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Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery logoLink to Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery
. 2017 Jan;31(1):25–29. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.7507/1002-1892.201611018

全髋关节置换术治疗强直性脊柱炎累及髋关节的疗效观察

Effectiveness of total hip arthroplasty in the treatment of involved hips in patients with ankylosing spondylitis

Yong LIU 1, Junying SUN 1,*, Tao WANG 1, Xijiang ZHAO 1, Haibo YIN 1
PMCID: PMC9548039  PMID: 29798624

Abstract

Objective

To summarize the mid- to long-term effectiveness of total hip arthroplasty (THA) in the treatment of the involved hips in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS), and to investigate its influencing factors.

Methods

Between March 1999 and May 2011, 32 patients (42 hips) with AS and involved hip underwent THA. There were 26 males and 6 females with a mean age of 39 years (range, 20-78 years). The disease duration ranged from 2 to 41 years, with a median of 10 years. Metal-on-polyethylene bearings were used in 19 hips, and ceramic-on-ceramic bearings in 23 hips. The diameter of prosthetic femoral head was 36 mm in 15 hips and was 28 mm in 27 hips; and all the prostheses were fixed biologically. The Harris score, visual analogue scale (VAS) score, and total range of motion (ROM) of the hip were compared between at pre- and post-operation to evaluate the effectiveness. The DeLee zone was used for describing acetabular prosthesis, the Gruen zone for describing femoral prosthesis, and the Brooker criterion for evaluating the heterotopic ossification.

Results

Healing of incision by first intention was achieved in all patients after operation. There was no complication of anesthetic accident, infection, or neurovascular injury. Twenty-nine cases (39 hips) were followed up 5-17 years (mean, 9 years). Anterior dislocation of hip joint occurred in 2 hips of 24 hips (28 mm diameter), but did not in 15 hips (36 mm diameter). At last follow-up, the Harris score, VAS score, and the total hip ROM were significantly improved (P<0.05). The shorter the disease duration was, the higher postoperative Harris score and the greater postoperative total hip ROM would be (P<0.05); the bigger diameter of prosthetic femoral head was, the greater postoperative total hip ROM would be (P<0.05). All the acetabular components and femoral stems were well fixed at last follow-up. The osteolysis rate around the acetabular cup in the metal-on-polyethylene bearing group (50%, 9/18) was higher than that in the ceramic-on-ceramic bearing group (0, 0/21). No prosthetic loosening was observed in 2 groups. Seven hips were found to have heterotopic ossification, including 5 hips of Brooker grade I and 2 hips of Brooker grade II.

Conclusion

THA is an effective method to treat involved hips in patients with AS; especially for patients having shorter duration of the disease, THA shows better effectiveness when the bigger diameter of prosthetic femoral head and ceramic-on-ceramic bearing are used.

Keywords: Ankylosing spondylitis, total hip arthroplasty, heterotopic ossification


强直性脊柱炎(ankylosing spondylitis,AS)是一种病因不明的血清反应阴性炎症性疾病,以骶髂关节、脊柱、髋关节的炎症和融合为特征[1],约 80% 患者在 30 岁前首次发病[2]。目前,AS 的全球发病率约为 0.9%[3],其中累及髋关节者占 30%~50%,而双髋受累者高达 90%[4]。一旦髋关节受累,必将导致姿态性畸形以及功能和行走步态受损,进而引发残疾。全髋关节置换术(total hip arthroplasty,THA)是目前治疗 AS 髋关节病变的有效方法,该方法能有效缓解疼痛,重建髋关节功能[1, 5-6]。然而,AS 患者常因畸形、强直严重、异位骨化率高以及大多为年轻患者等特征,致使 THA 较其他终末期髋关节疾病手术有所不同,手术难度一般较大,其中手术时机、假体头直径以及摩擦界面材质等的选择被认为与术后疗效密切相关[7-11],因此也成为该研究领域的热点。现回顾分析 1999 年 3 月—2011 年 5 月,我们采用 THA 治疗的 32 例(42 髋)AS 累及髋关节患者临床资料,旨在阐明 THA 治疗 AS 累及髋关节的疗效,以及手术时机、假体头直径及摩擦界面材质等对疗效的可能影响。报告如下。

1. 临床资料

1.1. 一般资料

本组男 26 例(35 髋),女 6 例(7 髋);年龄 20~78 岁,平均 39 岁。病程 2~41 年,中位病程 10 年。单髋 22 例(左髋 11 例,右髋 11 例),双髋 10 例。本组患者 AS 均符合 1984 年修订的纽约诊断标准[12]。临床表现:患者髋关节均有疼痛伴活动受限;其中 11 例(12 髋)呈固定性屈曲畸形,8 例伴脊椎固定性屈曲畸形。术前 X 线片均显示髋关节间隙呈均匀性狭窄或消失,伴不同程度骨破坏[13-14]。6 例患者术前生活不能自理,需长期卧床或使用轮椅。4 例术前腰部疼痛;3 例因脊柱后凸及髋关节屈曲畸形严重,导致平视困难。

1.2. 手术方法

患者于全麻(23 例)或持续硬膜外麻醉(9 例)下取侧卧位,采用改良 Hardinge 入路,沿股骨大转子逐层切开显露关节。先试行脱位,如出现脱位困难(本组 29 髋),则首选股骨颈基底截骨,再沿股骨颈向髋臼侧磨矬髋臼;如脱位顺利(本组 13 髋),则按常规行股骨颈截骨。选择外展 40~45°、前倾 10~15° 位植入髋臼杯和内衬。然后行股骨侧髓腔扩髓,选择前倾 15° 位植入股骨柄假体,安装试件,试复位,测量下肢长度,同时伸-屈、内收-外展以及内旋-外旋活动髋关节,以评估髋关节稳定性。观察髋关节周围软组织是否存在挛缩,满意后更换正式假体植入固定。13 例(16 髋)因存在软组织挛缩需行软组织松解,其中 8 例(10 髋)行内收肌松解,5 例(6 髋)行髂腰肌松解。最后冲洗伤口、置入负压引流管、逐层缝合,敷料加压包扎。本组假体摩擦界面采用金属-聚乙烯者 19 髋,陶瓷-陶瓷者 23 髋;其中股骨头假体采用 36 mm 直径者 15 髋,余 27 髋均采用 28 mm 直径股骨头假体;全部假体均采用生物学固定。在双侧病变患者中,采用一期双侧手术者 7 例,分期手术者 3 例(间隔时间 2~8 个月)。

1.3. 围手术期处理

术前 30~60 min 预防性使用抗生素,术后继续使用 24 h;术后 48 h 内拔除引流管。20 例术前 2 年内有服用激素史者,术中及术后 5 d 内适当少量补充激素[13]。置患肢于外展中立位,在医生指导下行双下肢静力性肌肉收缩功能锻炼,主动练习踝关节屈伸活动。术后第 2 天即可进行适度髋关节的主、被动功能活动,术后第 4 天扶双拐或助行器下地行走,6 周~3 个月后弃拐行走。部分髋关节骨性强直病程较长(病程 >12 年)者,因肌肉长期废用性萎缩或已呈纤维化改变,需延长扶拐行走时间达半年至1 年以上,至肌力恢复能满足髋关节稳定行走为止。

1.4. 疗效评定标准

1.4.1 临床评定标准 手术前后测量并记录患者髋关节总活动度(屈-伸、内收-外展、内旋-外旋活动度总和),髋关节功能采用 Harris 评分[15]、疼痛程度采用疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)[16]评价。根据使用股骨头假体直径大小将患者分为 28 mm 直径组和 36 mm 直径组,根据病程长短将患者分为病程≤6 年、病程 6~12 年及病程 >12 年组,分别比较各组 Harris 评分及髋关节总活动度。

1.4.2 影像学评定标准 髋臼侧假体的影像学描述采用 DeLee 分区[17],根据 X 线片测量,如臼杯假体显示有垂直方向、内侧和/或外侧移位改变 >2 mm,或正侧位 X 线片上显示有连续放射学透亮线 >2 mm者定义为臼杯松动[18]。对股骨侧假体的影像学描述采用 Gruen 分区[19] ,股骨柄假体的生物学固定采用 Engh 标准评定[20]。异位骨化程度采用 Brooker 标准[21]进行评定。

1.5. 统计学方法

采用 SPSS22.0 统计软件进行分析。数据以均数 ± 标准差表示,多组间比较采用单因素方差分析,多组间两两比较采用 Bonferroni 法检验;两组间比较采用独立样本 t 检验或配对 t 检验;检验水准 α=0.05。

2. 结果

2.1. 临床疗效

术后患者切口均Ⅰ期愈合,无麻醉意外、感染及神经、血管损伤等并发症发生。术中出现股骨小转子劈裂骨折 1 例(1 髋),经钢丝捆扎固定后愈合。术后 29 例(39 髋,包括 28 mm 直径组 24 髋、36 mm 直径组 15 髋)获随访,随访时间 5~17 年,平均 9 年。术后 28 mm 直径组发生髋关节前脱位2 例(2 髋),经闭合复位髋“人”字石膏固定 6 周后治愈;36 mm 直径组无脱位发生。末次随访时,4 例术前腰部疼痛者获不同程度缓解;3 例术前平视困难者术后显著改善,可正常平视前方。患者生活均可自理,并可从事轻度体力劳动。髋关节疼痛彻底缓解 33 髋(85%),行走时仍感轻度疼痛 6 髋(15%)。末次随访时所有患者 VAS 评分、Harris 评分及髋关节总活动度均较术前显著改善,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表 1。其中病程越短,术后 Harris 评分越高、髋关节总活动度越大,各病程组间比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。股骨头假体直径越大,术后髋关节总活动度越大,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);末次随访时 36 mm 直径组 Harris 评分高于 28 mm 直径组,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表 23

表 1.

Comparisons of VAS score, Harris score, and total hip ROM between at pre- and post-operation(n=39, Inline graphic

患者手术前后 VAS 评分、Harris 评分及髋关节总活动度比较(n=39,Inline graphic

时间
Time
VAS 评分
VAS score
Harris 评分
Harris score
髋关节总活动度(°)
Total hip ROM(°)
术前
Preoperative
7.05±1.34 28.33±11.17 33.49±17.92
末次随访
Last follow-up
0.26±0.64 89.13± 3.92 215.10±33.07
统计值
Statistic
t=30.335
P= 0.000
t=–41.371
P= 0.000
t=–43.431
P= 0.000

表 2.

Comparison of Harris score and total hip ROM between patients hawing different disease duration at pre- and postoperation(Inline graphic

各病程组患者手术前后 Harris 评分及髋关节总活动度比较(Inline graphic

病程
Disease duration
髋数
n
Harris 评分
Harris score
髋关节总活动度(°)
Total hip ROM(°)
术前
Preoperative
末次随访
Last follow-up
统计值
Statistic
术前
Preoperative
末次随访
Last follow-up
统计值
Statistic
*与病程≤6 年组比较 P<0.05,#与病程 6~12 年组比较 P<0.05
* Compared with patients having≤6 years disease duration, P<0.05; #compared with patients having 6-12 years disease duration, P<0.05
≤6 年
≤6 years
12 38.50±9.06# 93.50±1.98# t=–21.229
P= 0.000
52.67±13.11# 242.67±18.18# t=–29.467
P= 0.000
6~12 年
6-12 years
14 27.86±8.59* 88.71±2.33* t=–26.613
P= 0.000
33.93± 7.00* 216.71±25.72* t=–25.551
P= 0.000
> 12 年
>12 years
13 19.46±7.13*# 85.54±2.44*# t=–33.779
P= 0.000
15.31± 8.98*# 187.92±29.68*# t=–22.481
P= 0.000
统计值
Statistic
F=16.506
P= 0.000
F=38.830
P= 0.000
F=44.884
P= 0.000
F=14.805
P= 0.000

表 3.

Comparison of Harris score and total hip ROM between patients receiving 28 mm and 36 mm prosthesis at pre- and post-operation(Inline graphic

不同股骨头假体直径组患者手术前后 Harris 评分及髋关节总活动度比较(Inline graphic

股骨头假体直径
Prosthetic femoral head size
髋数
n
Harris评分
Harris score
髋关节总活动度(°)
Total hip ROM(°)
术前
Preoperative
末次随访
Last follow-up
统计值
Statistic
术前
Preoperative
末次随访
Last follow-up
统计值
Statistic
28 mm 24 27.83±11.69 88.71±3.87 t=–32.301
P= 0.000
33.38±20.35 202.92±32.53 t=–34.974
P= 0.000
36 mm 15 29.13±10.63 89.80±4.04 t=–24.973
P= 0.000
33.67±13.84 234.60±23.84 t=–46.947
P= 0.000
统计值
Statistic
t=–0.350
P= 0.729
t=–0.843
P= 0.405
t=–0.049
P= 0.961
t=–3.258
P= 0.020

2.2. 影像学评价

术后 X 线片示,股骨柄假体均获中立位或外翻位固定;髋臼杯外展角为 31~51°、平均 41°,前倾角为 7~19°、平均 14°。术后 6 个月 X 线片示,所有患者假体均获骨性生物学固定。末次随访时臼杯和股骨柄假体均固定良好,未见松动、移位及下沉。但假体摩擦界面采用金属-聚乙烯的 18 髋中,臼杯周围显示有广泛性骨溶解者 9 髋(50%),但假体尚无松动;采用陶瓷-陶瓷的 21 髋中无任何骨破坏和假体松动征象。7 侧髋关节出现异位骨化,其中 BrookerⅠ级 5 髋,Ⅱ级 2 髋。见图 13

图 1.

图 1

X-ray films of a 32-year-old female patient with AS involving bilateral hips who underwent bilateral THA (metal-on-polyethylene bearings) at the same time a. Preoperative anteroposterior radiograph, showing bilateral hip joint space disappearing; b, c. Anteroposterior and lateral radiographs at 10 years after operation, showing no loosening, but extensive osteolysis (arrow) around the acetabular prostheses and heterotopic ossification (Brooker grade II) around the two hips

患者,女,32 岁,AS 累及双髋,同期行双侧 THA(采用金属-聚乙烯假体摩擦界面)X 线片 a. 术前双髋正位片示双侧髋关节间隙消失; b、c. 术后 10 年双髋正侧位片示假体无松动,但见臼杯周围有广泛性骨溶解(箭头)及双髋 BrookerⅡ级异位骨化

图 3.

图 3

X-ray films of a 49-year-old male patient with AS involving bilateral hips who underwent bilateral THA (36 mm prosthetic femoral head) at the same time a. Preoperative anteroposterior radiograph, showing bilateral hip joint space disappearing; b, c. Anteroposterior and lateral radiographs at 5 years after operation, showing good position of the prosthesis, no loosening or osteolysis

患者,男,49 岁,AS 累及双髋,同期行双侧 THA(36 mm 直径股骨头假体)X 线片 a. 术前双髋正位片示双侧髋关节间隙消失; b、c. 术后 5 年双髋正侧位片示假体位置良好,未见骨溶解及假体松动

图 2.

图 2

X-ray films of a 46-year-old male patient with AS involving bilateral hips who underwent bilateral THA (ceramic-on-ceramic bearings) at the same time a. Preoperative anteroposterior radiograph, showing bilateral hip joint space narrowing; b, c. Anteroposterior and lateral radiographs at 10 years after operation, showing no osteolysis and loosening

患者,男,46 岁,AS 累及双髋,同期行双侧 THA(采用陶瓷-陶瓷假体摩擦界面)X 线片 a. 术前双髋正位片示双侧髋关节间隙狭窄; b、c. 术后 10 年双髋正侧位片未见骨溶解和假体松动

3. 讨论

3.1. THA 治疗 AS 的总体疗效

国内外学者普遍认为,采用 THA 治疗 AS 髋关节受累患者的显著疗效之一是缓解髋关节疼痛,一些文献也相继报道了疼痛缓解率,达 89%~100%[22-24]。本研究中,39 侧髋关节 VAS 评分均由术前(7.05±1.34)分改善至末次随访时的(0.26±0.64)分,再次表明采用 THA 手术治疗 AS 患者可显著缓解髋关节疼痛。此外,部分或完全恢复髋关节的活动幅度,矫正髋关节的姿态性畸形,是 THA 手术使 AS 患者获得髋关节功能恢复的又一关键。相关报道也证实了这一疗效,如 Amstutz 等[25]报道 16 例患者平均被动屈曲范围从术前屈曲挛缩 7.5° 恢复至术后 78°;Ye 等[26]报道 15 例(30 髋)平均随访 29.3 个月,髋关节总活动度由术前(78.73±14.53)°提高到术后(209.73±16.19)°;史占军等[27]报道 17 例(34 髋)髋关节总活动度从术前 0° 恢复至术后平均 150°(105~230°)。本组 39 髋髋关节总活动度从术前(33.49±17.92)°恢复至末次随访时的(215.10±33.07)°。因此,THA 手术确实能显著恢复 AS 患者的髋关节活动度,进而改善髋关节总体功能。

3.2. 影响 AS 疗效的可能因素

虽然采用 THA 治疗 AS 髋关节受累者可获得满意的临床疗效,但以下因素可能对恢复速度和满意度构成影响。

3.2.1 术前病程 Bisla 等[7]报道骨性强直者术后伸屈活动度恢复至 47.5°,纤维性强直者恢复至 81°,而术前无强直、仅表现部分活动受限者则恢复至 96°。本研究也显示术前病程越短,髋关节受累越轻,则术后恢复越快,恢复也越满意;反之,术前病程越长,髋关节受累越严重(骨性或纤维性强直)者,则术后恢复越慢,恢复满意度相对较差。我们认为这是由于 AS 患者病程越长,则髋关节挛缩畸形、强直(骨性或纤维性)以及肌肉废用性萎缩甚至纤维化越严重,必然导致手术难度和手术创伤增大,手术出血增多,手术时间延长,这些因素均直接影响术后恢复速度和满意度;同时,肌肉的废用性萎缩也极易导致术后主动康复锻炼难度显著增大。

3.2.2 股骨头假体直径 文献报道 AS 患者因脊柱后凸畸形、骨盆后倾等因素,易导致 THA 术后假体脱位率高(5.52%)[6];而运用大直径股骨头假体可增加髋关节稳定性,降低脱位风险[8]。本研究中小直径(28 mm)股骨头假体组 24 髋中发生前脱位2 例,发生率高达 8.3%;而大直径(36 mm)股骨头假体组 15 髋中无脱位发生。此外,大直径股骨头假体组患者术后髋关节总活动度[(234.60±23.84)°]也显著优于小直径股骨头假体组 [(202.92±32.53)°]。表明 AS 患者如采用大直径股骨头假体将有利于增加活动幅度,降低脱位率。

3.2.3 摩擦界面材质 由于 AS 患者多较年轻,且活动量大,而传统金属-聚乙烯全髋假体的远期疗效又不理想[9],致使 AS 患者因顾虑远期疗效而刻意延迟 THA 手术,进而错失最佳手术时机,影响手术疗效。近年来,陶瓷-陶瓷假体因耐磨损、耐碎裂及生物相容性好,被认为能够克服传统金属-聚乙烯假体易产生磨屑性骨溶解和假体松动的缺点,进而有利于改善远期疗效,被广泛应用于临床[10]。本研究中使用了金属-聚乙烯假体和陶瓷-陶瓷假体两种摩擦界面,结果显示金属-聚乙烯组(18 髋)假体周围骨溶解率高达 50%,而陶瓷-陶瓷组 21 髋无骨溶解发生。D’Antonio 等[11]在对金属-聚乙烯假体和陶瓷-陶瓷假体行 THA 的比较研究中发现,金属-聚乙烯组中有 26% 发生骨溶解,而陶瓷-陶瓷组中无 1 例出现骨溶解现象。因此,采用陶瓷-陶瓷全髋假体应用于年轻且活动量大的 AS 患者,能够有效改善远期疗效,提高假体生存率。

3.3. 异位骨化

国外文献报道 AS 患者行 THA 治疗术后的异位骨化发生率高达 40%~76%[14, 28],而本组在未使用非甾体类抗炎药、放疗等预防性治疗的前提下,发生率仅为 17.9%,显著低于文献报道。异位骨化并发症的严重度常有不同,严重者常极易损害关节活动功能,影响术后满意度。本组虽有 7 髋发生异位骨化,但均不严重,仅为 Brooker Ⅰ、Ⅱ级,故对髋关节活动功能不构成损害。我们分析本组异位骨化发生率低且不严重的原因,认为可能与术中注重避免不必要的解剖剥离,降低手术创伤、缩短手术时间[29]、术中反复冲洗以彻底去除易导致异位骨化的残留骨碎屑和可能的成骨因子,以及本组患者均无髋关节手术史[30]等因素有关。

综上述,我们认为在符合手术指征的前提下,应尽可能早地施行 THA,并采用大直径股骨头陶瓷-陶瓷全髋假体手术,是 AS 患者获得理想疗效的关键。由于本研究属回顾性研究、中远期随访且样本量不大,研究结果可能出现偏倚,最终结论仍需进一步跟踪研究。

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Articles from Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery are provided here courtesy of Sichuan University

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