Figure 3.

VDAC1 is involved in Ca²⁺ transportation, lipid metabolism, glycolysis, TCA cycleand in inflammatory responses. (A) VDAC1 regulates Ca²⁺ transportation, glycolysis, TCA cycle and lipid metabolism. VDAC1 transports Ca²⁺ between the mitochondria and cytoplasm to maintain calcium homeostasis. In the energy generation system, the VDAC1 pore maintains substrates, metabolites, biomolecules, etc., in a balanced manner to sustain salutogenesis. (B) Ca²⁺ signaling affects the inflammatory responses of neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells and CD4⁺ T cells. (C) Inflammatory responses of macrophages, dendritic cells and CD4⁺ T cells are promoted by glycolysis/TCA cycle energy generation pathways. Abbreviations: VDAC1: voltage-dependent anion channel 1; TRPML1: also known as MCOLN1, mucolipin TRP cation channel 1; GRP75: glucose-regulated protein 75; IP3R: inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor; DJ1: deglycase DJ-1, also known as Parkinson disease protein 7, is encoded by the PARK7 gene in human; RyR2: ryanodine receptor 2; CPT1a: carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A; ACSL: long-chain acyl-CoA synthase; TCA cycle: tricarboxylic acid cycle; HK: hexokinase; ATP: adenosine triphosphate; ADP: adenosine diphosphate; NADH: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydrogen; PEP: phosphoenolpyruvate; Th: T helper.