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Melatonin (MT) inhibited the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling and activated the transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1)/SMAD family member 2 (Smad2) pathways in interleukin 1-beta (IL-1β)-treated chondrocytes. (A,B) Western blot (WB) was used to detect protein expression levels of p65, nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor (p-p65), alpha (IκBα), p-IκBα, TGFβ1, and Smad2. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 (compared to the model group).
