Abstract
Background and objective
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations are often associated with non-EGFR genetic alterations, which may be a reason for the poor efficacy of EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Here we conducted this study to explore whether EGFR-TKIs combined with chemotherapy would benefit advanced lung adenocarcinoma patients with both sensitive EGFR mutation and concomitant non-EGFR genetic alterations.
Materials and methods
Cases of advanced lung adenocarcinoma with EGFR mutation combined with concomitant non-EGFR genetic alterations were retrospectively collected. And the patients were required to receive first-line EGFR-TKIs and chemotherapy combination or EGFR-TKIs monotherapy. Demographic, clinical and pathological data were collected, and the electronic imaging data were retrieved to evaluate the efficacy and time of disease progression. Survival data were obtained through face-to-face or telephone follow-up. The differences between the two groups in objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were investigated.
Results
107 patients were included, including 63 cases in the combination group and 44 cases in the monotherapy group. The ORR were 78% and 50% (P=0.003), and DCR were 97% and 77% (P=0.002), respectively. At a median follow-up of 13.7 mon, a PFS event occurred in 38.1% and 81.8% of patients in the two groups, with median PFS of 18.8 mon and 5.3 mon, respectively (P < 0.000, 1). Median OS was unreached in the combination group, and 27.8 mon in the monotherapy group (P=0.31). According to the Cox multivariate regression analysis, combination therapy was an independent prognostic factor of PFS.
Conclusion
In patients with EGFR-mutant advanced lung adenocarcinoma with concomitant non-EGFR genetic alterations, combination of TKIs and chemotherapy was significantly superior to EGFR-TKIs monotherapy, which should be the preferred treatment option.
Keywords: Lung neoplasms, EGFR mutation, Concomitant genetic alteration, Targeted therapy, Chemotherapy
Background
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide[1], and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for approximately 85% of all cases[2]. NSCLC with sensitive epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations may be susceptible to treatment with EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs), a breakthrough in lung cancer treatment this century that has opened a new chapter in the targeted therapy of solid tumors. At present, NSCLC with EGFR mutations has become the most important subtype of NSCLC. The EGFR mutation rate is as high as 51.4% in Asian patients with lung adenocarcinoma[3], making it particularly important to optimize the treatment protocol for NSCLC with EGFR mutations. Ongoing in-depth research has raised new questions about treatment of NSCLC with EGFR mutations, the most important of which is the effect of combination therapy with EGFR-TKIs and other drugs, especially chemotherapy drugs.
The clinical trial NEJ009 has shown promising results of chemotherapy combined with a first-generation EGFR-TKIs: Among patients with sensitive EGFR mutations receiving Pemetrexed/Carboplatin combined with Gefitinib, progression-free survival (PFS) is 20.9 mon, and overall survival (OS) is 50.9 mon[4], suggesting that combination therapy may be a potential new treatment protocol. However, the mechanism and the target population of combination therapy are unknown. One hypothesis is that for NSCLC patients with both EGFR mutation and concomitant non-EGFR genetic alterations, combination therapy inhibits the EGFR pathway and also counteracted the bypass activation associated with the concomitant alterations, thereby achieving better efficacy. To date, no evidence-based study is available to support this hypothesis. This study was designed to test this hypothesis.
Materials and Methods
Patients
We searched the electronic medical records of the Affiliated Cancer Hospital and the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University to include patients treated between January 2018 and May 2020 who met the following criteria: histologically confirmed lung adenocarcinoma; clinical or pathological stage Ⅳ [tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage, edition 8]; performance status (PS) score 0-2; and next-generation sequencing with biopsy specimens at initial diagnosis. Due to the retrospective nature of this analysis, we were unable to ensure any consistent testing platform or panel. The panels all included at least EGFR, anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase 1 (ROS1), Kirsten rat sarcoma virus gene (KRAS), c-Met tyrosine kinase gene (MET), rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma (RAF), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), rearranged during transfection (RET), and tumor protein 53 (TP53); sensitive EGFR mutations (exons 18-21); and at least one non-EGFR mutation. The patients had to have first-line treatment with a first- to third-generation EGFR-TKIs alone or in combination with chemotherapy, at least one evaluable lesion [per Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) 1.1], and complete imaging data.
Based on first-line treatment mode, the patients were divided into the monotherapy (targeted therapy) group and the combination therapy (targeted therapy combined with chemotherapy) group. Information such as demographics, PS score, stage (IVA, IVB), central nervous system (CNS) metastases, EGFR mutation sites, type of concomitant non-EGFR alterations, and first-line treatment protocol was collected.
Efficacy evaluation and follow-up
Imaging evaluation were performed every 6 weeks after the initial dosing, including enhanced chest and upper abdominal computed tomography (CT) and enhanced CT of any tumor site present at baseline, as well as enhanced brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with CNS metastases. Electronic imaging data were retrieved, and the efficacy was evaluated based on RECIST 1.1 to determine best response and the time of disease progression. The patients were followed up by face-to-face visit or telephone to collect their survival status. Endpoints included PFS, OS, objective response rate (ORR), and disease control rate (DCR). PFS was defined as the time from initial dosing to disease progression (per RECIST 1.1) or death. OS was defined as the time from initial dosing to death.
Statistical analysis
The chi-squared test or Fisher's exact test was performed to compare ORR and DCR between the two groups. The Kaplan-Meier method was used for survival analysis and to plot PFS and OS curves. The Log-rank test was used to analyze the differences in PFS and OS between the two groups. Cox multivariate regression analysis was performed to determine if treatment protocol was an independent prognostic factor. Factors included in the Cox regression analysis were gender, age, PS score, stage, CNS metastases, EGFR mutation sites, non-EGFR mutations, and TKIs. We used GraphPad Prism 8.0 to perform survival analysis. And all other statistical analyses were performed by SPSS v25.0.
Results
A total of 107 eligible patients were included in this study, including 63 cases in the combination group and 44 cases in the monotherapy group. Sixty-seven patients were women and 40 were men. The mean age was (58.3±12.1) years. PS score was 0-1 in all the patients except 2 patients in the monotherapy group (PS=2). EGFR mutations were all exon 19 deletion or exon 21 L858R point mutation, except for 1 rare mutation in each group (S768I and G719C).
As for concomitant alterations, 83 of 107 patients had a single mutation, including TP53 mutation (n=53), MET amplification (n=13), KRAS mutation (n=3), and other mutations [n=14; including BRAF mutation, HER2 amplification, cyclin dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) amplification, phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) mutation, discoidin domain receptor tyrosine kinase 2 (DDR2) mutation, TSC complex subunit 1 (TSC1) mutation, and phosphatidylinositol-4, 5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha (PIK3CA) mutation]. Twenty-four patients had two or more concomitant alterations, of whom 19 patients had TP53 mutation combined with other alterations [including ataxia telangiectasia-mutated gene (ATM) mutation, SMAD family member 4 (SMAD4) mutation, MET amplification, MYC proto-oncogene (MYC) amplification, APC regulator of WNT signaling pathway (APC) mutation, PIK3CA mutation, catenin beta 1 (CTNNB1) mutation, neurotrophic receptor tyrosine kinase 1 (NTRK1) rearrangement, retinoblastoma 1 (RB1) mutation, AXL receptor tyrosine kinase (AXL) mutations, ALK mutations, and CDK4 mutations]. See Table 1 for the balanced baseline characteristics between the two groups.
Table 1.
Baseline demographics and clinical characteristics
| Characteristics | Total (n=107) | Monotherapy (n=44) | Combination therapy (n=63) | P |
| ECOG: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group; PS: performance status; EGFR: epidermal growth factor receptor; TKIs: tyrosine kinase inhibitors. | ||||
| Gender (Female/Male) | 67/40 | 30/14 | 37/26 | 0.320 |
| Age (yr) | 58.3±12.1 | 59.2±12.8 | 57.7±11.7 | 0.681 |
| ECOG PS | 0.175 | |||
| 0 | 24 | 8 | 16 | |
| 1 | 81 | 34 | 47 | |
| 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | |
| Stage | 0.049 | |||
| IVA | 22 | 5 | 17 | |
| IVB | 85 | 39 | 46 | |
| EGFR mutation sites | 0.950 | |||
| Exon 19 deletion | 50 | 20 | 30 | |
| Exon 21 L858R | 55 | 23 | 32 | |
| Other | 2 | 1 | 1 | |
| Concomitant genetic alterations | 0.044 | |||
| TP53 mutation | 53 | 16 | 37 | |
| MET amplification | 13 | 10 | 3 | |
| KRAS mutation | 3 | 1 | 2 | |
| Other single mutations | 14 | 6 | 8 | |
| ≥2 mutations | 24 | 11 | 13 | |
| TKIs | 0.150 | |||
| First-generation | 102 | 40 | 62 | |
| Second-generation | 2 | 2 | 0 | |
| Third-generation | 3 | 2 | 1 | |
First-generation TKIs were used in 62 of 63 patients in the combination group and 40 of 44 patients in the monotherapy group (only a few patients received second- or third-generation TKIs)(Tab 1). Chemotherapy in the combination group: 38 patients received Pemetrexed combined platinum, 17 patients received Pemetrexed and Platinum combined Bevacizumab, 6 patients received Pemetrexed alone, and 2 patients received a non-Pemetrexed platinum-based two-drug regimen. The median number of treatment cycles was 6 (1-32).
In the combination group, 49 patients achieved partial response (PR), 12 achieved stable disease (SD), and 2 achieved progressive disease (PD). In the monotherapy group, 22 patients achieved PR, 12 had SD, and 10 had PD. The ORR was 78% in the combination group and 50% in the monotherapy group (P=0.003), and the DCR was 97% and 77% respectively (P=0.002).
The patients were followed up through August 24, 2020, with a median follow-up time of 13.7 mon. As of last follow-up, 60 patients occurred PFS events (56.1%), and the median PFS was 9.2 mon (Fig 1A). PFS events was observed in 24 patients (38.1%) in the combination group and 36 patients (81.8%) in the monotherapy group. Median PFS was 18.8 mon and 5.3 mon, respectively [hazard ratio (HR)=0.23; 95%CI: 0.13-0.41; P < 0.000, 1] (Fig 1B). Multivariate analysis showed that treatment protocol (combination therapy vs monotherapy) was an independent prognostic factor for PFS (HR=0.13; 95%CI: 0.06-0.28; P < 0.001). Gender and stage were also independent prognostic factors for PFS (Tab 2).
Figure 1.
Progression-free survival (PFS) of all enrolled patients (A) and patients of combination group or monotherapy group (B)
Table 2.
MultivariateCoxregressionanalysis of prognostic factors on PFS of all enrolled patients
| Variable | n | P | HR | 95%CI |
| CNS: central nervous system. | ||||
| Gender | 0.002 | 0.358 | 0.185-0.693 | |
| Female | 67 | |||
| Male | 40 | |||
| Age (yr) | 0.201 | 0.585 | 0.275-1.330 | |
| > 65 | 30 | |||
| ≤65 | 77 | |||
| ECOG PS | 0.133 | 0.558 | 0.260-1.193 | |
| 0 | 24 | |||
| 1-2 | 83 | |||
| Clinical stage | 0.003 | 0.404 | 0.221-0.737 | |
| IVA | 22 | |||
| IVB | 85 | |||
| CNS metastasis | 0.330 | 0.717 | 0.367-1.400 | |
| Yes | 39 | |||
| No | 68 | |||
| EGFR mutation | 0.297 | 1.393 | 0.747-2.596 | |
| Exon 19 deletion | 50 | |||
| Other | 57 | |||
| Concomitant non-EGFR mutation | 0.611 | 0.841 | 0.431-1.640 | |
| TP53 | 53 | |||
| Other | 54 | |||
| Number of concomitant non-EGFR mutations | 0.152 | 0.478 | 0.174-1.313 | |
| 1 | 83 | |||
| ≥2 | 24 | |||
| Treatment protocol | < 0.001 | 0.132 | 0.062-0.281 | |
| Combination therapy | 63 | |||
| TKIs monotherapy | 44 | |||
| Type of EGFR-TKIs | 0.182 | 0.275 | 0.041-1.831 | |
| First-generation | 102 | |||
| Other | 5 | |||
As of last follow-up, 22 patients (20.6%), including 8 patients (12.7%) in the combination group and 14 (31.8%) in the monotherapy group died, with a median OS of 28.6 mon (Fig 2A). The median OS had not been reached in the combination group, whereas the estimated median OS was 27.8 mon in the monotherapy group (HR=0.45; 95%CI: 0.19-1.05; P=0.31) (Fig 2B).
Figure 2.
Overall survival (OS) of all enrolled patients (A) and patients of combination group or monotherapy group (B)
Discussion
As soon as EGFR-TKIs became available, a series of clinical trials, such as INTACT 1[5], INTACT 2[6], TALENT[7], and TRIBUTE[8], were conducted to investigate the effect of chemotherapy alone or in combination with TKIs in non-selected patients with advanced NSCLC. However, the results from these studies were all negative. The reasons may include potential antagonism between platinum drugs and EGFR-TKIs[9] or that cell cycle-specific chemotherapy drugs are difficult to play a role because EGFR-TKIs arrest the tumor cell cycle at G1 phase[10].
Based on these hypotheses and the results from basic research, the combination strategy was largely eschewed for some time. However, in 2013, FASTACT-2, a large phase Ⅲ randomized controlled trial[11], used a combination therapy protocol known as intercalated therapy to avoid concomitant use of chemotherapy and TKIs, thereby preventing cell cycle arrest from impairing the efficacy of chemotherapy. Specifically, a group of Asian patients with advanced NSCLC received 28-day cycles of chemotherapy with Gemcitabine (days 1, 8) and Carboplatin (day 1), as well as Erlotinib on days 15-28. After up to 6 cycles of chemotherapy, oral Erlotinib was given every day until disease progression. The results showed that PFS and OS were significantly longer in the chemotherapy-combined-with-Erlotinib group than in the Erlotinib-alone group. A similar study, ISCAN[12], reached similar conclusions, although the time point for intercalated chemotherapy was slightly different.
In 2016, JMIT, a phase Ⅱ randomized controlled trial, was designed based on a different hypothesis, that platinum drugs and EGFR-TKIs are antagonistic[13]. Pemetrexed was given in combination with oral Gefitinib (daily, from day 1 of chemotherapy) without using an intercalated strategy. In addition, this was the first trial to enroll patients with advanced NSCLC and sensitive EGFR mutations. The results showed that PFS, the primary endpoint, was significantly longer in the combination group than in the Gefitinib-alone group.
In 2018, the initial results of study NEJ009[14] challenged the presumed mechanism of the clinical benefits observed in FASTACT-2 and JMIT. The trial investigated the efficacy of Gefitinib alone or in combination with chemotherapy in patients with advanced non-squamous NSCLC and sensitive EGFR mutations. The chemotherapy regimen was Pemetrexed combined with Carboplatin, a platinum-based two-drug regimen, and Gefitinib was given from day 1 of chemotherapy without a preset interval. The trial achieved the best outcomes with chemo-targeted combination therapy, as this regime extended PFS from 11.9 mon to 20.9 mon (P < 0.001) and OS from 38.8 mon to 50.9 mon (P=0.021)[4]. In 2019, an Indian single center phase Ⅲ clinical trial with a similar design to NEJ009 produced similar results[15]. Results of these trials suggest that intercalated chemotherapy with TKIs (based on the theory of TKIs-induced cell cycle arrest) or the use of non-platinum-containing chemotherapy in combination with TKIs (based on the theory of antagonism between platinum drugs and TKIs) was unwarranted. The failure of early clinical trials is likely related to a lack of precise patient selection.
During this period, researchers are also developing a more in-depth understanding of lung cancer with EGFR mutations. High-throughput technology shows that 45.0% to 89.7% of patients with EGFR mutations also harbor a concomitant non-EGFR genetic alterations, and these patients are far less responsive to EGFR-TKIs than those with pure EGFR mutations[16-18]. This may be related to the resistance that rapidly develop in association with the activation of alternate pathways, and chemotherapy combined with TKIs may prevent rapid activation of alternate pathways because the regimen does not work solely by inhibiting the EGFR pathway. Our study indirectly confirms this hypothesis: In the TKIs monotherapy group, the ORR was 50%, the median PFS was 5.3 mon, which were significant lower or shorter than the historical data of first-line EGFR-TKIs therapies. In the combination group, the ORR was 78%, the median PFS was 18.8 mon, the HR of disease progression was reduced by 77%, and the HR of death was reduced by 55%. These data indicate that the combination therapy overcomes the shortcomings of TKIs monotherapy in patients with both EGFR mutations and concomitant non-EGFR genetic alterations, which may be one of the benefit logics of chemo-targeted combination strategy. Answering questions such as whether patients with a pure EGFR mutation will benefit from the combination therapy (and if so, what is the mechanism) and the clinical benefits relative to those observed in patients with both EGFR mutations and non-EGFR alterations will facilitate the precise selection of a treatment protocol.
This study has obvious limitations due to the nature of retrospective analyses and the small sample size. For example, this study showed that approximately 25% of patients harbored two or more non-EGFR mutations in this real-world clinical setting, but according to Cox multivariate regression analysis, the number of non-EGFR mutations was not an independent prognostic factor for PFS. The number of non-EGFR mutations seen in this study may be incorrect, or it may be unbalanced due to the different testing platforms and panels used across studies, which along with the small sample size makes it impossible to draw any definitive conclusion about the relationship between the number of non-EGFR mutations and the efficacy of combination therapy.
Conclusion
The efficacy of combination therapy in patients with both EGFR and concomitant non-EGFR genetic alterations may be an important contributor to the superior efficacy of combination therapy over EGFR-TKIs monotherapy in patients with EGFR mutations in general. Combination of chemotherapy and EGFR-TKIs should be a priority treatment option for EGFR mutated patients with concomitant non-EGFR genetic alterations. However, given the nature of this retrospective analysis and the small sample size, prospective studies are needed to validate the results.
Declarations
The American Journal Experts (AJE) provided English edit. All authors declared no actual or potential conflict of interest including any financial, personal or other relationships with other people or organizations within that could inappropriately influence (bias) this article.
This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Affiliated Cancer Hospital and the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University. The approved number was 2020-329 and L2020-Y150, respectively. We confirm that all methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations.
Footnotes
Author contributions
Zhang GW and Cheng RR conceived and designed the study. Yan XT, Zhang MN, and Zhang XJ performed the research. Niu YY, Yang JP, and Wei CH analyzed the data. Ma ZY and Wang HJ provided critical inputs on design, analysis, and interpretation of the study. All the authors had access to the data. All authors read and approved the final manuscript as submitted.
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