Abstract
目的
探讨采用前路微创入路髋关节置换术的早期疗效。
方法
回顾分析 2014 年 1 月—8 月采用前侧微创入路髋关节置换术治疗的 48 例(60 髋)患者临床资料(A 组),并与同期采用后外侧入路髋关节置换术的 72 例(92 髋)患者(B 组)进行比较。两组患者性别、年龄、病因、病程及术前疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)、Harris 评分系统(Harris hip score,HHS)、髋关节屈伸活动度等一般资料比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。记录并比较两组患者手术时间、术中出血量、术后引流量、住院时间、切口愈合及并发症发生情况。术后根据 X 线片测量髋关节假体髋臼外展角、前倾角,并评价是否存在假体松动等迹象;采用 VAS、HHS 评分及髋关节屈伸活动度评价髋关节功能。
结果
A 组患者手术时间、术中出血量显著高于 B 组,住院时间少于 B 组(P<0.05);两组术后引流量比较差异无统计学意义(t=0.71,P=0.46)。两组患者均获随访,A 组随访时间 2~2.5 年,平均 2.2 年;B 组随访时间 2~2.5 年,平均 2.1 年。A 组 3 例患者出现股外侧皮神经牵拉损伤,1 例术后出现切口红肿渗液,其余伤口均Ⅰ期愈合;B 组未出现神经损伤,所有伤口Ⅰ期愈合。A 组 1 例患者于术后 2 个月出现假体周围感染,予以早期清创灌洗+万古霉素抗感染治疗 1 个月后感染逐渐控制;B组未见假体周围感染发生。复查 X 线片示两组假体位置均良好,假体周围无明显透亮带,未见明显假体松动迹象发生。末次随访时两组髋臼外展角及髋臼前倾角比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。A、B 组术后 3 个月及末次随访时的VAS、HHS评分及髋关节屈伸活动度均显著优于术前(P<0.05);末次随访时与术后 3 个月比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后 3 个月 A 组各指标均显著优于 B 组(P<0.05);末次随访时 A 组髋关节屈伸活动度显著优于 B 组(P<0.05),但两组 VAS、HHS 评分比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。
结论
前侧微创入路髋关节置换术的早期疗效优良,具有创伤小、住院时间短、恢复快等优势。
Keywords: 髋关节置换术, 前侧入路, 微创
Abstract
Objective
To evaluate the short-term effectiveness of minimally invasive total hip arthroplasty (THA) by direct anterior approach (DAA).
Methods
Between January and August 2014, THA was performed on 48 patients (60 hips) by DAA (group A), and on 72 patients (92 hips) by posterolateral approach (group B). There was no significant difference in gender, age, etiology, course, and preoperative visual analogue scale (VAS), Harris hip score (HHS), and hip range of motion (ROM) between 2 groups (P>0.05). The operation time, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative drainage, hospitalization time, incision healing, and complications were recorded and compared. The acetabular abduction and anteversion were measured on the X-ray films; prosthesis loosening was observed. The VAS score, HHS score, and hip ROM were used to evaluate the hip function.
Results
The operation time and intraoperative blood loss of group A were significantly higher than those of group B, and the hospitalization time was significantly lower than group B (P<0.05), but no significant difference was found in postoperative drainage between 2 groups (t=0.71, P=0.46). The patients were followed up 2-2.5 years (mean, 2.2 years) in group A, and 2-2.5 years (mean, 2.1 years) in group B. In group A, 3 cases had lateral femoral cutaneous nerve traction injury and 1 case had swelling and exudate, and primary healing of incision was obtained in the other cases of group A and all cases of group B. No periprosthetic joint infection occurred in the others of groups A and B except 1 case of group A at 2 months after operation, and infection was controlled after debridement, irrigation, and intravenous infusion of Vancomycin for 1 month. The X-ray films showed good position of prosthesis and no obvious radiolucent line or prosthesis loosening. There was no significant differences in acetabular abduction and anteversion between groups A and B at last follow-up (P>0.05). The VAS score, HHS score, and hip ROM at 3 months and last follow-up were significantly better than preoperative ones in 2 groups (P<0.05), but no significant difference was found between at 3 months and last follow-up (P>0.05). The VAS score, HHS score, and hip ROM in group A were significantly better than those in group B at 3 months postoperatively (P<0.05). At last follow-up, the hip ROM in group A was significantly better than that in group B (P<0.05), and there was no significant difference in VAS and HHS scores between group A and group B (P>0.05).
Conclusion
The short-term effectiveness of minimally invasive THA by DAA is satisfactory, with the advantage of little trauma, short hospital stay, and rapid postoperative recovery.
Keywords: Total hip arthroplasty, direct anterior approach, minimal invasion
全髋关节置换术的手术入路有后外侧入路、外侧入路、前侧入路等。良好的髋关节暴露有利于全髋关节置换术的顺利实施;但在增大髋关节骨质结构暴露的同时,也会加重髋周软组织损伤,导致术中出血过多、髋周肌肉乏力、术后假体稳定性降低等不良反应。如何在保证良好暴露的前提下尽量减少软组织损伤,是髋关节置换术需要考虑的问题。前侧微创入路经阔筋膜张肌和股直肌间隙暴露髋关节,无需切断髋周肌肉组织,对软组织损伤相对较小;髋外展肌群结构的完整性加强了关节术后假体稳定性,患者可早期下床活动,有利于减少术后并发症的发生[1-2]。同时,术中仰卧体位有利于提高假体位置安放的准确性,术后假体脱位发生率相对较低,是一种安全、有效、可靠的手术入路[3-4]。但也有研究指出前侧入路存在术野暴露困难、手术时间更长、出血量更多等缺点[5-6]。为此,我们回顾性分析了 2014 年 1 月— 8 月,采用前侧微创入路髋关节置换术的患者临床资料,并与同期采用后外侧入路髋关节置换术的患者进行比较,探讨前路微创手术的早期手术疗效,为该术式的进一步临床应用奠定基础。报告如下。
1. 临床资料
1.1. 患者选择标准
纳入标准:① 髋关节活动度良好;② 髋周无明显骨质畸形或骨缺损;③ 体型瘦长,局部肌肉不过于发达;④ 患者同意行前路微创入路手术。排除标准:① 既往髋关节有内植物存留;② Crowe Ⅳ型髋臼发育不良;③ 髋关节严重畸形或骨缺损。2014 年 1 月— 8 月共 120 例(152 髋)符合选择标准纳入研究,其中 48 例(60 髋)行前侧微创入路髋关节置换术(A 组),72 例(92 髋)行后外侧入路髋关节置换术(B 组)。
1.2. 一般资料
A 组:男 18 例,女 30 例;年龄 25~70 岁,平均 55.8 岁。左侧 20 例,右侧 16 例,双侧 12 例。包括股骨头无菌性坏死 25 例,原发性骨关节炎 14 例,股骨颈骨折 6 例,发育性髋臼发育不良 3 例(CroweⅠ型 2 例,Ⅱ 型 1 例)。病程 1~30 年,平均 4.5 年。
B 组:男 34 例,女 38 例;年龄 19~87 岁,平均 65.4 岁。左侧 28 例,右侧 24 例,双侧 20 例。包括股骨头无菌性坏死 36 例,原发性骨关节炎 16 例,股骨颈骨折 10 例,发育性髋臼发育不良 10 例(CroweⅠ 型 7 例,Ⅱ 型 3 例)。病程 1~35 年,平均 5.3 年。
两组患者性别、年龄、病因、病程及术前疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)、Harris 评分系统(harris hip score,HHS)、髋关节屈伸活动度等一般资料比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。见表 1~3。
表 1.
Comparison of VAS score between 2 groups at pre- and post-operation(
)
两组患者手术前后 VAS 评分比较(
)
| 组别 Group |
例数 n |
术前 Preoperative |
术后 3 个月 Three months after operation |
末次随访 Last follow-up |
统计值 Statistic |
|
*与术前比较 P<0.05,#与术后 3 个月比较 P<0.05 * Compared with preoperative value, P<0.05; #compared with the value at 3 months after operation, P<0.05 | |||||
| A | 48 | 6.9±1.5# | 1.2±0.8* | 1.0±0.6* |
F=287.62 P= 0.00 |
| B | 72 | 7.1±1.6# | 1.6±1.0* | 1.1±0.7* |
F=305.31 P= 0.00 |
| 统计值 Statistic |
t=0.56 P=0.58 |
t=2.05 P=0.04 |
t=0.35 P=0.64 |
||
表 3.
Comparison of hip ROM between 2 groups at pre- and post-operation(°,
)
两组患者手术前后髋关节屈伸活动度比较(°,
)
| 组别 Group |
例数 n |
术前 Preoperative |
术后 3 个月 Three months after operation |
末次随访 Last follow-up |
统计值 Statistic |
|
*与术前比较 P<0.05,#与术后 3 个月比较 P<0.05 * Compared with preoperative value, P<0.05; #compared with the value at 3 months after operation, P<0.05 | |||||
| A | 48 | 82.4±15.5# | 115.6±10.8* | 118.3± 9.6* |
F=158.48 P= 0.00 |
| B | 72 | 79.8±18.3# | 95.4±12.4* | 105.3±12.6* |
F=148.65 P= 0.00 |
| 统计值 Statistic |
t=0.73 P=0.45 |
t=2.15 P=0.03 |
t=2.31 P=0.03 |
||
表 2.
Comparison of HHS score between 2 groups at pre- and post-operation(
)
两组患者手术前后 HHS 评分比较(
)
| 组别 Group |
例数 n |
术前 Preoperative |
术后 3 个月 Three months after operation |
末次随访 Last follow-up |
统计值 Statistic |
|
*与术前比较 P<0.05,#与术后 3 个月比较 P<0.05 * Compared with preoperative value, P<0.05; #compared with the value at 3 months after operation, P<0.05 | |||||
| A | 48 | 42.5±15.8# | 89.6±8.7* | 90.5±7.9* |
F=227.81 P= 0.00 |
| B | 72 | 39.4±17.9# | 83.4±7.9* | 89.1±6.5* |
F=258.70 P= 0.00 |
| 统计值 Statistic |
t=0.84 P=0.40 |
t=1.99 P=0.04 |
t=0.30 P=0.68 |
||
1.3. 手术方法
A 组:患者于全麻下取仰卧位,髋关节前方取长约 10 cm 手术切口,逐层切开皮肤、皮下组织,其中前方纵行切口 45 髋,沿腹股沟方向的比基尼切口 15 髋。保护并牵开股外侧皮神经,暴露阔筋膜张肌和股直肌间隙,结扎旋股外侧动脉,用拉钩将股直肌向内牵开,阔筋膜张肌向外牵开。暴露并倒“T”型切开前方关节囊,部分松解关节周围软组织。于小转子上方 1 cm处行 45°股骨颈截骨后,取出股骨头,清理髋臼周围骨赘、盂唇及关节囊。于外展 40~45°、前倾 15~20°条件下,髋臼锉磨锉直至髋臼内表面广泛渗血,试模满意后植入髋臼外杯,必要时用螺钉加强固定,并安装相应髋臼内衬。再将手术床下半部分下调 30°,患肢股骨外旋内收,并将患侧膝关节屈曲 20°后置于对侧肢体下方。松解股骨近端周围软组织后,拉钩向上提拉显露股骨近端。用带双偏心距的髓腔锉扩髓,试模满意后植入股骨柄假体。股骨头试模后检查髋关节活动度、稳定性及双下肢长度。满意后植入选择好的人工股骨头,复位髋关节。透视满意后,冲洗伤口并留置负压引流管,依次缝合关节囊、阔筋膜张肌、皮下组织及皮肤。本组均采用美国强生公司假体,股骨侧为 TRI-LOCK 微孔涂层短柄假体+陶瓷头,髋臼侧为 Pinnacle Gription 涂层。
B 组:患者于全麻下取健侧卧位,患侧髋关节后外侧取长约 10 cm 手术切口,依次切开各层暴露髋关节。先行股骨侧截骨后取出股骨头,再清理髋臼后磨锉至广泛渗血,然后安装髋臼假体,再安装股骨侧假体,术中假体安放位置同 A 组。透视满意后依次缝合各层。
1.4. 术后处理及随访指标
两组患者术后常规给予头孢唑磷预防感染治疗 2 d,口服利伐沙班抗凝治疗至术后 35 d。术后第 2 天拔出引流管后,开始扶拐下地活动,术后 1 个月完全负重。
记录两组患者手术时间、术中出血量、术后引流量、住院时间、切口愈合及并发症发生情况。术后 3、6、12、24 个月定期随访,摄骨盆、患髋关节正侧位及双下肢全长 X 线片,测量髋关节假体髋臼外展角、前倾角,并评价是否存在假体松动等迹象[7]。采用 VAS、HHS 评分及髋关节屈伸活动度评价髋关节功能。
1.5. 统计学方法
采用 SPSS19.0 统计软件进行分析。数据以均数±标准差表示,组内各时间点间比较采用重复测量方差分析,两组间比较采用独立样本 t 检验;检验水准 α=0.05。
2. 结果
A 组患者手术时间、术中出血量显著高于 B 组,住院时间少于 B 组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组术后引流量比较差异无统计学意义(t=0.71,P=0.46)。见表 4。两组患者均获随访,A 组随访时间 2~2.5 年,平均 2.2 年;B 组随访时间 2~2.5 年,平均 2.1 年。A 组 3 例患者出现股外侧皮神经牵拉损伤,予以营养神经等对症支持治疗,其大腿外侧感觉麻木至术后 6 个月基本恢复正常;1 例术后出现切口红肿渗液,经伤口换药后逐渐愈合,其余伤口均 Ⅰ 期愈合;1 例于术后 2 个月出现假体周围感染,予以早期清创灌洗+万古霉素抗感染治疗 1 个月后感染逐渐控制,至末次随访时未见感染征象。B 组伤口均 Ⅰ 期愈合,未见神经损伤、假体周围感染等并发症发生。复查 X 线片示两组假体位置均良好,假体周围无明显透亮带,未见明显假体松动迹象发生。见图 1。末次随访时两组髋臼外展角及髋臼前倾角比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),见表 4。
表 4.
Comparison of perioperative indexs between 2 groups(
)
两组患者围手术期指标比较(
)
| 组别 Group |
手术时间(min) Operation time(min) |
术中出血量(mL) Intraoperative blood loss(mL) |
术后引流量(mL) Postoperative drainage(mL) |
住院时间(d) Hospitalization time(d) |
髋臼外展角(°) Acetabular abduction(°) |
髋臼前倾角(°) Acetabular anteversion(°) |
| A | 72±10 | 450±145 | 220±75 | 7.2±1.4 | 42.5±4.8 | 15.5±4.2 |
| B | 60±19 | 350± 86 | 230±96 | 8.6±1.3 | 40.4±5.9 | 18.6±4.5 |
| 统计值 Statistic |
t=2.03 P=0.04 |
t=1.95 P=0.05 |
t=0.71 P=0.46 |
t=2.22 P=0.03 |
t=1.05 P=0.34 |
t=1.66 P=0.10 |
图 1.

A 52-year-old female patient with aseptic necrosis of left femoral head in group A a. Anteroposterior X-ray film of both lower extremities before operation; b. Anteroposterior X-ray film of both lower extremities at immediate after operation; c. Incision at immediate after operation; d. Lower limb function at 3 days after operation (being able to wear shoes and socks); e. Anteroposterior X-ray film at 2 years after operation
A 组患者,女,52 岁,左侧股骨头无菌性坏死 a. 术前双下肢全长正位 X 线片; b. 术后即刻双下肢全长正位 X 线片; c. 术后即刻手术切口; d. 术后 3 d 下肢功能(可自主穿鞋袜); e. 术后 2 年 X 线片
A、B 组术后 3 个月及末次随访时的 VAS、HHS 评分及髋关节屈伸活动度均显著优于术前,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);末次随访时与术后 3 个月比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。A 组术后 3 个月各指标均显著优于 B 组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);末次随访时 A 组髋关节屈伸活动度显著优于 B 组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),但两组 VAS、HHS 评分比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表 1~3。
3. 讨论
3.1. 前侧微创入路髋关节置换术适应证
我们认为对于髋关节活动良好、无明显骨质畸形或骨缺损的患者较适合前侧微创入路。对于髋关节前方肌肉过于发达的患者术野显露相对困难,不适用于此入路[8]。此外,对于髋关节既往有手术史并有内植物留存者,前侧微创入路取出原内植物存在一定困难。
3.2. 前侧微创入路髋关节置换术优势
前侧微创入路从前方肌肉间隙进入髋关节,周围无重要血管神经,手术创伤相对较小,髋周肌群结构的完整性加强了关节术后假体稳定性,有利于早期功能锻炼,关节脱位等并发症发生率相对较低[9]。本研究中患者术后第 2 天拔出引流管后即可下床活动,并能主动完成穿鞋袜动作,住院时间相对较少,末次随访时所有患者均能完全下蹲,患肢功能均明显提升,我们认为其原因可能有以下几点:① 术中软组织损伤较轻,术后患肢疼痛减轻,患者敢于早期功能锻炼;② 由于髋周肌群结构完整,使得假体脱位发生率降低;③ 患者仰卧体位,术中更易判断髋臼外展角及前倾角,假体位置合适更加强了屈髋稳定性,同时术中更方便评估假体稳定性及软组织张力;④ 仰卧体位下双下肢同时消毒,使术者能够清晰直接比对双下肢长度差异。但此入路手术时间及术中出血量与后外侧入路相比相对较高,可能是因为此入路术中操作相对较复杂,尤其对于初学者,因此需在熟练掌握手术技巧的情况下开展此项手术。
3.3. 手术要点及注意事项
不同于后外侧髋关节入路,前侧微创入路学习曲线相对较长[10-12],尤其在手术初期,应特别注意以下几个方面:① 术前准备。患者平卧于常规手术台上,术中需将手术床下半部下调 30°以便于暴露股骨侧,患者的耻骨联合应对应于手术床下调部位,双下肢同时消毒便于术中比对双下肢长度。② 特殊器械的使用。由于前方小切口周围皮肤软组织及股骨近端的牵扯遮挡,关节暴露及假体植入均存在一定难度,各种特殊拉钩如 L 形拉钩、眼镜蛇拉钩、双棘拉钩,带弧度的假体打入器和单弯把持器等的应用有利于手术操作的顺利实施。③ 手术入路。对旋股外侧动脉予以结扎,注意股外侧皮神经的保护。④ 髋臼侧处理。于小转子上方约 1 cm 处行股骨颈截骨,过多保留股骨颈会阻挡后续操作;松解暴露髋臼后行髋臼侧磨锉,注意磨锉方向维持在前倾约 15°,外展 30~45°,必要时可行 C 臂 X 线机透视确认磨锉角度。⑤ 股骨侧处理。手术床下半部下调 30°后,将患侧膝关节屈曲约 20°置于对侧下肢下方,过度屈曲膝关节会导致阔筋膜张肌的紧张,在 J 形拉钩提拉股骨近端并维持一定张力的基础上,松解股骨侧关节囊,当松解至股骨明显弹跳即停止松解,然后利用单弯把持器行股骨侧假体植入。
3.4. 并发症
前侧微创入路髋关节置换术相关并发症发生率相对较高。既往研究认为该类手术需要较长学习曲线,在开展此手术的早期阶段,手术相关并发症发生率更高[13-14]。Yi等[15]报道8.2%患者出现术中股骨假体周围骨折,且均发生在开展此手术的早期阶段;另有研究指出初学者易造成髓腔锉或假体从股骨内穿出等并发症[16]。文献报道前路关节置换术后假体脱位发生率为 0.8%~1.5%,男性、高体质量指数、小股骨头直径等是假体脱位发生的危险因素[4, 17]。前侧入路与后外侧入路等相比假体脱位发生率相对较低,其原因可能是因髋周肌肉结构的完整性,以及前侧入路更易将假体安放于安全区域[18]。另有研究者认为前侧入路手术切口相关并发症发生率高于后侧入路(1.4% vs. 0.2%)[19],由于切口较小、皮肤限制等因素,操作不熟练者更易出现皮肤及肌肉组织挫伤。本研究中 A 组有 3 例出现股外侧皮神经牵拉损伤,可能和对神经保护意识不够、术中牵拉过度有关;1 例出现伤口延迟愈合,由于前方皮肤移动性相对较差,术中应避免过度牵拉皮肤及软组织,必要时可适当延长皮肤切口。因此,若要减少前侧微创入路髋关节置换术后相关并发症的发生率,需要相对较长的学习曲线。
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