Table 4.

Health Functions and Related Mechanisms of Sesame.

Sample	Dose	Study Type	Experimental Model	Main Effect	Possible Compound Responsible for the Effect	Mechanism of Action	References
sesame seeds	1, 5, or 10 µM	in vitro	human neuroblastoma cell	antioxidant activity	sesamin and sesamol	ROS ↓, CAT and SOD ↑; BAX ↓; BCL-2 ↑	[102]
sesame seeds	100 mg/kg	in vivo	Cardiac hypertrophy mouse models	antioxidant activity	Sesamin	ROS ↓	[103]
sesame seeds		in vivo	male Golden Syrian hamsters	Cholesterol-lowering and lipiD-regulating activity	Sesamin	CYP7A1 ↑; HMG-CoA, LXRα ↓	[104]
sesame seeds	100 mL/kg	in vivo	male Sprague Dawley rats	protects liver and kidney activity	Sesamin	SOD, GSH-Px ↑; IL-6, COX-2 ↓; NF-κB ↓	[100]
sesame seeds	10, 20 and 40 mg/kg	in vivo	adult male Sprague Dawley rats	protects liver and kidney activity	Sesamin	ALT, AST, ALP, urea nitrogen and creatinine ↓; SOD, CAT and GPX ↑	[101]
sesame seeds	25, 50, or 100 mg/kg	in vivo	LPS-induced mouse model of AKI	protects liver and kidney activity	Sesamin	urea nitrogen and creatinine ↓; NF-κB, TLR4, COX2, TNF α, Nrf2 ↓	[105]
sesame seeds		in vivo	health juvenile carp	protects liver and kidney activity	Sesamin	ROS ↓; Bcl-2 ↑	[106]
aqueous extract of sesame oil	0.5, 5 and 50 ng/mL	in vitro	THP-1 monocytes, RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages	anti-inflammatory activity	methoxyphenol derivatives	LPS ↓	[107]
sesame oil		in vivo	male Wistar rats	anti-inflammatory activity	sesamol and sesamin	IL-1β, TNF-α and MCP-1 ↓	[108]
sesame seeds	0.25, 0.5 or 1 μM	in vitro	primary human synovial fibroblast cells and SW982 as synovitis models induced by TNF-α	anti-inflammatory activity	sesamin	TNF-α ↓	[109]
sesame seeds	10 and 25 μM	in vitro	mouse macrophage-like J774.1 cells	anti-inflammatory activity	sesamin and the metabolites	NO ↓	[110]
sesame seed oil		in vivo	male Sprague Dawley rats with chemically induced diabetes.	hypoglycemic activity	fat-soluble lignans, sesamin, sesamolin, and γ-tocopherol		[111]
sesame oil		clinical trials	type 2 diabetes mellitus patients	hypoglycemic activity	sesamin		[112]
sesame oil	0.5 or 1 mL/kg	in vivo	male specific-pathogen-free Sprague Dawley rats	protects cardiovascular system activity	sesamin and vitamin E	c-Fos, c-Jun mRNA ↓	[113]
	200 mg/day sesamin supplement	clinical trial	women with rheumatoid arthritis	protects cardiovascular system activity	sesamin		[114]
sesame seeds	50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight	in vivo	male Sprague Dawley rats with type 1 DM	protects cardiovascular system activity	sesamin	cardiac hypertrophy pathways are modulated by sesamin treatment.	[115]
sesame seeds	1.75–28 μM	in vitro	osteoclast	Inhibition of osteoclast differentiation	sesamin	sesamin is involved in the inhibition of ERK activation	[116]
sesame oil	100 mg/kg	in vitro and in vivo	HEI-OC1 cells, zebrafish, and noise-induced hearing loss mice	hearing protection	sesamin		[117]