo, M. (2016). The C‐terminal region and SUMOylation of cockayne syndrome group B protein play critical roles in transcription‐coupled nucleotide excision repair. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 291(3), 1387–1397. 10.1074/jbc.M115.683235 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Wang, Y. , Chen, Q. , Zhang, F. , Yang, X. , Shang, L. , Ren, S. , & Zhang, X. (2022). Whole exome sequencing identified a rare WT1 loss‐of‐function variant in a non‐syndromic POI patient. Molecular Genetics & Genomic Medicine, 10(1), e1820. 10.1002/mgg3.1820 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Webber, L. , Davies, M. , Anderson, R. , Bartlett, J. , Braat, D. , Cartwright, B. , & Vermeulen, N. (2016). ESHRE guideline: Management of women with premature ovarian insufficiency. Human Reproduction, 31(5), 926–937. 10.1093/humrep/dew027 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Molecular Genetics & Genomic Medicine are provided here courtesy of Blackwell Publishing

RESOURCES