Table 1.
Sex-specific mean values and proportions of baseline characteristics according to the perceived levels of Ikigai
| Men | Women | |||||||
| Low | Moderate | High | PTrend | Low | Moderate | High | PTrend | |
| No. at risk, n (%) | 2197 (7.4) | 12 240 (41.5) | 15 080 (51.1) | 3819 (9.1) | 20 308 (48.4) | 17 857 (42.5) | ||
| Age, years, mean (SD) | 57.4 (10.5) | 57.2 (10.1) | 56.8 (10.2) | <0.001 | 58.1 (10.8) | 57.7 (10.0) | 56.8 (9.9) | <0.001 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2, mean (SD) | 22.5 (2.9) | 22.5 (2.8) | 22.8 (2.8) | <0.001 | 23.1 (3.5) | 22.8 (3.1) | 23.1 (3.1) | <0.001 |
| Employment status, n (%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Employed | 560 (25.5) | 4658 (38.1) | 5362 (35.6) | 385 (10.1) | 2714 (13.4) | 2550 (14.3) | ||
| Self-employed | 423 (19.3) | 3860 (31.5) | 5669 (37.6) | 367 (9.6) | 3137 (15.4) | 3321 (18.6) | ||
| Part-time worker | 24 (1.1) | 267 (2.2) | 282 (1.9) | 290 (7.6) | 1987 (9.8) | 1779 (10.0) | ||
| Unemployed | 436 (19.8) | 2262 (18.5) | 1802 (11.9) | 894 (23.4) | 4364 (21.5) | 2637 (14.8) | ||
| Homemaker | 2 (0.1) | 13 (0.1) | 9 (0.1) | 685 (17.9) | 6201 (30.5) | 4908 (27.5) | ||
| Other | 752 (34.2) | 1180 (9.6) | 1956 (13) | 1198 (31.4) | 1905 (9.4) | 2662 (14.9) | ||
| Education level, n (%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| <16 years | 714 (48.0) | 4465 (39.1) | 4079 (30.2) | 1329 (49.8) | 7686 (40.7) | 4826 (30.6) | ||
| 16–18 years | 556 (37.4) | 5252 (46.0) | 6515 (48.3) | 1128 (42.3) | 9580 (50.7) | 8874 (56.3) | ||
| ≥19 years | 217 (14.6) | 1712 (15.0) | 2891 (21.4) | 210 (7.9) | 1639 (8.7) | 2052 (13.0) | ||
| Alcohol consumption, n (%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Never | 412 (19.6) | 2225 (19.0) | 2514 (17.3) | 2691 (77.2) | 14 305 (76.2) | 12 042 (72.0) | ||
| Past | 221 (10.5) | 694 (5.9) | 738 (5.1) | 97 (2.8) | 294 (1.6) | 283 (1.7) | ||
| Current | 1468 (69.9) | 8814 (75.1) | 11 264 (77.6) | 697 (20.0) | 4173 (22.2) | 4408 (26.3) | ||
| Smoking status, n (%) | 0.007 | |||||||
| Never | 413 (19.6) | 2322 (19.9) | 3153 (21.8) | 3053 (91.6) | 16 664 (93.5) | 14 943 (93.6) | ||
| Past | 507 (24.1) | 2945 (25.2) | 3627 (25.0) | 68 (2.0) | 253 (1.4) | 214 (1.3) | ||
| Current | 1186 (56.3) | 6416 (54.9) | 7708 (53.2) | 212 (6.4) | 911 (5.1) | 814 (5.1) | ||
| Marital status, n (%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Living with a spouse | 1708 (86.0) | 10 358 (93.0) | 13 424 (95.4) | 2530 (75.4) | 15 317 (83.9) | 14 081 (84.8) | ||
| Widowed | 127 (6.4) | 391 (3.5) | 368 (2.6) | 620 (18.5) | 2257 (12.4) | 2009 (12.1) | ||
| Divorced | 56 (2.8) | 182 (1.6) | 149 (1.1) | 90 (2.7) | 417 (2.3) | 344 (2.1) | ||
| Single | 95 (4.8) | 210 (1.9) | 134 (1.0) | 114 (3.4) | 276 (1.5) | 176 (1.1) | ||
| Sports activity time, n (%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Never | 1705 (81.2) | 8431 (72.5) | 9060 (62.6) | 3105 (86.6) | 14 951 (79.3) | 11 876 (70.6) | ||
| 1–2 hours/week | 213 (10.1) | 1787 (15.4) | 2807 (19.4) | 272 (7.6) | 2343 (12.4) | 2803 (16.7) | ||
| 3–4 hours/week | 108 (5.1) | 721 (6.2) | 1302 (9.0) | 129 (3.6) | 851 (4.5) | 1188 (7.1) | ||
| ≥5 hours/week | 73 (3.5) | 687 (5.9) | 1307 (9.0) | 79 (2.2) | 720 (3.8) | 956 (5.7) | ||
| Walking time, n (%) | <0.001 | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Never | 294 (18.8) | 1354 (11.6) | 1307 (9.5) | 390 (14.3) | 1852 (9.7) | 1221 (7.7) | ||
| 0.5 hours/day | 302 (19.3) | 2268 (19.4) | 2453 (17.8) | 525 (19.3) | 3444 (18.0) | 2596 (16.4) | ||
| 0.5–1 hours/day | 271 (17.3) | 2339 (20.0) | 2788 (20.3) | 558 (20.5) | 4198 (21.9) | 3249 (20.5) | ||
| ≥1 hours/day | 695 (44.5) | 5757 (49.1) | 7195 (52.4) | 1246 (45.8) | 9690 (50.5) | 8777 (55.4) | ||
| Sleep duration, hours/day, mean (SD) | 7.6 (1.3) | 7.5 (1.1) | 7.4 (1.1) | 0.009 | 7.2 (1.3) | 7.1 (1.1) | 7.1 (1.0) | 0.008 |
| Perceived mental stress, n (%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Low | 378 (17.7) | 1382 (11.4) | 3107 (20.9) | 541 (14.6) | 2319 (11.6) | 4300 (24.4) | ||
| Moderate | 1029 (48.1) | 8237 (68.2) | 8332 (55.9) | 1838 (49.8) | 13 907 (69.8) | 10 169 (57.6) | ||
| High | 733 (34.3) | 2451 (20.3) | 3458 (23.2) | 1315 (35.6) | 3699 (18.6) | 3184 (18.0) | ||
| Sense of life enjoyment, n (%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Low | 417 (19.2) | 399 (3.3) | 193 (1.3) | 775 (20.7) | 686 (3.4) | 184 (1.0) | ||
| Moderate | 965 (44.4) | 9101 (75.0) | 5612 (37.5) | 1753 (46.7) | 15 044 (75.2) | 5937 (33.5) | ||
| High | 230 (10.6) | 2640 (21.7) | 8265 (55.2) | 315 (8.4) | 4288 (21.4) | 10 234 (57.8) | ||
| History of hypertension, n (%) | 485 (24.7) | 2305 (20.5) | 2698 (19.2) | 0.050 | 975 (28.0) | 4107 (22.3) | 3433 (20.8) | 0.188 |
| History of diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 153 (8.1) | 729 (6.6) | 895 (6.5) | 0.888 | 197 (5.9) | 735 (4.1) | 566 (3.5) | 0.062 |