Table 4.
Pesticide-induced effects in model animals across generations.
| Species | Sex | Exposure | Dose | Effects across Generations | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rat | Male | Atrazine from E8 to E14 |
25 mg/kg BW/day | F2 and F3: azoospermia; atretic seminiferous tubules; vacuoles in the basal region of seminiferous tubules; sloughed germ cells; lack of seminiferous tubule lumen; high frequency of spermatogonia apoptosis; mammary tumors; early onset puberty; epimutations in spermatozoa F1–F3: epimutations in spermatozoa |
[114] |
| Rat | Male | Vinclozolin from E8 to E14 |
100 mg/kg/ day | F1: lowest number of DMRs in spermatozoa; altered quantity of lncRNA in spermatozoa F2: increased number of DMRs in spermatozoa; altered quantity of lncRNA in spermatozoa F3: the highest number of DMRs in spermatozoa; altered quantity of lncRNA in spermatozoa; increased number of differential histone retention sites (DHRs) in spermatozoa |
[121] |
| Mouse/Rat | Male | Vinclozolin from E8 to E14 |
100 mg/kg/ day (rat) 50 mg/kg/day (mouse) 100 mg/kg BW/day (rat; [115]) 1 mg/kg/day (rat; [120]) |
F1–F3: increased spermatogenic cell apoptosis; decreased sperm number and motility; drop of epididymal sperm number; epigenetic alterations in spermatozoa (DMRs modified) (all doses) | [115,116,117,118,119,120] |
| Rat | Male | DDT from E8 to E14 |
25 mg/kg BW/day | F1–F3: altered DNA methylation; altered noncoding RNAs expression in spermatozoa | [124] |
| Rat | Male | DDE from E8 to E15 |
100 mg/kg BW/day | F1 and F2: downregulation of DNMT1 and DNMT3 in the testis F1–F3: infertility; decreased motile sperm concentration; decreased sperm fertility index; altered testis morphology; altered imprinted gene expression in spermatozoa |
[125,126] |
| Mouse | Female | Vinclozolin from E7 to E13 |
50 mg/kg BW/day | F3: polycystic ovary | [122] |
| Rat | Female | Vinclozolin or DDT from E8 to E14 |
100 mg/kg BW/day (Vinclozolin) 25 mg/kg BW/day (DDT) |
F3: differentially methylated regions in granulosa cells; altered expression of RNAs (492 sncRNAs and 123 lncRNAs in the vinclozolin-exposed granulosa cells; 1085 sncRNAs and 51 lncRNAs in the DDT granulosa cells; 174 mRNAs in vinclozolin-exposed granulosa cells; 212 mRNAs in DDT-exposed granulosa cells; predisposition to ovarian diseases) | [127] |
BW: body weight.